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Engineering Success Through Sustainability
John Harrington
May 9, 2011
Today is about..
• Understanding Sustainability • Discussing the key issues • A framework to structure your approach• What it means for your and your business• Getting started - 4 steps, 3 questions, 7 derailers• Examples of best practice / products• Leadership
Engineering graduates are ideally perceived to have technical expertise …. and who, as change-agents, provide the creativity and impetus to shape industry and public-services for a successful and sustainable future.
Professional Progression Programme 2011 – 2013 PARTICIPANT GUIDANCE DOCUMENT
• Overview of sustainability • Define in technical, measurable terms• Describe a framework and why it’s useful • Outline first order principles of sustainability • Review key tools • Explore business case • Illustrate why engineers well placed to lead • Interactive participation and practical exercises• Explore link between sustainability and innovation
Objectives…
Introductions…
Name Job Title Why you’re here
Benefits of Sustainability: Competitive Advantage, Innovation and new sources of income
Mainstream Renewable, Siemens, Nokia, Toyota, Tesco, McDonalds, Diageo, Intel, Adidas
RealEyes Sustainability Ltd.• Help organisations benefit from sustainability
• Training, Auditing, Facilitation, Consultancy
• The Real voyage of discovery lies not in finding new
lands, but in seeing with fresh Eyes. Marcel Proust
The Natural Step (TNS)
Not for profit organisation established in 1988 by oncologist Karl Henrik Robert
Now global with partners in 30 countries
Nike, Ikea, Panasonic, ICI, Interface, Scandic Hotels
100’s municipalities in Sweden, US, Japan, Italy, France, Canada, and Ireland
To develop and share a common framework which centres on easily understood, scientifically based principles that can service as a compass to guide society toward a sustainable future
Leading Companies
What is Sustainability ?
Success
Strategic
Action
Tools
Engineering…
• The application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people
• www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/engineering
• Scale?• Time period ?
Sustainable Development
• .. development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Meet human needs within environmental limits
The concepts and principles of sustainable development place a burden on the engineer, a burden to change the
way we do business
Jose Medem Sanjuan, president of WFEO World Federation of Engineering
Organisations
Business as Usual Model
Raw Materials
6% Product
94% Waste
80% of products discarded after a single use
Therefore, 99% of the original materials used in the production of, or contained in, the goods made in the US become waste within 6 weeks
Source: NAE / Factor 4
Take, Make, Waste
Sustainability is…
Think about…• Key issues - for your business and you personally • Risks and opportunities• Hard and soft stuff
Slide 24
Slide 25
Fourth Assessment Report……. a summary
CO2 levels at their highest for 650,000 years.
Climate change “unequivocally” happening, and 90% certain that it’s due to man-made emissions.
“Best guess” indicates global temperature will rise by 1.8°c to 4°c by 2100. Worst case “up to 6.4°c”.
Policy responses geared to hold temperature increase below 2°c.
450 ppm CO2 emerging as new consensus figure.386.80 ppm in September 2010
10-15 years to put in place serious measures to start reducing emissions of CO2.
Stern Review
Slide 63
Nine Fundamental Human Needs
Energy Use in Ireland
• Fossil Fuel accounted for 96% of all energy use in Ireland in 2007
• 60 million barrels of oil equivalent
• We import almost 90% of our primary energy demands
• €6B on energy imports
Slide 33
Sunday April 11 2010
US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015
Slide 1
The TimesMarch 7, 2008
‘Rush for biofuels threatens starvation on aglobal scale’
In 2007 1/3 of US corn acreage was earmarkedfor bioethanol
Slide 36
Resource scarcity
Slide 38
One kg of grain-fed beef needs at least 23,000 litres of water
Undervalued Biodiversity
Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
Slide 42
Percent Increase in Nitrogen Flows in Rivers
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Hurricane Katrina
•$110 Billion •15 million people affected in 7 states•1,836 people killed• Category 4 and 5 hurricanes have almost doubled in the last 30 years•Key natural defences destroyed - mangroves
8,194,797 Tons of toxic chemicals released by
• 310 Kg of toxic chemicals released every second
• 10 million tons released into our environment each year
• Of these, over 2 million tons are recognized carcinogens
• 65 Kg or carcinogens each second
Source: pan-uk.org
Slide 46
Harvest peak
Pre-peak
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us project
Fisheries peaking
Why Sustainability ?
