■essential questions ■essential questions: –what were the principal causes & effects of...
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■Essential QuestionsEssential Questions:
–What were the principal causes & effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s?
–What does it mean to be a “hippie?”
–What is the “establishment?”
A Generation in ConflictA Generation in Conflict:1965-1974
A Decade of Protest: 1965-1974■The decade from 1965 to 1974
was marked by protest due to:–Escalation of the Vietnam War–Attack on middle-class values–Increased college enrollment
■The initial liberal protests began on college campuses but soon inspired other, national protests:
Native-Americans Women HippiesMexican-AmericansAfrican-Americans
Protests against Vietnam linked other social criticism—The “war abroad,”
intensified a “war at home”
The Sixties generation was the best educated in American history
The Student Revolt■The student protest movement
began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the Free SpeechFree Speech movement–Students protested the
“corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley
–Students rioted when denied a political voice on campus
■This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic SocietyStudents for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violence
Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect money for off-campus causes
Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots
The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on
campuses across the USA
Brown University ended required
courses & grades
Many colleges ended “in loco parentis” rules
The Cultural Revolution■The student protests coincided
with youth counter-culture in 1965 ■Beginning in San Francisco &
spreading throughout the US, the “hippie” culture emphasized:–Sexual expression–Clothing–Drugs–Music
Increase in premarital sex & use of the “pill”
“Summer of Love” in 1967
Use of psychoactive & hallucinogenic drugs
“Everyone must get stoned,” Bob Dylan
Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Let’s all try LSD!! Tune in, turn on, & drop out!”
Folk music
British invasion & electric rock
Acid rock
Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture
Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan
(until Dylan discovered the electric
guitar)
“Electric rock” like The Beatles
“Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead
Drugs
Sex
Rock ‘n’ Roll
Is this the nation’s youth??
Mostly children from upper-middle
class families
No work ethic?
Social Protests of the 1960s & 1970s
"Black Power"■In the late 1960s, civil rights from
political to economiceconomic equality
–Leadership shifted from MLK’s nonviolent protest to militancy
–Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” motto
More than 50% of northern blacks lived in poverty
“I’m black & I’m proud!”
—James Brown
"Black Power"■SNCC leader Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael:
–Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber whites
–Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops, & political parties
■The Black PanthersBlack Panthers dedicating themselves to defending blacks from police brutality & serving their communities
“Political power comes through the barrel of a gun” —Huey Newton
“Brown Power”■Mexican-Americans began to
advocate for their rights: –“La Raza” called for cultural
awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reforms
–CCéésar Chsar Cháávezvez organized the NatNat’’l Farm Workers' Assocl Farm Workers' Assoc to demand better pay for pickers
–“Chicanos” called for & won bilingual education programs
“Pink Power”■Women's Liberation movement
demanded increased rights & an end to sexism in America:–Friedan’s Feminine Mystique
criticized housewife life–NatNat’’l Org of Womenl Org of Women called for
equal pay, child care, rape laws, & anti-abortion laws
–Equal Rights Amendment Equal Rights Amendment was revived to end sexism
…were still seen as “homemakers”
In the 1960s, women were still employed in stereotypical jobs…
…& unmarried adults outnumbered married
adults for the first time
But…in most families, both parents worked
out of the home
Growth of female-run small businesses helped overcome corporate “glass ceiling”
In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights in Roe v WadeIn the late 1960s,
the “pill” became widely available
State Voting on the ERAThe ERA by fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for ratification
“Rainbow Power”■The Gay Liberation movement
started in 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York City–The Gay Liberation Front
demanded end to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out”
–The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a disease
–½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment laws
“Red Power”■The American Indian movement
sought to service its communities & regain lost lands:–“Indians of All Tribes” took
Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called attention to the movement
–“Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the country to tribes
Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D.
A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to protest past U.S. treaty violations
“Yellow Power”■The Asian-American movement
began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance:–Protested U.S. involvement in
Vietnam & use of term “gooks”–Called for & received Asian-
American studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans
Civil Liberties■Civil liberties were protected for
people accused of crimes:–Gideon v Wainwright (1963)Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—all
citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney
–Escobedo v Illinois (1964)Escobedo v Illinois (1964)—citizens have the right to remain silent during interrogations
–Miranda v Arizona (1966)Miranda v Arizona (1966)—suspects must be told of their right against self-incrimination
Conclusions■The counterculture & “power
protests” used similar methods:
–Active & often-militant protest for civil & economic rights
–Cultural pride & awareness
■These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s
“Black is Beautiful,” “Gay is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful”
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