ethics and business ethics
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ETHICAL APPROACHES
JUSTICE
ETHICS OF CARE RIGHTS
UTILITARIANISM
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JUSTICE
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JUSTICE
Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of
things and persons.
It is based on individual moral rights.
Justice can be handled in three
subcategories which are distributive
justice, retributive justice, and
compensatory justice.
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JUSTICE
JUSTICE
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE COMPENSATORY JUSTICE
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DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
It is interested in the fair distribution of
societys benefits and burdens.
The main principle of distributive justice is;
If individuals are similar in the relevant
aspects, they should be given similar
benefits and burdens; if they are not, they
should be treated dissimilarly in proportionto their dissimilarity.
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RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
All, and only, guilty people deserveappropriate punishment.
In order to maintain justice while punishing
the person, some criteria should be takeninto account. First, ignorant or unablepeople should not be punished. Second,there must be evidence of guilt. Finally,punishment system must be consistentand proportionate
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COMPENSATORY JUSTICE
It deals with just offsetting the loss of a
person who is wronged by others.
The rationale behind this theory is that the
person who damages someone else by
doing a wrong must compensate that
persons loss.
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Justice as Equality: Egalitar ianism
Each individual in the society or group
should be given exactly the equal shares
of benefits and burdens.
There are objections to this view claiming
that people do not have the same degree
in a single aspect and some
characteristics are disregarded like need,ability, and effort.
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Justice Based on Contribution:Capita list Jus t ice
What should be the basis of an individuals
share of benefits must be the contribution
to the society or group.
Work effort,productivity, and market
forces of supply and demandare the
terms argued by critics to measure the
value of contribution.
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Justice Based on Needs and Abilities:
Social ism
Peoples abilities should be the determiner ofwork burdens and theirneeds should be thedeterminer of benefits.
Potential, which is a value, can only be realizedby exercising ability so burdens should bedistributed considering abilities.
There is an opposing argument claiming that if
needs, not effort, determine benefits, there willbe no motivation to strive which will declineproductivityin return.
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Justice as Freedom: Libertar ianism
Free individual choices are the cornerstone of
the libertarian view of justice according to Robert
Nozick, a famous libertarian.
Freedom from coercion is the right of everyindividual. If an individual is forced to do
something, it is unjust.
This argument completely disregards people
needs counting freedom from coercion supreme
over anything.
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Justice as Fairness: Rawls
According to John Rawls, two principles should be usedto distribute the benefits and burdens of a society justly.
First principle, called asprinciple of equal liberty, statesthat each individual has a right to protect his/her liberties
from invasion by others. Second principle consists of two parts. First part, called
as difference principle, says that although there will beinequalities in the society, most needy people should begiven special importance unless this causes everyone
get worse than before. Second part, called asprinciple offair equality of opportunity, argues that every individualbe given an equal opportunity to qualify for the moreprivileged positions in societys institutions.
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ETHICS OF CARE
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ETHICS OF CARE
People have an obligation to exercise special
care toward those particular persons with whom
we have worthy close relationships. This theory
is known as ethics of care. Feminist ethicists, Carol Gilligan mostly, have
developed this theory. They claim that women
approach ethical issues from a nonindividualistic
focus on relationships and caring.
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ETHICS OF CARE
Sometimes care and justice contradictswith each other.
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RIGHTS
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RIGHTS
A rightis an individuals entitlement tosomething.
If this entitlement may be derived from a
legal system that allows the person tobehave in a certain way, it is called a legalright.
Rights can also be the consequences ofmoral standards. In this case, they arecalled as moral rights orhuman rights.
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RIGHTS
Rights can be understood in several ways.
They can be interpreted as absence of
prohibitions,authority, orexistence of
prohibitions.
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RIGHTS
MORAL RIGHTS
They are tightly correlated with duties
because what is ones right is anothers duty.
Moral rights enable individuals in the free
trace of their interests.
