embryogenesis of the human occipital bone shapiro
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8/19/2019 Embryogenesis of the Human Occipital Bone Shapiro
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Am . 7 Roenigenol 1 26 : 1 06 3- 10 6
1 9 7 6
1063
E M B R Y O G E N E S IS O F T H E H U M A N O C C IP IT A L B O N E
A B S T R A C T :
R O B E R T S H A P IR O ’
A N D F R A N K L IN R O B IN S O N 2
F rom a n orig ina l s tu dy of fe ta l spe c im e ns , the e m bry og en es is o f the hu m a n o cc ip -
ita l bo ne is desc ribed . T he o cc ip ita l bon e in m an is de rived fro m cartilage , excep t
fo r the in ten pan ie tal segm en t w h ich has a m em branou s o rig in . N o rm a lly th ere is n o
m id lin e ce reb e llan fissu re o r sy nc ho nd ros is .
A n u nd ers ta nd ing o f th e em bry o lo g ic a l de -
ve lo pm en t o f the o cc ip ita l b on e is e ssen tia l
fo r an apprecia tion o f cnan io ven teb ral
an om alies an d oc cip ita l fra c tu re s . T h e
lite ra tu re co n ta in s in co ns is te nc ie s w ith re -
spe ct to the no m e nc la tu re a n d oss ific a tion
o f the v a riou s c om p one n ts o f th e o c cip ita l
bo ne , w h ic h a dd to th e co n fu sion [i-8 ]. T h e
fo llo w ing re po rt is b ase d up on ou r o w n
stud ie s a n d a tte m p ts to clarify th e inc on -
s is tencies .
M A T E R IA L S A N D M E T H O D S
A to ta l o f
I2 5
sk u lls w ere co llec ted from fe -
tu se s be tw ee n 8 an d
40 w eeks o f gesta tion .
T h ese sk u lls w e re p re pa re d in the d ry s ta te an d
rad io g rap hed in standa rd p ro jec tio ns. In ad d i-
tio n , a g roup 0130 c lea re d , a liz irin -s ta in ed feta l
sku lls o f v ary ing a ge p re pa red a cc o rd ing to the
c la ssical S pa lteho ltz techn iq ue w ere in vesti-
g ated . M ultip le co ro na l an d m id line sag itta l
sec tio ns o frep resen tativ e d eca lc ified fe tal sku lls
w ere em be dd e d in pa ra ffin a nd c ello id in . A g es
w e re
8 , io , I 2 , I 8 , 20 , 30 ,
an d
4 0 w eek s as as -
sessed b y c row n -rum p m e a su rem e n t. T h ese
w ere s tud ie d g ross ly a nd m ic ro sc op ic ally .
E M B R Y O L O G Y
T h e o cc ip i ta l bo ne is fo rm ed from th e
u n io n o f fo u r p rim a ry ca rtila g ino us c en ters
la id d ow n in the c ho nd roc ran ium aro un d
th e fo ra m e n m a gn um an d from a fifth
m e m bra no us e le m e n t (fig .
i).
T h us the
oc cip ita l b on e h as a du al o rig in fro m
c a rtila ge an d m e m b ran e. T h e fou r c an tila g i-
no us c om po ne n ts a re the ba s ioc cip ita l a n -
teno r to th e fo ram en m ag num , th e la tera l
on e xoc c ip ita ls on e ac h s id e o f th e fo ra m en
m agnu m , and th e sup naoccip ital p oste r io r
to th e fo ra m e n m a gn um (i.e ., the in ferio r
sq ua m a b elo w th e m e ndo sal su tu re). T he
m em branou s co m po nen t g ives rise to th e
F IG . i.-D iagram of ossifica tio n o f o ccip ita l bon e .
B as ioc cip ita l (z ), pa ired e xo ccip ita ls 2 a nd 3 ), an d
supraocc ip i ta l (4 de rived from cartilag e ; in terpa ri-
e tal ( d e rived fro m m em bran e. A rrow s p o in t to
m end osa l su tu re s w hich sepa rate in te rpan ieta l from
su prao ccip ital s eg m en t.
I
D e pa r tm e nt o f R a dio lo g y , H o sp ita l o f
S t. R ap hae l, Y ale U n ive rsity S ch ool o f M edicin e, N ew H a ven , C on nec tic u t
0 6 i .
2
D e pa r tm e nt o f N eu r o sur g e ry , H o sp ita l o f
S t. R ap h a el, Y ale U n iver sity S ch oo l of M ed ic in e , N ew H ave n , C o n n ec ticu t
0 6 i .
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F IG . 2 .-P ho tog raph of base of 14 -w eek-o ld fe tal
sku ll p repared by S pa lteho ltz techn ique . B asiocc ip i-
ta l (b ) and pa ired la te ra l ex occip ita l cen ters (e) su r-
ro und fo ram en m agnum (fm ). N ote a lso ossifica tio n
o f g rea te r (G ) an d les ser a rrowhead) spheno ida l
w ings and pos tspheno id cen te rs
a rrow) an terio r to
basioccip i ta l
bone .