“Sustainability is the singlebiggest business opportunity
ofthe 21st century”.
Lee Scott – CEO Walmart
Change in Organisational Value Drivers
IntangiblesNon-financialsBrand image/ReputationStake holder relationships(investors, media, public, customers, banks, govern-ments, insurers, scientistsemployees)
TangiblesFinancials
1981 2007
80% 20%
20% 80%
Arthur D. Little, The Business Case for Corporate Citizenship , 2002
CEO Study
• 93% of CEOs believe that sustainability issues will be critical to the future success of their business.
• 88% of CEOs believe that they should be integrating sustainability through their supply chain.
5. Purpose/Passion Values-driven founder / CEO
4. Integrated Strategy Enhanced business value
3. Beyond Compliance Eco-efficiencies PR crisis / Opportunity Regulatory threat
2. Compliance Regulatory enforcement
1. Pre-Compliance
Sustainability Continuum
Source: Adapted from Bob Willard’s Sustainability Advantage
Sustainability = Profitability• Potential profit increases from integrated
sustainability strategies:• Large organisations potential for +38%
increase• Small to medium organisation +66%
increase
– source Bob Willard, The Business case for sustainability, 2008)
Margin
Revenue Growth
Pricing Power• Reputation• Value for money• Trust, quality, respect • Credibility
• Operational efficiencies• Efficient use of resources• Supply chain optimisation
• Employee engagement• First choice for top talent• Employee productivity• Low rates of attrition
Sustainable Organisation Benefits
• Customer loyalty• Lower churn• Attract new customers
• Easier to enter new markets• More sources of funding
Cost Savings
Attract and Retain Talent
New Market Entry
Market Share
Source: Business Case for Sustainability, Boston Consulting Group
Exposure
Source: MIT Sloan Management Review ‘The Business of Sustainability, findings and insights from the first annual business of sustainability survey and global thought leaders report’ 2009
Strategies, Policies and Plans
• National Climate Change Strategy, 2007-2012 • National Energy Efficiency Plan 2009 - improve energy
efficiency by 33%• National Heritage Plan - 2002• National Biodiversity Plan - 2002• EU voluntary target of 50% GPP
• National Action Plan on Green Public Procurement • Framework for Climate Change bill - 80% reduction in net
emissions on 1990 levels, 3% per annum until 2020
• Carbon Tax • Smarter Travel - A Sustainable Transport Future - A new
transport policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020
Which Tool?Which Tool?
Sustainable Procurement
Changing Consumer Trends
1996 - 2006:• 70-80% of consumers
said they were are switching to “green” companies, but only 10% actually did
2006: • 20% buy green
(Sustainable brand study by egg, March 07)
2008: • 33% buy green
(Globescan and McKinsey Study, 2008)
“For years, the statistics have registered an increasingly strong
economic growth asvictory over shortage, until it emerged that this growth was destroying more than it was
Nicolas Sarkozy, 14/9/09
Economic Growth
EnergyClimate Change
Loss of Biodiversity
Waste
Toxicity
Water Scarcity
Poverty
Obesity
Food Security Flooding
Conclusions so far
Sustainability is.. • complex• good for business• not where we are now• requires a different approach
Sustainability is not about addressing climate change, water shortage, energy transport or any other single issue. It's about solving these challenges using an integrated approach from strategy development to
technical consulting to project implementation - Lee McIntire, Chairman and CEO, CH2M HILL
Integrated Approach
Systems Decline
Declining resources & life supporting systems
Increasing population & resource consumption
Time
Threats Increasing Costs Forests Agriculture Fisheries Ground water Climate Metals POP’s Eutrophy Hormones Social trap Segregation Corruption Epidemias Poverty
Some Basic Science
• Matter is constant - closed system to matter
• Matter and energy can neither be created nor destroyed
• Everything breaks down / disperses - Law of entropy
• Open system to energy
• Photosynthesis pays the bills
12
3
4
In a sustainable society, nature is not subject to systematically increasing of..
• Concentrations of substances extracted from the earth’s crust
• Degradation by physical means
And in that society..
