environmental impact accessment lec1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ACCESSMENT

What is Environment ?The dictionary meaning of the term environment is surrounding.

What continues surrounding?

It encompasses all external conditions influencing development or growth of people, animals and/or plants.

People/Animal/

PlantNature

Climate,Soil,

Water,Air,

Land-forms,Vegetation,

Minerals

Social,Cultural,Economic

National Environmental Policy Act of USA:

Environment include physical, social, cultural, economic and aesthetic dimension.

Environment means the whole complex of physical including chemical, social, cultural, economic, and aesthetic factors which affect individuals and communities and ultimately determine their form, character, relationship and survival.

Different elements of Environment

Physical Environment (include Physical, chemical and biological factors)

Social Environment (social and cultural life of the people)

Economic Environment (employment and unemployment levels, average income, economic base, etc.)

Aesthetic Environment (historical, archaeological, architectural objects or sites; scenic areas, views and landscape)

Physical Environment Land and Climate Vegetation, wildlife and Natural Areas Surrounding Land uses and physical character

of the area Infrastructure Air pollution sources and levels Noise pollution sources Water pollution sources and levels

Impact Assessment:

systematic analysis of the problem

being addressed, the objective,

alternative options to reach the

objective and their likely impacts …

through a structured way ….

(from EU Guidelines)

Need results from problems of choice, where decision-makers face one or more options in a given context

(e.g. choice among projects; choice within a project; policy impacts (‘trade-offs’)

Why do impact assessments?

Ensures coherence between development interventions

Will support better policy-making but cannot be a substitute for it

Law, Policies and Institutional Arrangements

When establishing or strengthening an EIA system, there is an opportunity to build upon the experience of others and to move towards legal and policy frameworks that support environmental sustainability.

• More systematic procedures for EIA implementation, quality control, compliance and enforcement;

• Integrated consideration of biophysical, social, risk, health and other impacts; • Extended temporal and spatial frameworks, which include cumulative, trans-boundary and ecosystem-level effects and, to a lesser extent, global change; • Increasing provision for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policy, plan and programme proposals; • Incorporation of sustainability perspectives and principles into EIA and

SEA processes; and • Greater linkage of EIA systems with other planning, regulatory and management regimes.

The Evolution of EIA

Pre-1970s: The Project evaluation is dominated by economic and technical criteria

1970s: practice of EIA in some developed countries; wider attention to environmental impacts since mid-1980s

1980s: consideration of social and institutional aspects

1980s and early 1990s: thematic assessments by donor agencies

Late 1990s: Integrated approaches to impact assessment in varied forms

INDIAN CONTEST

In order to predict environmental impacts of any development activity and to provide an opportunity to mitigate against negative impacts and enhance positive impacts, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure was developed in the 1970s

the Ministry of Environment and Forests at New Delhi introduced the EIA law through a gazette notification passed on 27 January 1994, for obtaining "environmental clearance" for certain types of projects

EIA Requirements of International Organisations

The World Bank and the regional development banks, such as Asian Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Inter-American Development Bank, now have well-established EIA procedures, which apply to their lending activities and projects undertaken by borrowing countries.

The World Bank environmental agenda

Policy Aims

Source: World Bank (1999: 8-10)

Do-No-Harm

To mitigate the potential adverse effects of the Banks investment projects on the environment and vulnerable populations, EIA procedures and safeguard policies are applied. In many cases, these have contributed to better project design and environmental management plans have helped to improve project implementation.

The World Bank environmental agenda

Policy Aims

Targeted Environmental Assistance

To foster long-term environmental sustainability and improve conditions in developing countries, designated Bank projects target the following areas: sustainable natural resource management, including watershed protection and biodiversity conservation; pollution management and urban environmental improvements; environmental institution and capacity building, and global environmental actions, in accordance with international environmental conventions and commitments.

Mainstreaming the Environment at the Level of Policy and Programmes

To integrate environmental concerns at the macro level, the Bank has reviewed the policies of the energy, rural development and other sectors, established an environmental framework for its country assistance strategies and intends to make greater use of SEA at the programme and regional level.

Public Involvement

This term includes public consultation (or dialogue) and public participation, which is a more interactive and intensive process of stakeholder engagement.

Most EIA processes are undertaken through consultation rather than participation.

At a minimum, public involvement must provide an opportunity for those directly affected by a proposal to express their views regarding the proposal and its environmental and social impacts.