1064
SHAPIRO AND ROBINSON
in te rpan ie ta l bon e (i.e ., the supe rio r squam a
ab ov e th e m en do sal su tu re).
At
w eek s o f gestatio n , a sing le m ed ian
os sifica tion cen te r is p re sen t in th e ca rtilag -
ino us basiocc ipu t ven tra l to th e n o tocho rd
a nd in ea ch la tera l o cc ip ita l c art ila ge
arou nd the hyp og lo ssa l can al (f ig . 2).
In al l
the spe c im e ns , th e su p ra oc c ip ita l seg m e n t
also o ss ified fro m a sing le foc us in the
tec tum sy no ticum (i.e ., tha t po rtion o f the
chon droc ran ia l roo f conn ec ting th e aud i-
to ry b u lla e ). C oron al se c tion s a t th is fe ta l
s ta ge d em on stra te oss ific a tion in th e m e m -
bran ous in terpa rieta l segm en t as
w e l l
(f ig s .
3
an d 4).
B y
i 2 w eek s o f gesta tion , the in te rpa ri-
e ta l an d sup rao cc ip ita l se gm en ts ha v e
fu sed in the m id line bu t rem a in sep ara ted
la tera lly b y the m en dosal su tu re s (f ig .
.
O ssif ica tion in th e su prao cc ip ita l segm en t
is m ore adv an ced th an in the in te rpan ie tal.
A t
34 w eeks the re is fu rthe r u n ion o f the
in te rpan ieta l an d su prao cc ip i ta l segm en ts ,
an d th e m en do sa l su tu re s a re re du ce d to
na rrow slits . In som e spe cim e ns , a l ine ar
ve rtic a l s tr ip o f u no ss ified m e m bra ne is
presen t in th e m id line a lon g the sup erio r
m arg in o f th e in te rp an ieta l seg m en t. T h is
m ay oss ify la te r o r pe rs is t a t fu l l te rm .
S im ila r un oss if ied str ip s m ay o ccur e lse -
w he re in th e m e m bra no us in te rpa n ie ta l
seg m e n t. T h e se c a n b e m is ta ke n fo r fra c -
tu re s in the neo na tal p er iod .
In a few spe cim e ns (fou r in o u r se rie s),
th ere m ay be a m id lin e c le ft in the in fe rio r
m arg in o f th e su prao cc ip ita l bo ne (fig . 6 ).
F I G . 3 . - L O W
pow er co ron al sectio n of 1 0-w eek-o ld
hum an fe ta l cran iu m em bedded in para ffin an d
sta ine d w ith H an d E . F oc i o fo ss if ic atio n a rrowhead)
are se en in m em brano us p ort ion of o ccip ita l bone
above leve l o f ten to rium (‘F ) as w ell as in cho ndra l
po rtio n of oc cip i ta l bon e b elow ten to rium a rrow) .
C ro ssha tch ed arrow s o u tline a rea sho w n in h igh
po w er sectio n (f ig .
4).
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-J
F io . -P ho to g rap h o f po ster io r aspect o f fe ta l
sku ll o f
12 w e eks g esta tio n
(Spa lteho ltz p repara -
tion ). ip = in terp arie ta l seg m e nt; so = supraoccip i ta l
se gm en t; e = ex occ ip i ta ls ; fm = fo ram e n m agn um ;
ar row heads
=
m e nd osa l su ture s; arro w s
=
inno m i na te
synchondrosis.
FIG . 4 .-H igh p ow er v iew o f oss ification a rrows)
in m em b ran ous portion of occ ip ita l bon e above ten -
to riu m (see fig . 3) .
E M B R Y O G E N E S IS O F O C C IP IT A L B O N E
io6
S uc h c le fts m ay pe rs is t o r su bseq ue n tly fil l
in w ith bon e . L ess com m on ly (tw o spec i-
m e n s), a sm a ll c en tra l bo ny pro jec tio n is
p re se n t o n the in fe rio r asp ec t o f th e su p ra -
oc c ip ita l seg m e n t (i.e ., K e rck n ing ’s bon e ;
fig s . 7 -9 ). R a re ly , the la tte r m ay be de -
tached an d lie in a ra the r b road m id line
c le ft. O n e or m ore acces so ry ossic le s m ay be
foun d in the in nom ina te syn ch ond ro sis b e-
tw e en the su p ra oc cip ita l a nd e xo cc ip i ta l
se g m e n ts (fig . io ). A c c o rd ing to C a ffey
[v ]
the se oss icle s usu ally fuse w ith the su pra -
occip ital bon e b y the end of the f irs t y ea r
o f life .