• People are not subject to conditions that undermine their capacity to meet their needs
4
1
3
• Concentrations of substances produced by society
2
“Success is a science, if you have the conditions you get the results”
Oscar Wilde
ABC Ltd will....
The build-up of materials extracted from the earths crust including fossil fuels, heavy metals and associated wastes
The build-up of synthetic substances produced by society (flame redardants, biophenols, fertilisers etc.
ABC Ltd will....
ABC Ltd will....
ABC Ltd will....
These principles are..
• Necessary • Sufficient (to cover all aspects of success), • General (to make sense for all stakeholders),• Concrete (to guide problem solving and actions),• Non-overlapping (to enable comprehension as well
as development of indicators for monitoring).
Success
Strategic
Action
Tools
Getting Practical
Assess Current Realities
Develop Strategies
Build Case(s) for Change
Mobilize Commitment
Embed and Align
Wake Up and Decide
Inspire Shared Vision(s)
Get Credible, Stay Credible
Meet Them Where They Are
Practice “Planful Opportunism”
Influence the Influencers
Dialogue
Collaborate, Educate, Network
Piggyback Existing Initiatives
•Buy-in, Awareness
•Snr Commitment
•Training
•Green Team
•Events
•Tours
•Support
•Sustainability Analysis
•Practice and performance
•Business Case
Practice versus Performance
WORLD CLASSWORLD CLASS
CONTENDERSCONTENDERS
PROMISINGPROMISINGCOULD DO BETTERCOULD DO BETTER
VULNERABLEVULNERABLE
Practice Index
30 40 50 70 80 90 10020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Per
form
ance
Inde
x
20 60
100
Untapped potential
En routeWon’t go
the distance
Risk and opportunity
Practice and Performance
Text
•Sustainable Org.
•Visioning Workshop
•Innovations / investments / actions
•Combine with culture, values etc.
•Action planning
•Prioritisation
•3 strategic Q’s
•Right direction ?
•Flexible?
•Return on investment ?
Declining resources & life supporting systems
Increasing population & resource consumption
Step in right direction?
Is it a flexible platform?
Return on investment?
Which Tool?Which Tool?
Practice versus Performance
WORLD CLASSWORLD CLASS
CONTENDERSCONTENDERS
PROMISINGPROMISINGCOULD DO BETTERCOULD DO BETTER
VULNERABLEVULNERABLE
Practice Index
30 40 50 70 80 90 10020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Per
form
ance
Inde
x
20 60
100
Untapped potential
En routeWon’t go
the distance
Risk and opportunity
Practice and Performance
Text
4 Steps to Sustainability• 4 steps that automate systems thinking and
‘backcasting’• Move away from ‘fixing’ problems and
lunging from one crisis to another to the next
• Establish a sustainability gap• Develop actions that bridge the gap • Set up creative tension between future
success and where we are today• More creative, collaborative and innovative
Case Studies
• $1.3billion turnover, Fortune 1000 company.
• Worlds largest producer of contract commercial carpets.
• Sold in over 100 countries with factories in 29 locations globally (inc NI, Thailand, China and Australia)
• Manufactures and sell more the 40% of the carpet tiles used worldwide in commercial buildings
• Employs more then 7,400 people worldwide,
• Fortune magazine rated it one of top 100 employers and one of the 10 most admired companies
• Vision: To be the first company that, by its deeds, shows the entire industrial world what sustainability is in all its dimensions: People, process, product, place and profits — by 2020 — and in doing so we will become restorative through the power of influence
• Strategy: Mission Zero - Our promise to eliminate any negative impact our company may have on the environment by the year 2020
Blekinge Inst. of Tech.
SE-371 79 Karlskrona
+46 455 38 50 00
www.bth.se/eng
Interface
“As we climb mount Sustainability, with the fourTNS system conditions at the top, we are doingbetter than ever on bottom line business. This isnot at the cost of social or ecological systems, butat the cost of our competitors who still havenʼt gotit”.
Portland US, October 2007, Ray Andersson, President, Founder and CEO, Interface. Inc.