Moral rights constitute a basis for justifying
ones actions and for invoking the protectionor assistance of others
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THE BASIS OF RIGHTS
Utilitarians argue that moral rights exist
because their existence maximizes utility.
However, right is an entitlement and it
should be regardless of utility
maximization so there should be another
source of moral rights
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THE BASIS OF RIGHTS
Immanuel Kant (Categorical Imperative)
Everyone has a moral right to suchtreatment and everyone has again the
correlative duty to treat others in this way.
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KANTS CATEGORICAL
IMPERATIVE
1) An action is morally right for a person if
that person is absolutely sure that s/he
will approve the same action of another
person.
2) An action is morally right if a person does
not use other people as means to attain
his/her interest but respects them.
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UTILITARIANISM
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UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism is a general term which
argues that actions and policies should be
evaluated on the basis of the benefits and
costs they will have on society.
Correct action is the one producing the
greatest net benefits orlowest net costs.
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UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarian approach requires a three-step
process.
List the alternative actions to be applied in a
certain situation
Measure all costs and benefits of all
alternatives
Subtract the benefits from the costs and findthe action with the net greatest benefits or net
lowest costs
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UTILITARIANISM
The net greatest benefit forall peopleaffected by the action, not just theperson
doing the action
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UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism has its origins in the works ofthe Greek philosopher Epicurus, but as aspecific school of thought, it was originally
proposed by Jeremy Bentham. From the principle of utility, Bentham
found pain and pleasure to be the onlyintrinsic values in the world: "nature hasput man under the governance of twosovereign masters: pleasure and pain."
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UTILITARIANISM
Some critics argue that it contradicts withboth justice and rights.
They say that while maximizing the gain of
society in an action, they engage in unjustactions or they violate some peoplesrights.
Utilitarians have developed an alternativeversion of utilitarianism, which is rule-utilitarianism.
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RULE-UTILITARIANISM
The theory of rule-utilitarian is composed
of two principles.
An action is ethically right if and only if it
would be required by correct moral rules.
A moral rule is correct if and only if the sum
total of utilities produced if everybody to follow
that rule is greater than the sum total utilitiesproduced if everyone to follow some
alternative rule.
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UTILITARIANISM
It targets the net greatest benefit for all
people affected from the action.
People affected from this action have a
stake in this decision. In other words, they
are the stakeholders of this action.
Enterprises should not disregard this
approach in their businesses in todays
highly competitive world.
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Niccol Machiavelli 1469-1527
An Italian politician philosopher best
known for his work "The Prince detailing
his theory of government and maxims ofpractical statecraft suggesting certain
principles of conduct specifically: cunning,
duplicity, or bad faith.
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The main theme of this short book is that
all means may be resorted to for the
establishment and preservation ofauthority and that the worst and most
unethical and unreliable acts of the ruler
are justified by the wickedness of thegoverned. Machiavelli principles have
more to do with the efficient management
of government, making management andcontrol priority over morality
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WHAT IS ETHICAL CODE?
Ethic codes is the total of behavior principles
specific to each organization. These principles
help employees understand, what these rules
are, in what way they affect their behaviors, whatkind of sanctions there are if they do not obey
these rules
Ethic codes provide a framework for employees
to approach work life and organizationalfunctioning with a pragmatic view.
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HOW IS ETHICAL CODE
DEVELOPED?
Developing ethical code, it will be helpfulto apply a democratic and participative
method and to make code prepared by a
committee selected through election.
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The ethical program to ensure that ethical
behaviors are implemented in an
organization is composed of the 12 steps.
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1.Vision Statement
2.Values Statement3.Organizational Ethic Principles
4.Ethic Officials
5.Ethic Committees
6.Ethic Communication Strategy7.Ethic Education
8.Ethic Help Line
9.Assessment and Awarding
10.Supervision and Monitoring11. Performance Measurement
12.Ethic Leadership
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HOW IS ETHICAL CODE
IMPLEMENTED?
1. The contribution of organization
2. Motivation
3. Communication4. Associating culture with ethics
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