The purpose of public involvement is to: •Inform the stakeholders about the proposal and its likely effects;

•Canvass their inputs, views and concerns; and

•Take account of the information and views of the public in the EIA and decision making.

The key objectives of public involvement are to:

• Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; • Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and tradeoffs; • Ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are maximised;

• Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues;

• Provide an opportunity for the public to influence project design in a positive manner (thereby creating a sense of ownership of the proposal);

• Improve transparency and accountability of decision-making; and

• Increase public confidence in the EIA process.

Levels and forms of public involvement

Level Form of involvement

Adapted from Bass et al (1995)

Informing

One way flow of information from the proponent to the public

Consulting Two way flow of information between the proponent and the public with opportunities for the public to express views on the proposal

Participating

Interactive exchange between the proponent and the public encompassing shared analysis and agenda setting and the development of understood and agreed positions on the proposal and its impacts

Negotiating

Face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to build consensus and reach a mutually acceptable resolution of issues, for example on a package of impact mitigation and compensation measures.

Measurement of Environmental Impacts

Air Pollution

Mobile Emission

Residential activities

commercial activities Stationary Emission

Residential activities

commercial activities

Water Quantity and Quality

Demand for Water

Domestic demand:

Commercial/Industrial Demand

Irrigation Demand

Solid West

Forest and wildlife

Measurement of Social Variables

Impact Analysis

Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda

Early EIAs focused only or primarily on impacts on the natural or biophysical environment (such as effects on air and water quality, flora and fauna, noise levels, climate and hydrological systems).

However, over time, increased consideration has been given to social, health and economic impacts. This trend has been driven partly by public involvement in the EIA process.

In many EIA systems, a broad definition of environment is adopted. This can include effects on:

human health and safety; flora, fauna, ecosystems and biological diversity; soil, water, air, climate and landscape; use of land, natural resources and raw materials; protected areas and designated sites of scientific,

historical and cultural significance; heritage, recreation and amenity assets; and livelihood, lifestyle and well being of those affected

by a proposal.

In EIA, the term “impacts” is used instead of “effects of activities.”

What is an impact?

Environmental Impact Assessment is

A formal process for identifying:

• likely effects of activities or projects on the ENVIRONMENT, and on human health and welfare.

•means and measures to mitigate & monitor these impacts

Environment is broadly interpreted: physical, biological, and social.

What is an impact?

The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) from the baseline situation that is caused by the activity.

To measure an impact, you must know what the baseline situation is.

!

The baseline situation is the existing environmental situation or condition in the absence of the activity.

The baseline situation is a key concept in EIA.

More…

The baseline situation

In characterizing the baseline situation,

many environmental components MAY be

of interest

Water & Air Quantity, quality, reliability, accessibility

Soils Erosion, crop productivity, fallow periods, salinity, nutrient concentrations

Flora Composition and density of natural vegetation, productivity, key species

Fauna Populations, habitat

Special Key species ecosystems

Env Health Disease vectors, pathogensThe components of

interest are those that are likely to be affected

by your activity—or upon which your

activity depends for its success

The baseline situation

The baseline situation is not simply a “snapshot.”

Describing the baseline situation requires describing both the normal variability in

environmental components & current trends in these components.

time

Wat

er t

able

This chart of groundwater levels shows both variability and a trend over time.

Both are part of the groundwater baseline situation.

Types of impacts & their attributesDirect & indirect

impacts

Short-term & long-term impacts

Adverse & beneficial impacts

Cumulative impacts

The EIA process is concerned with

all types of impacts and may describe them in a

number of ways

Intensity Direction Spatial extent Duration Frequency Reversibility Probability

But all impacts are NOT treated

equally.

! It is ESSENTIAL in EIA to focus on the most significant impacts.

Don’t waste effort & time analyzing and discussing impacts that are less important.

Specifically,

Impact Identification checklists; matrices; networks; overlays and geographic information systems

(GIS); expert systems; and professional judgement

Checklist

Screening

Identifying whether or not an EIA is required for a proposal.

It examines projects relative strengths and weaknesses, and allows participants to gain initial familiarity with the concept of impact, significance and its importance in triggering the right level of EIA review.

The screening process can have one of four outcomes:

• No further level of EIA is required; • A full and comprehensive EIA is required;

• A more limited EIA is required (often called preliminary or initial assessment); or • Further study is necessary to determine the level of EIA required (often called an initial environmental evaluation or examination [IEE]).