March 2012
Stewarts Care Palmerstown Campus, Dublin 20
15-Year Energy Services Contract with Dalkia
March 2012
Who are StewartsCharitable Foundation140 year tradition in the provision of care for people with intellectual disabilityThey work in the community and on their own sites Services provided regardless of age, religion, socio-economic background and encompassing every degree of intellectual disabilityThey have facilities such as equestrian centres, leisure centres, educational centres and medical centres for use by our clients
March 2012
Who are DalkiaDalkia’s Business: Producing energy efficiency
53,457 employees in 42 countries, 71% outside of FranceRevenue: €8.6 billion119,600 energy facilities managed114.7 TWh energy managed capacityReduction of 7.1 million metric tones of CO2 in 2010
March 2012
Initial contextInefficient energy plantHigh energy costsHigh dependency on oilHigh maintenance costs
March 2012
Results: Energy Costs
GGBS - Environmental Savings
• GGBS / OPC - 970 kg / 60 kg Co2 tonne
• 1000 m3 of concrete - (50/50 OPC/GGBS)• 1425 kg’s of cement
• 577.1 tonnes of Co2 saved (185.3 cars, 181 years of electricity in average home)
• 1781 kg’s of Sox, 2493 kg’s of (NOx) saved• 1781kg’s of CO, 310kg’s fine particulate matter (PM10) saved
• 40% reduction in embodied energy (50/50 - GGBS/OPC)• No limestone / shale required (1.6 tonne per tonne of OPC)http://
www.ecocem.ie/index.php?p=environmental&q=calculator
BubbleDeck
• 1kg of recycled plastic replaces 100kg of concrete
• Fewer building elements compared to steel frame and metal decking
• Cost saving between 2.5% to 10% of total construction costs
• Combination GGBS / Bubbledeck - 70% reduction in CO2
SolarPrint
• DSSC is a third generation photovoltaic (PV) technology
• Ability to harness diffuse light
• Higher power output over the course of an average day
• Lower cost (under high volume manufacturing)
• Printable on metal or plastic
• Different colours and opacities
• Collaboration with Fiat (CRF)
• Smart sunroof integrating DSSC technology
Accoya
• Made from cheap pine
• Properties that match tropical hardwood
• Treated with acetic anhydride, from acetic acid (vinegar, in dilute form)
• Vastly reduces woods ability to absorb water
• No toxic preservatives
• No maintenance
• Designed to last over 60 years in wet environment
• Source: http://www.accoya.com/accoya.html
Walmart Save People Money So They can Live Better
Vision:
– To be supplied 100% by renewable energy;
– To create zero waste;
– To sell products that sustain people and the environment
Strategy:
– Wamart Suppliers Sustainability Index
– Employee Personal Sustainability Project (PSP)
– From “Always Lower Prices” to “Save Money. Live better”
Walmart Save People Money So They can Live Better
• 7,873 stores: Biggest US consumer of electricity; Target to reduce GHGs by 20% by 2012
• Invest $500M annually in efficient energy; 30% less energy; then 100% renewable energy.
• Waste: Reduce waste by 25% in 3 years, then 0. • 7,200 trucks: Increase fuel efficiency by 25% in 3 years; double it in
10 years; save $300M/yr. • 2.1M “associates:” Largest employer in the world - Personal
Sustainability Plan• 200M shoppers/week - influence
Walmart Save People Money So They can Live Better
• 100,000 suppliers: • Reduce packaging by 5% by 2013; $3.4M savings in 5 years • Goal to remove non-renewable energy from all its product. • Partnership with the Carbon Discloser Project to measure and improve energy use
and emissions of the entire supply chain• Working with suppliers to develop a worldwide sustainability index. • 100,000 global suppliers complete a survey of 15 questions to evaluate their
sustainability
WhistlerVision:
To be the premier mountain resort community in North America as we move towards a sustainable future
Strategy: Whistler 2020 - moving toward a sustainable future
Canadian leader in community planning
2.3 million visitors annually
10,000 population, 60,000 at full capacity
# 1 North American Ski Resort 15 years
# 1 Mountain Bike Park
10% of BC’s tourism economy
About Whistler
Why Whistler 2020?
• RAMPANT TO MANAGED GROWTH
• MOVE TO EMBRACE STEWARDSHIP
• INCREASING COMPETITION
• PREPARE FOR DOWN CYCLE
• BUILD COMMUNITY
• MANAGE COMING PRESSURES (OLYMPICS!)
