energy atp: energy for cells metabolic pathways & enzymes oxidation-reduction metabolism – the...
Post on 04-Jan-2016
222 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
• Energy
• ATP: Energy for Cells
• Metabolic Pathways & Enzymes
• Oxidation-Reduction
Metabolism – the Dynamic CellSpring 2013 - Althoff Reference: Mader & Windelspecht Ch. 6)
Lec06
What is Energy?
• ___________ energy• Constantly converted to
kinetic energy
• Energy of ____________• Constantly converted to
potential energy
Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
= the __________________, quantified by…_______ = amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1g of water 10C
Successful organisms “_____” the energy game
• FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another
• SECOND LAW OF THERMODYANMICS Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy. Also associated with the term __________
--the relative amount of disorganization associated with every energy transformation
__________ LAWS
MORE organized LESS organized
GLUCOSECARBON DIOXIDE
& WATER
• Less ___________• More potential energy• More organized
• More ____________• Less potential energy• Less organized
LESS Entropy MORE Entropy
• 1 adenosine group
• 3 phosphate groups (triphosphate)
_____: what cells spend for energy
Flow ofEnergy
CHLOROPLAST
MITOCHONDRION
CHEMICAL WORKTRANSPORT WORKMECHANICAL WORK
• ______________ WORK —ex: protein, lipid, carbohydrate synthesis or breakdown of those complex organic molecules
• ______________ WORK —ex: move molecules from one location to another, especially across the plasma membrane
• ______________ WORK —ex: muscle contractions, cilia and flagella to beat, chromosomes to be moved
Functions of ATP…
• _____________ REACTIONS —ENERGY REQUIRED, RESULTS IN _______________ OF COMPOUNDS
• _____________ REACTIONS —ENERGY REQUIRED, RESULTS IN _______________ OF COMPOUNDS (chemical bonds are broken)
Metabolic Reactions
__________________ = all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and
repair
• Enzymes ____________ these reactions• Enzymes only speed up reactions, they
______________ make reactions that are not possible to begin with
• Enzymes can “bring together” molecules that will react to each other AND reduce the ___________________
• Enzymes can be “_____________”
METABOLIC __________ = series of linked reactions that begin with a particular reactant (i.e. SUBSTRATE) and terminate with an end product
____________ = protein molecule that functions as a catalyst in a chemical reaction (i.e, metabolic pathways)
METABOLIC PATHWAYS & ENZYMES
• A metabolic pathway can be represented by a simple diagram.
– The letters A-G indicate ________________– The letters E1-E6 represent _______________.– A is the substrate for E1, B is the substrate for E2,
and so on.
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
A B C D E F G
REACTANT
Po
ten
tia
l en
erg
y
Reaction
PRODUCT
Less energy needed for activiation WITH ENZYME
More energy needed for activiation
________________ENZYME
Ra
te o
f R
ea
ctio
n(p
rod
uc
t p
er u
nit
of
tim
e
Temperature 0C
What affectsenzymes?
Rate
of R
eacti
on(p
rodu
ct p
er u
nit o
f tim
e)
pH
What effectsenzymes? pH
“____________”
in stomach
pH
“_______________”
in small
intestine
Enzyme Reaction occurs Enzyme
Substrate(reactants)
Products
Reactants “_________________” on the enzymeReaction occurs ____________ because of enzyme Product results and enzyme is ‘______________’
1
23
Say it with “…______”: NAMING OF ENZYMES
• Lipid Lipase• Urea Urease• Maltose Maltoase• Lactose Lactase• Sucrose Sucrase• Ribonucleic acid Ribonuclease• some proteins Trypsin• some proteins Pepsin• Etc.
Substrate/Reactant Enzyme
Oxidation & Reduction• OXIDATION – _______ of electron(s) by
molecules during the oxidation-reduction process
• REDUCTION –_______ of electron(s) by molecules during oxidation-reduction process
• Both processes all take place at the same time
• Take place during photosynthesis and cellular respiration
For the record…• PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the _________ of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY C6H1206 +6O2
C6H1206 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: H2O is oxidized, CO2 is reduced
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: C6H12O6 is oxidized, O2 is reduced
________________ – moving H+
• The production of ATP due to a hydrogen ion (H+) ___________ across a membrane
• Occurs in _________________ and _________________…the energy organelles of cells
Starts with H+ pump pumping H+ _______ the membrane
Completes when H + ions cross back through the membrane through an ________________ complex
Mader, p115 – summary, Fig. 6.13
Chemiosmosis – moving H+
Low H+ conc.
High H+ conc.
1
2
top related