Screening procedure

The screening procedures employed for this purpose can be classified into two broad, overlapping approaches:

• Prescriptive or standardised approach Proposals subject to or exempt from EIA are defined or listed in legislation and regulations; and

• Discretionary or customised approach

Proposals are screened on an individual or case-by-case base, using indicative guidance.

Specific methods used in screening include: Legal (or policy) definition of proposals to which

EIA does or does not apply; Inclusion list of projects (with or without thresholds)

for which an EIA is automatically required; exclusion list of activities which do not require EIA because they are insignificant or are exempt by law (e.g. national security or emergency activities); and

Criteria for case-by-case screening of proposals to identify those requiring an EIA because of their potentially significant environmental effects.

Initial environmental examination carried out in cases where the environmental impacts of a proposal are uncertain or unknown (e.g. new technologies or undeveloped areas);

Environmental overview carried out as a rapid assessment of the environmental issues and impacts of a proposal; and

Class screening carried out for a family of small projects or repetitive activities, where the environmental effects and means of mitigation are known but there is potential for cumulative impacts (e.g. dredging, road realignment, bank stabilisation).

These extended screening procedures include:

Screening is a flexible process and can be extended into preliminary forms of EIA study.

Criteria for the determination of the need for, and level of, EIA

Character of the receiving environment Potential impact of proposal Resilience of natural and human

environments to cope with change Confidence of prediction of impacts Presence of planning, policy framework

and other decision-making processes Degree of public interest

Character of the receiving environment

Consider:

Is it, or is it likely to be, part of the conservation estate or subject to treaty?

Is it an existing or potential environmentally significant area? Is it vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards? Is it a special purpose area? Is it an area where human communities are vulnerable? Does it involve a renewable or a non-renewable resource? Is it a degraded area, subject to significant risk levels, or a

potentially contaminated site?

Potential impact of proposal Will implementation or construction, operation and/or

decommissioning of the proposal have the potential to cause significant changes to the receiving environment (on-site or off-site, transboundary, short term or long term)?

Could implementation of the proposal give rise to health impacts or unsafe conditions?

Will the proposal significantly divert resources to the detriment of other natural and human communities?

NOTE: This should include consideration of the magnitude of the impacts, their spatial extent, the duration and the intensity of change, the total life cycle and whether and how the impacts are manageable.

Resilience of natural and human environments to cope with change Can the receiving environment absorb the level of impact

predicted without suffering irreversible change? What are the implications of the proposal for bio-diversity? Can land uses at and around the site be sustained? Can sustainable uses of the site be achieved beyond the life of

the proposal? Are contingency or emergency plans proposed or in place to

deal with accidental events?

NOTE: Cumulative as well as individual impacts should be considered in the context of sustainability.

Confidence of prediction of impacts What level of knowledge do we have on the

resilience of a given significant ecosystem? Is the proposal sufficiently detailed and understood

to enable the impacts to be established? Is the level and nature of change to the natural

human environment sufficiently understood to allow the impact of the proposal to be predicted and managed?

Is it practicable to monitor the predicted effects? Are present community values on land use and

resource use known or likely to change?

Presence of planning, policy framework and

other decision-making processes Is the proposal consistent with existing policy

frameworks? Do other approval processes exist to

adequately assess and manage proposal impacts?

What legislation, standard codes or guidelines are available to properly monitor and control operations and the types or quantity of the impacts?

Degree of public interest Is the proposal controversial or could it lead

to controversy or concern in the community? Will the amenity, values or lifestyle of the

community be adversely affected? Will large numbers of people require

relocation? Will the proposal result in inequities between

sectors of the community?

ScopingThe scoping process identifies the issues that are likely to be of most importance during the EIA and eliminates those that are of little concern. Typically, this process concludes with the establishment of Terms of Reference for the preparation of an EIA.

In this way, scoping ensures that EIA studies are focused on the significant effects and time and money are not wasted on unnecessary investigations.

Major issues and impacts that will be important in decision-making on the proposal, and need to be addressed in an EIA

Purpose of scoping is to identify The important issues to be considered in an

EIA; The appropriate time and space boundaries of

the EIA study; The information necessary for decision-

making; and The significant effects and factors to be

studied in detail.