Whistlers Path toward an ICSP ‘97-’04
Accountability &Transparency
Whistler Sustainable Procurement Guidelines
30 LEED PROJECTS
Awards
Design Brief
Description: A reputable runner company is thinking of setting up a manufacturing base in Ireland. They’ve expressed a desire to be the most sustainable running shoe company in the world. They want to be completely transparent about how they work so they’ve asked you to identify the sustainability issues/risks associated with setting up and producing their product
Scope: Consider the full life cycle of the runner including suppliers, transport, energy, water and human needs
Current Reality for Running Shoe CompanyKey Sustainability Aspects
Inputs What we depend on
Outputs What we deliver
Waste What’s left over
LandOfficesFactory
Transport Chemicals
WaterBuilding Materials
OperationsPeople SkillsEnergy
landfill waste, recyclables, organic waste, liquid waste, electronic waste, chemical
waste, emissions, wasted ideas
ProductsServices
EmploymentTaxes
InnovationCommunity
Support
Compare against 4 principles
Systematically reduce dependence on mined materials - fossil fuels, heavy metals esp, those rare in nature.
Systematically reduce dependence on man-made substances, particulalry the toxic and persistent ones
Systematically reduce activities that damage nature physically
Help people meet their needs
A Vision for a Sustainable Running Company
Headlines Describe what has been achieved
Characteristics Innovations
Eco cement Community Designed
Local materials SuperBike racks
No waste in constructionInnovative maintenance contracts
Supplier commitmentSpace for solar panel hook upLong term funding instruments
input on design
What date / publication?
Warm and comfortable Zero anti-social
Service HubSolar Powered Award winning
SecureFully integratedEdible landscape
Great place to work
3 minute presentation
• Describe future success for your service
• Use headlines, characteristics and innovations
• Present 5 key actions to move toward vision
• Refer to problems / Challenges along the way
Stern Review Report (Oct 2006)
Former World Bank chief economist, Nicholas Stern Quantified warnings in the 1997
Economists’ Statement on Climate Change
Warnings from Economists
1. Cost of climate change mitigation:1% of annual global GDP by 2050 if we act now; 5-20% if we act later
2. Benefits of $2.5T if we act now; global depression if we do nothing
3. Must stabilize GHGs: Use carbon taxes and / or a cap-and-trade system; deploy low-carbon technologies;80-90% below 1990 levels by 2050 in developed countries
“Every $1B capital investment in energy and efficiency would create approximately 9,500 building-retrofit jobs. Such an investment
would also create 1,200 jobs from building and installing solar photovoltaic panels and about 900 wind-energy jobs”
"In the jobs-creation sweepstakes, retrofitting buildings runs away with it. That's about 10-to-1
over any other investment."
~ Lester Brown, Earth Policy Institute founder (Nov 08) ~
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/09/green_recovery.html
Green Retrofits Job Creation
EU Pollution RegulationsRestriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS)
Lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, flame retardants; in force July 2006
Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)Take-back & disassembly of products & components;
in force January 2007;
End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELVD)Car manufacturers pay for scrapping all models and makes
80% recycled now, 85% by 2015
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
burden of proof on manufacturers to prove chemicals are safe; in force April 2007
UK Retailers Going Green• Tesco: UK’s biggest retailer; 10-point
Community Plan (May 06); £100M ‘revolution in green consumption’ fund; carbon footprint labeling; cut 50% of energy / sq ft by 2010; reduce CO2 / case by 30% by 2009
• Marks & Spencer: UK’s 3rd biggest retailer; £200m over 5 yrs on 100-point 'eco-plan' to cut waste, sell fair trade, energy from composting unsold food, biodegradable packaging, labeling food sources; carbon neutral stores; reduced energy / sq ft by 30%
• ASDA: Cut packaging by 10% by 2007; no packaging on fresh produce; 0 waste to landfill by 2010; 1,000 organic lines (June 07 vs. 325 in 2005)
Solar Power
Solar thermal collectors -
water
Solar wall collectors -
air
Parabolic collectors –
steam
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels - electricity
Nike’s “Nike Considered Design”
More efficient design patterns use less material, easier to recycle, adhesives made from water
instead of toxic chemicals, and sustainable materials like cork and organic cotton
e.g Air Jordan XX3 (unveiled Jan 08)
Made from recycled plastic and scrap materials with no toxic adhesives (more stitching)
Nike press release, Oct 2008
TargetsAll footwear by 2011, all apparel by 2015, and all equipment and backpacks by 2020
This will reduce waste in Nike’s supply chain by 17% and increase use of environmentally preferred materials by 20%
ConsideredPegasus
ConsideredAir Jordan XX3
True Dialogue
Asking
ClarifyingInterviewing
Telling
AssertingExplaining
Observing
BystandingSensing
DIALOGUE
Exploring eachother’s assumptions to generate meaning
A d
v o
c a
c y
I n q u i r y Low High
Low
High
Based on Peter M. Senge et al., The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, Doubleday, 1994
Practice “Planful Opportunism”
Alan AtKisson, The ISIS Agreement, Earthscan, 2008, pp. 213-214
"Luck is a matter of preparation meeting opportunity.”
