english 306a; harris morphemes kumilad. english 306a; harris a little persian dana xub darost bozorg...
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English 306A; Harris
A little Persian
dana
xub
daroSt
bozorg
Sirin
danai
xubi
daroSti
bozorgi
Sirini
Suffix
Morpheme
{-i}
English 306A; Harris
A little Persian
Persian
English
dana wise
xub good
daroSt thick
bozorg big
Sirin sweet
Persian
English
danai wisdom
xubi goodness
daroSti thickness
bozorgi size
Sirini sweetness
Suffix
Morpheme
{-i}
Noun Former
English 306A; Harris
A little Persian
Sirin sweet Sirini sweetness
Suffix
Morpheme
{-i}
Noun Former
AfAdjective
Noun
AdjAdjective AdjAf
Noun
Simplex Complex
adjective —> [adjective-affix]noun
English 306A; Harris
The unit
Phonetics: the phone. Phonology: the phoneme.Lexicology: the word.Morphology: the morpheme.Syntax: the sentence.Semantics: the proposition.
English 306A; Harris
morph + ology
morphologyisomorphic
polymorphicamorphous
metamorphicmetamorphosis
anthropomorphicMorpheusmorphine
morphemeallomorph(to) morph
technologypsychologyastrology
scientologyappliantology
geologytheologybiologyzoölogy
genealogylogoslogic
shape + talk
English 306A; Harris
morph + ology
morphologyisomorphic
polymorphicamorphous
metamorphicmetamorphosis
anthropomorphicMorpheusmorphine
morphemeallomorph(to) morph
technologypsychologyastrology
scientologyappliantology
geologytheologybiologyzoölogy
genealogylogoslogic
shape + talk
English 306A; Harris
The smallest signifier/signified bundles
{un-}Antonym former
{re-}Iterative former
{draw}Verb, to make representative
marks
{-s}Third-singular-present
agreement former
{-ing}Present-participle former
English 306A; Harris
Homophony/Polysemy
But, … matching the signifiers and signifieds is not a piece of
cake{-ing}
Present-participle former“Oriana is drawing the
cat”{-ing}
Gerund former“Oriana’s drawing of the
cat is beautiful.”{-ing}
Adjective former“Oriana’s drawing chalk is
the white one”
English 306A; Harris
Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix)
prefixsuffixinfixcircumfix
Morpheme function derivational
change meaning dramatically, and/or word category
inflectionalnever change
category, and only change meaning very subtly
SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology
xubi
Afadjective
Noun
Bound!Derivational
!
What type is {-i}?
English 306A; Harris
Affix rules
prefixoldcategory —> [affix-oldcategory]newcategory
suffixoldcategory —> [oldcategory-affix]newcategory
infixoldcategory —> [old-affix- category]newcategory
circumfixoldcategory —> [af-oldcategory-fix]newcategory
Old Af
New
oooa
Af Old
New
aooooo
Old
aooooa
Old AfAf
New
Af Old
ooaoo
English 306A; Harris
Affix rules
Prefix e.g.{un-} adjective —> [un-
adjective ]adjective
{anti-} adjective —> [anti-adjective ]adjective
{anti-} noun —> [anti-noun ]noun
suffix{-er} verb —> [verb-er]noun
{-ness} adjective —> [adjective-ness]noun
{-ly} adjective —> [adjective-ly]adverb
unattractiveanti-racistanti-racism
writerhappinessquickly
English 306A; Harris
Free morpheme
Morphological analysis
?
fly
Noun?Verb?Adjective?Adverb?Preposition?Determiner?Qualifier?Quantifier?Who cares?
English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme
(necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis
flies
Af?
?
English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme
(necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis
flies
AfNoun
Noun
Plural
English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme
(necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis
flies
AfVerb
Verb
3rd singularpresentagreement
English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme
(necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis
flies
AfAdjective
Adjective
English 306A; Harris
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
flier fliest
AfAdjective
Adjective
AfAdjective
Adjective
English 306A; Harris
Ainu (Japan)
haparu = soft
ehaparu
= to be unable to endure
niSte = hard
eniSte = to be able to endure
pirka = good
epirka = to gain
wen = bad
ewen = to lose
English 306A; Harris
{e-
}
verb former1. Stative
have adjectival quality2. Active
change towardsstate described by adjective
adjective —> [e-adjective]verb
English 306A; Harris
Bontoc (Philippines)
kumilad = he is becoming red
fumusul = he is becoming an enemy
fikas = strong
fumikas = he is becoming strong
fusul = enemy
bato = stone
bumato = he is becoming hard
kilad = red
What’s he reading?
English 306A; Harris
Bontoc (Philippines)
{-um-}third-person
singular
masculine
inchoative
verb-former
kumilad = he is becoming red
he, not she or it
he, not I or you
he, not they
becoming
is; state change
English 306A; Harris
Morphophonology
Zoque possessiveswakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow
pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey
kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
English 306A; Harris
Morphophonology
Zoque possessiveswakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow
pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey
kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
English 306A; Harris
Morphophonology
Zoque possessiveswakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow
pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey
kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
English 306A; Harris
Morphophonology
Zoque possessives
{m-}, {n-}, {N-}
first-person
singular
possessive
English 306A; Harris
Morphophonology
Zoque possessives
m pama
NounAf
Noun
n wakas
NounAf
Noun
N kama
NounAf
Noun
Assimilation in place of articulation
English 306A; Harris
Chickasaw
Affirmative Negative
Word Translation Word Translation
chokma He is good. ikchokmo He isn’t good.
lakna It is yellow. iklakno It isn’t yellow.
palli It is hot. ikpallo It isn’t hot.
tiwwi He opens it. iktiwwo He doesn’t open it.
English 306A; Harris
Chickasaw
{-a}, {-i}
third-person
singular
affirmative
{ik- … -o}
third-person
singular
negative
Verb formschokm-lakn-pall-tiww-
English 306A; Harris
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
postmodernism
Noun
Adj AfAf
iklakno
Verb
AfAf Verb
Adj
English 306A; Harris
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
postmodernism
iklakno
Verb
AfAf Verb
Noun
Adj AfAf
Adj
English 306A; Harris
English “Circumfixes”
em-bold-enen-light-enir-regard-less
a-work-ina-turn-ina-change-in
English 306A; Harris
English reduplication
dilly-dallyheebie-jeebies chit-chatfiddle-faddlemumbo-jumbohocus-pocus
English 306A; Harris
English reduplication
boy toy toy boypooper scooperartsy-fartsywalkie-talkiewiggle-waggle
English 306A; Harris
English reduplication: gang-bang
Onomasiologicallyextremely serious referents
Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form
English 306A; Harris
English {-er}
farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer, …
Londoner, Winnipeger, …
villager, foreigner, …
printer, toaster, heater, freezer, …
page-turner, reader, drawer, …
chatter, mutter, flicker, …
triple-decker, porker, …
Agentive
Locative1 (geographic)
Locative2 (type)
Instrumental
Patient
Frequentive
Other
English 306A; Harris
?
Radial network
English -er
specialization
generalization
metaphorm
etap
hor
inve
rsio
n
English 306A; Harris
Productivity
The relative ability to produce new words.-er
farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, …
a-asexual, amoral, achromatic, …?
English 306A; Harris
Productivity
petro-petroleum, Petrocanda™, petrochemical, petrodollars, petropolitics, …
-castbroadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast, podcast, …
English 306A; Harris
Productivity
cran-cranberry, cran-apple,
cran-cherry, cran-grape, cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango, …
huckle-huckleberry
rasp-raspberry
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