Key objectives of scoping

Inform the public about the proposal; Identify the main stakeholders and their concerns and values; Define the reasonable and practical alternatives to the

proposal; Focus the important issues and significant impacts to be

addressed by an EIA; Define the boundaries for an EIA in time, space and subject

matter; Set requirements for the collection of baseline and other

information; and Establish the Terms of Reference for an EIA study

What is an activity?

ACTIVITY:market access road rehabilitation

ACTIONS:Survey, grading, culvert construction, compaction, etc. . .

a desired accomplishment or output

E.g.: a road, seedling production, or river diversion to irrigate land

An activity is:

Accomplishing an activity requires a set of actions

We are discussing the impacts of activities.What are activities?

A project or program may consist of many activities

The EIA process

• Scope• Evaluate baseline situation• Identify & choose alternatives• Identify and characterize potential

impacts of proposed activity and each alternative

• Develop mitigation and monitoring • Communicate and document

Phase I:Initial inquiries

Phase II:Full EIA study (if needed)

Our focus!

•Understand proposed activities

•Screen

•Conduct preliminary assessment (if needed)

Phase 1 of the EIA Process

Screen the activity

Based on the nature of the activity what

level of environmental

review is indicated?

Conduct a Preliminary Assessment

A rapid, simplified EIA study using simple tools

(e.g. the USAID IEE)

ACTIVITY IS OF MODERATEOR UNKNOWNRISK

SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE IMPACTS

POSSIBLE

SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE IMPACTS

VERY UNLIKELY

ACTIVITY IS LOW RISK (Of its nature, very unlikely to have significant adverse impacts)

ACTIVITY IS HIGH RISK (Of its nature, likely to have significant adverse impacts)

Phase IIPhase IUnderstand proposed activity

Why is the activity being proposed?

What is being proposed?

BEGIN FULL EIA

STUDY

STOP the EIA process

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Understand the proposed activityALL EIA processes begin with understanding WHAT is being proposed, and WHY.The question “WHY IS THE ACTIVITY BEING PROPOSED?Is answered with the development objective (D.O.).

Understand the proposed

activities

Why is the activity being proposed?

What is being proposed?

“If we don’t understand it, we can’t assess it!”

“building a road”

“increasing access to markets”

We must understand the Development Objective to identifyenvironmentally sound alternatives

Not a D.O.!

Is a D.O.

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Understand the proposed activityUnderstand

the proposed activities

Why is the activity being proposed?

What is being proposed?

Once we understand the development objective, we must fully understand WHAT is being proposed.

“Oops. I forgot about the borrow

pit.”

This includes associated actions!

PRIMARY ACTIVITY: construction of diversion dam & irrigation canal

ASSOCIATED ACTIONS:• Survey• negotiate land tenure• construct borrow pit• establish construction camp• construct temporary diversion structure

• dispose of soil, debris

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Screen the activityScreen each

activity

Based on the nature of the activity, what

level of environmental

analysis is indicated?

SCREENING is the process of asking a very basic set of questions about the nature of activity. These questions:•do NOT require analysis.•do NOT require detailed knowledge about the proposed sites, techniques or methods

Example screening questions: Does the activity involve:

• Penetration road building?

• Large-scale irrigation?

• Introduction of non-native crop or agroforestry species?

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Screen the activityScreen each

activity

Based on the nature of the activity, what

level of environmental

analysis is indicated?

screening classifies the activity into a RISK CATEGORY:

VERY LOW RISK

VERY HIGH RISK

MODERATE OR UNKNOWN RISK

EIA process ends

Do full EIA study

Do preliminary assessment

The outcome of the screening process

determines the next step in the EIA process

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Screen the activity

Each donor agency and national EIA law has its own set of screening questions.

!

Screening is the topic of an upcoming

module

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

The Preliminary AssessmentConduct a Preliminary Assessment

A rapid, simplified EIA study using simple tools

(e.g. the USAID IEE)

The purpose of a preliminary assessment is to provide documentation and analysis that:

Screening determines whether

the preliminary assessment is

necessary

!

• Allows the preparer to determine whether or not significant adverse impacts are likely

• Allows the reviewer to agree or disagree with the preparer’s determinations

• Sets out mitigation and monitoring for adverse impacts

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

The Preliminary AssessmentTypical Preliminary Assessment outline

1. Background (Development objective, list of activities)

2. Description of the baseline situation

3. Evaluation of potential environmental impacts

4. Mitigation & monitoring

5. Recommended Findings

For each activity it covers, a preliminary assessment has 3 possible findings:

•The project is very unlikely to have significant adverse impacts. (EIA process ends)

•With specified mitigation and monitoring, the project is unlikely to have significant adverse impacts

•The project is likely to have significant adverse impacts (full EIA study is required)

What is mitigation?