― Oprah Winfrey
Assess Current Realities
Develop Strategies
Build Case(s) for Change
Mobilize Commitment
Embed and Align
Wake Up and Decide
Inspire Shared Vision(s)
Get Credible, Stay Credible
Meet Them Where They Are
Practice “Planful Opportunism”
Influence the Influencers
Dialogue
Collaborate, Educate, Network
Piggyback Existing Initiatives
355
Go Slow to Go Fast
Fast, Significant Decision
Leader’sIdea
Leader’sDecision
Sell / Communicate
Others’Buy-In
Dialogue / Engagement
Collective Decision and Buy-In
Faster Buy-In
XX X
XX
Leader’sIdea
Fisher’s Personal Transition Curve
Graphic by J.M. Fisher, Preston, Lancashire, England; www.businessballs.com
Anxiety
Can I cope ?
Happiness
At last something’s
going to change !
Fear
What impact will
this have?How will it affect me?
Threat
This is bigger than I thought!
Guilt
Did I really do
that
Depression
Who am I?
Gradual Acceptance
I can see myself in the future
Moving Forward
This can work and
be good
Hostility
I’ll make this work if it kills
me!!
© J M Fisher
Denial
Change? What Change?
Disillusionment
I’m off!! … this
isn’t for me!
Sustainability “Pincer Strategy”
Besieged by important stakeholders
Besieged by their kids
9 AM – 5 PM“CEO”
24/7“Daddy” / “Mommy”
7 Worries
1. UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: 15 of 24 ecosystems (60%) are being degraded or used unsustainably; GEO-4
2. Climate crisis: Urgency; IPCC Report re dire consequences
3. BRIC growth: Brazil, Russia, India & China; pollution & GHGs
4. Energy crisis: Transformation to renewable sources; disconnecting GDP growth from energy growth; peak oil?
5. Growing chasm between the rich & poor: Developed vs. developing counties; In developed countries
6. Population Explosion: Level off at 9B+? Why?
7. Need for holistic solutions: Strength of national / international governments? Political courage?
10 Signs of Hope1. Investor Activism: Carbon Disclosure Project; US Investor
Network on Climate Risk (INCR); Bank of America, Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs; Equator Principles
2. Economist Warnings: Stern Review; urge cap-and-trade
3. Public Awakening: Hurricane Katrina; “An Inconvenient Truth” and the “Goracle Factor;” “carbon neutral” word of the year in 2006; mainstream press coverage
4. Values-driven consumers: “green is the new black;” LOHAS ($209B U.S. market); organics; hybrids; thrift vs. consumption
5. High Energy Prices: Eco-efficiency savings; explosion of renewable energy; clean tech magnet for venture capital
cont’d …
10 Signs of Hope
6. Clean Tech Explosion: Venture capital focus on wind, solar, biofuels, hydrogen; battery breakthoughs; CCS for coal
7. Carbon Trading Carrot: EU; US states; Corporate pressure
8. EU Market Leadership: WEEE, REACH, RoHS, EUP, Climate Change Policy; UK / London GHG reduction goals
9. Corporate Leadership in the supply chain: Wal-Mart, GE, DuPont …
10.Nature’s Resilience
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