environmentally conscious design & manufacturing (me592) date: march 8, 2000 slide:1...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
233 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:1
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing
Class 2: Industrial Ecology & Manufacturing
Prof. S. M. Pandit
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:2
Industrial Ecology and Manufacturing Case Study: The Automobile - A Discrete Manufactured Product
Agenda Environmental Impact “The Master Equation” Automobile sub-systems & Environmental Impact Environmental interactions during manufacturing Energy consumption & Motive energy options Infrastructure: Embedded energy in roads Environmental interactions during product useReferences:
Graedel & Allenby “Industrial Ecology and the automobile”
EPA
Web
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:3
The Master EquationQuantitative estimates of the environmental impact in a
particular locality (or eco - system)
Population Gross Domestic Product
Env. impactper unit of GDP
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:4
The Master Equation
E = [P] [ip
E = Environmental ImpactP = Population (temporal) ip= Gross Domestic Product(GDP) / person = Environmental Impact / GDP
Po = Initial populationt = TimeR = Net rate of growth = (Rb - Rd) + (Ri - Re)
P = P0 exp {Rt}
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:5
The Master Equation
Pip
E
Time
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:6
The Master Equation
As we move towards sustainable manufacturing,
The environmental impact surface should become flatter.
d/dt [Pollutant generation] < d/dt [Pollutant processing]
Short / Long term implications
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:7
Automobile Sub-systems & Environmental Impact
Environmental impactConstituents
Design
Societal & Cultural Factors
Sub-systems ?
Questions Addressed
Impact of design and materials - Technology focus
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:8
Automobile Sub-systems & Environmental Impact
ChassisFrameEngineBrakesCooling systemsLubricationTiresFuelPaintEmission ControlElectrical powerElectronics
Mechanics,Thermofluids
Tribology
Chemical processing,Thermofluids
Machines,Signal processing
Overview ofSub-Systems
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:9
Automobile Sub-systems & Environmental Impact
Materials selected (how do we look at properties?) : Ferrous
Cast IronsSteelAlloy steels
Aluminum alloysCeramicsComposites PolymersFluids
Engine / Transmission / Brake / Battery
Time - Temperature dependent diffusion of C in Fe
Ref: http://ate.cc.vt.edu/eng/materials/classes
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:10
EnvironmentalImpact
• Raw Material depletion• Combustion by-products• Manufacturing Process Waste Streams
Automobile Sub-systems & Environmental Impact
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:11
Design factors and Environmental Impact
• Combustion Efficiency• Weight• Corrosion resistance• Ease of Manufacturing• Functionality• Cost• Recyclability
Automobile Sub-systems & Environmental Impact
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:12
Environmental Interactions during Manufacturing
Upstream Input(s)
RawMaterials&Energy
WasteStreams
Downstream Output(s)
Manufacturingprocess
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:13
Environmental Interactions during Manufacturing
Typical Manufacturing Processes, inputs and outputs
• What can we do with these?Develop analytical I/O models
- Based on experimental data (Regression,DDS)- Based on a physical understanding of the process(still using models developed to describe basic
interactions; e.g. rate phenomenon in chemicalmetallurgy to describe chemistry change and
effluents in welding processes)
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:14
Environmental Interactions during Manufacturing
Casting & Forming:Aromatic hydrocarbonsreleased from binder.
&Heat released
- Sand discarded after use
Other Processes: Die Casting, Injection molding, Welding and Brazing, Metal Plating, Painting
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:15
Environmental interactions during manufacturing
“Greening” the manufacturing processes (How)
- Energy management- Better mold utilization- Reuse of contaminated water- Waste water treatment options
- TRANSITION TO NEW PROCESSES?
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:16
Energy Consumption (urban use)
Engine
Standby (3.6%) Accessories (1.5%)
Engine Losses (69.2%) Driveline losses (5.4%)
Other losses
Aero: 10.9%Rolling: 7.1%Braking: 2.2%
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:17
Energy Consumption (options)
C - Based Fuels
CH3OH High Cost, Smog, Global WarmNat. Gas High Cost, Smog, Global Warm C2H5OH High Cost, Smog, Bio.
Corn-based: 5% of needs
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:18
Energy Consumption (options)
Electric Vehicles: - Electro-Chemical Batteries- Electromechanical Batteries
Hybrid power
Fuel Cells
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:19
Hybrid:
Fuel economy of 66 mpg and emission reductions of 50% for carbon dioxide and 90% for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide
Energy Consumption (options)
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:20
Energy Consumption (options)
About Fuel Cells
Ref: http://www.benwiens.com/energy1.html
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:21
Infrastructure: Embedded Energy in Roads
Material Embedded Energy(J/kg)
Bitumen 0.63
Cement 6.70
Aggregate 0.07
Reinforcing steel 23
Steel Beams 18
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:22
Infrastructure: Embedded Energy in Roads
Energy / km of urban roads8.4 x 1012J
Total Embedded Energy: (x1018J)
Roads: 190Bridges: 1.5
Estimated worldwide“embedded energy”in roads
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:23
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Auto use residues or potential waste streams
{Principal Environmental Impact occurs during use, and
this is therefore the most “significant” life cycle stage}
• Solids• Liquids• Gaseous
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:24
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Solids:
Batteries (10% lead loss)Tires (freeze and grind?)Scrap - How do you quantify?
Liquids:
OilAntifreezeBattery Acids
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:25
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Gaseous Emissions:In many urban areas, motor vehicles are the single largest contributor to ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. Ground-level ozone is the most serious air pollution problem in the northeast and mid-Atlantic states. - EPA
http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:26
Cars also emit several pollutants classified as toxics, which cause as many as 1,500 cases of cancer in the country each year. Auto emissions also contribute to the environmental problems of acid rain and global warning. - EPA
Ref: http://www.nsc.org/ehc/mobile/mse_fs.htm
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:27
CxHy:
Hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight and elevated temperatures to form ground-level ozone.
It can cause eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath and can lead to permanent lung damage.
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:28
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
NOxNitrogen oxides also contribute to the formation of ozone and contribute to the formation of acid rain and to waterquality problems.
COCarbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, deadly gas. It reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream and can impair mental functions and visual perception. In urban areas, motor vehicles are responsible for as much as 90 percent of carbon monoxide in the air.
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:29
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Clean - upthe toxins (How?)
•Chemical Catalysis•Absorption•Adsorption
How about bio-degradation?
http://news.pollutiononline.com/common
Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing (ME592)
Date: March 8, 2000 Slide:30
Environmental Interactions
during Product Use
Where From?
• When outside temperatures on hot, sunny days cause a car's fuel to evaporate
• Hot engine and exhaust system of a running car cause the fuel to become heated
• When the car is shut off and remains hot enough to cause fuel to evaporate
• During refueling, when gasoline vapors escape into the air from the gas tank and the nozzle
top related