Mitigation is. . .The implementation of measures designed to reduce the undesirable effects of a proposed

action on the environment

Mitigation is the topic of an upcoming module!

To arrive at findings:Identify, Predict and Judge

1

2

3

Determine whether the predicted impacts are indeed significant! THIS WILL OFTEN DEPEND ON HOW EFFECTIVE THE PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ARE!

Identify potential impacts

Judge the significance of

potential impacts

Predict potential impacts

Arriving at the FINDINGS in a preliminary assessment requires 3 steps:

Many resources describe the potential impacts of typical small-scale activities.

Determine which potential impacts are likely to become actual, and quantify these impacts to the extent possible.

Present tools to assist in identifying & predicting impacts

Discuss the factors involved in judging significance

Subsequent modules. . .

We only proceed to Phase II of the EIA process

if Phase I indicates that

a FULL EIA STUDY is required

!

Most small-scale activities do not require a full EIA study!

Phase 2 of the EIA process:

The Full EIA study

The full EIA study has very similar objectives and structure to a preliminary assessment.

However, the full EIA study differs in

important ways:

A formal scoping process precedes the study to ID issues to be addressed

Analysis of environmental impacts is much more detailed

Alternatives* must be formally defined. The impacts of each alternative must be identified & evaluated, and the results compared.

Public participation is usually required.

A professional EIA team is usually required.

!

!

!

*includes the project as proposed, the no-action alternativeat least one other real alternative

!

Phase 2 of the EIA process:The Full EIA study

With a few additions, the basic outline of the preliminary assessment is the template for the steps involved in a full EIA study:

Scope

Evaluate baseline situation

Identify & choose alternatives

Identify and characterize potential impacts of proposed activity and each alternative

Compare alternatives

Develop mitigation and monitoring

1. Background (Development objective, list of activities)

2. Description of the baseline situation

3. Evaluation of potential environmental impacts

4. Mitigation & monitoring

5. Recommended Findings

Basic steps of the full EIA study

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In summary, The full EIA study is a far more significant effort than the preliminary assessment.

It is reserved for activities for which screening or the preliminary assessment shows that significant impacts are likely.

Phase 2 of the EIA process:

The Full EIA study

Who is involved in EIA?

Sponsor of the activity(usually commissions/conducts the EIA)

Regulatory agencies/Review authorities

Broad-based public

Public consultation is usually only REQUIRED for full EIA studies.

However, it is good practice for preliminary assessments because:

• Predicting impacts is FACILITATED by broad-based public consultation; Judging significance is very difficult without it.

• Transparency and accessibility require disclosure to stakeholders

Communities (men & women)Civil societyPrivate Sector

EIA is undertaken early enough to affect project design

Mitigation and monitoring developed in the EIA process is implemented.

Making EIA effectiveTo be an effective tool for ESD, EIA must be:a integral part of the project

development cycle

Honest

Transparent & accessible

The full EIA study must consider real alternatives

Impacts must be assessed honestly.

The EIA products must be clear and accessible to key actors.

The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Approach to Sustainable Development

Development is a multidimensional undertaking to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Economic development, social development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development (United Nations, 1997)

Environment & Resources

Social & Political

Economy & Industry

Efficiency & clean technology

Green lifestyles & cultural goals

Human needs & demand management

(Ravetz, 2000)

SD

Example 1: TBL linkages in the Chilika Lagoon Length: 64 kms (max)

Breadth: 20 kms (max)Avg. water spread area: 1065 sq km

Depth: 0.38 to 4.2 mCatchment area: 4406 sq kmTotal fisher folk: 0.2 million

By the mid-1990s …

• the old mouth opening to the sea was getting choked up

• siltation and poor flushing was resulting in the shrinkage in waterspread area

• salinity was decreasing and the lagoon was in danger of turning into a freshwater lake

• proliferation of invasive species and loss of biodiversity

• decrease in fish yield and diversity

The restoration strategy implemented included:

• opening of a new mouth to the sea

• watershed management in the catchment area

• GIS-based monitoring

• local community involvement in lagoon management

• public consultation

• rehabilitation through successive cycles

As a result …

• significant ecosystem improvements

• eight-fold increase in annual fish landings

A successful intervention??

Large-scale entry of non-traditional producers has led to marginalization of traditional fisher folk and, consequently, huge social conflicts

Substantial increase in money incomes, but no avenues for productive investment. Result: increasing alcoholism and crime in the region

Growing mafia activity; manifested in the form of unauthorised encroachments for shrimp culture

Hence, doubts about long-run sustainability! How can an IIA help in this case?

Example 2: Environmental Pollution in the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ)

TTZ: a 10,400 sq km area in and around the city of Agra (India), witness to unplanned urban growth, lack of basic infrastructure services, and poor quality of life

But, at the same time, the zone is home to the breathtaking beauty of the Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the world a World Heritage Site

Sources of air pollution in the TTZ

2,354 polluting factories inside the zone, majority belonging to the small sector (foundries, glass-making, etc)

Emissions from an oil refinery at Mathura

95,000 vehicles pass through the zone every day

Most importantly, over 50,000 diesel generators used to fight endemic power shortages in the city

All this is contributing to aesthetic damage of the Taj, but the focus of public intervention has been on relocating the small scale industries!

Impacts of industrial relocation

Shutdown of the small scale industries, as a result of which millions of workers have lost their jobs

Little impact on air quality as the other sources have been left out

Health hazards persist because of poor working conditions

Again a strategy far removed from sustainability objectives!

How can an IIA help in this case?

IIA under the TBL approach

Impacts-based (EIA driven)

Objectives-led (SEA driven)

• ex post

• focus on net impacts over baseline conditions

• aim is to minimize negative TBL outcomes

• ex ante

• focus on the ‘best’ available option

• aim is to maximize positive TBL outcomes

‘trade-offs’ between TBL categories?

Do TBL objectives reflect sustainability?

Project EIA

Ecosystem Approaches

SEA

Site remediation (e.g. USA)

Environmental regulation (e.g. Western Australia)

Indigenous people; Co-management regimes (e.g. Canada)

Capital investments (e.g. World Bank, Indonesia)

Municipal & Community Plans (e.g. Sweden)

Sector & Infrastructure Plans: Waste, Transport, etc (e.g. Netherlands)

Land Use & Resource Management(e.g. UK, New South Wales); Territorial Plans (e.g. Hong Kong)

Plan

ning

& P

rogr

amm

ing

Plan

ning

& P

rogr

amm

ing

National Sustainability StrategiesMacroeconomic Policy &

Budgets (e.g. Norway); Trade Agreements (e.g. Canada)

Environmental Protection Policies (e.g. Western Australia)

Project Development Project Development

Policy Making Policy Making

INTEGRATION WITH DECISION-MAKING

Water policy and management options

Environment• Hydrology• Geomorphology• Ecology, etc

Economy• Production• Consumption• Labour market

Society• Institutions• Networks• Stakeholders

Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA)

Economic Impact Assessment

(CBA)

Social Impact Assessment

(SIA)

Environmental Economic Social

Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA)

Extended CBA

Impact on

Evaluation method

Values & evaluation criteria

Assessment method

Example of an IA framework (from Brower and van Ek, 2004)

Challenges of IIA

Lack of a ‘generic’ toolkit

Methodological consistency

Dominance of EIA

Issues relating to multi-disciplinary cooperation

Inclusive ownership of stakeholders

Let us see mathematical model for environmental risk assessment in manufacturing industry (linping et al. 2002) Let us consider processes of manufacturing a

product is divided in to m steps. In each step some kind of wastes (S1,S2, …,

Sm) is produced. These wastes have some degree of hazardous

to human or ecosystem health i.e. potential impact categories (Yk), having weighting factor k

Finding out the impact scale of various stressors (waste)

Environmental Design for Industry Product

Creation of a data matrix or impact matrix

The element of the impact matrix xik measures the level of the stressor ‘I’ contributing to a loss of ecosystem health and human health integrity based on category k.

It is based on the onsite monitoring data.

Now how xik is fixed ?

How xik is fixed ? Manufacturing processes generates a set of

wastes S={S1, S2, …, Si, …,Sn} On site monitoring emission of these wastes

can be expressed as

E={E1,E2, …, Ei, …, En} Allowed maximum emission standard for the

corresponding wastes is

V={V1,V2, …, Vi, …, Vn}

The over all environmental risk is given by

m

kkkYEI

1

Thanks