O ssif ica tio n o f th e k is ioccip ital segm en t
p roc ee ds la te ra l ly in to the v en tra l po rtion
o f ea ch co nd y le . S im u ltan e ous ly , o ssifica -
tion o f th e la te ra l o cc ip ita ls ad vances in to
the do rsa l po rtio n o f th e o c cip ita l co nd y le s
(f ig . I i). A t b irth , the b a sioc cip ita l a nd
la te ra l occ ip ita l bon es a re sepa rated on
e ac h s id e by a p rom in en t syn ch on dro sis .
F IG . 6 .-P ho to graph o f pos ter io r aspec t o f fe ta l
sku ll o f m on ths ges tation (S pa lteh o ltz p repara -
tion ). A rro w po in ts to c le ft in m idp ortion of in fe rio r
m a rgin ofsupraoc cip ita l seg m e nt. fm - fo ram en m ag -
n u m .
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Fic . 7 .-K erck ring’s b one a rrowhead) pro jec t ing
from infe rio r m arg in o fsu praocc ip ita l segm ent in
35 -
w eek-o ld fe tus. N o te ex occip ita l cen te rs o n e ith e r
side o f fo ram en m agnum (fm ).
F I G .
S .-E x ag gera ted W aters v iew of sku ll o f fu ll-
te rm stillbo rn in fan t d em onstra ting K erck rin g’s bo ne
a rrowheads) a lm os t com ple te ly fu sed to sup raocc i-
p ita l segm ent.
{ 149} K.
.
4 ’ ‘.:
i o66
SHAPIRO AND
R O B I N S O N
O blitera tio n o f the se sy nc ho nd rose s no r-
m a lly o c cu rs a t
2-4 years o f age .
T h e la te ra l
occip itals a re sep ara ted fro m th e sup ra -
oc cip ita l seg m en t b y the p rom in en t in -
nom in ate syn ch on dros is ; bon y fus io n o f
th ese seg m en ts a lso tak es p lac e be tw ee n 2
a nd y ea rs o f a ge . T h ere is an ad d it ion al
syncho nd ros is be tw een th e b asio cc ip u t and
th e ba s isph en o id (sp he no oc cip ita l syn ch on -
dros is). A cco rd in g to M elsen [io ] , o ssifica -
tion be tw een
th e sp he no id a nd oc c ip ita l
bo nes b eg ins at
12-13
yea rs o f age in g ir ls
an d
14-15
y ea rs in b oys . C o m ple te c losu re
of th e syn ch on dro s is do es n o t o cc u r un til
16-20
years o f age . O ccasiona lly the sphe -
noo cc ip itah sy nchon drosis pe rs is ts in to adu lt
l i fe .
A t b irth (fig .
i 2 ),
th e in te rpan ieta l and
sup raocc ip ita l segm en ts are fused , ex cep t
late rally w here th ey a re sepa rated by the
m endo sa l su tu re s. C om ple te o b lite ra tion o f
th e m e ndo sal su tu res u su a lly o cc u rs by the
e nd of th e sec on d ye ar. R are ly , o ne o r bo th
F I G . 9 .-Rad iog raph left) and d iag ram right) of adu lt sku ll in the T o w n e pro jec tion sh ow in g u nun ited
K erckr in g’s bone . (R eprin ted w ith perm iss ion from Shap iro R , Janzen A : The N orm a l Sku ll. N ew Y ork ,
H arpe r & R ow ,
1960)
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,
,1
SI
FIG . I I .-P h o tog raph of base o f
22-week-o ld
fetal
sku ll (S pa lteho ltz p rep aration ) . B asispheno id (bs)
separa ted f rom bas ioccip ita l (bo ) by sph en oocc ip ita l
synchondrosis
a rrowhead) . p = p etro us b ones; e
=
cx -
occ ip i ta l bon es.
*t
‘
ta l bo ne in th e T o w ne p ro jec tion m ay be
rec og n iz e d b y its p ro jec tio n be yo nd the
oc cip ita l bo ne on to the fo ra m e n m a g nu m .
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
W e a re d ee p ly g ratefu l to D r. M elv in L .
M o ss , C o lu m b ia U n ive rsi ty , a nd th e la te
‘p
S
EMBRYOGENESIS OF OCCIPITAL BONE
. ,-.
. .
FIG . io .-A n te ro pos te rio r T ow ne A)
and la te ra l
B) v iew s o f new b orn fe tal sk u ll w ith th ree oss icle s
(
arrowheads) in in nom ina te synchond ros is . N o te
presence o f K erck ring ’s p rocess a rrow) . (R epr in ted
w ith p erm ission from C affey J
:
Ped ia tr ic X -Ra y
Diagnos is , 6 th ed . C h icag o , Y ear B o ok M edica l Pu b-
l i shers , 1972) .
10b7
m e nd osal su tu re s m ay re m a in o pe n in
ad u lt life . S ho u ld th is ha p pe n , th e pa te n t
su tu re, p ar ticu la rly if un ilate ral, m ay be
m ista ke n fo r a frac tu re . S in c e the su p ra -
o cc ip ita l segm en t (in fe rio r squam a) ossif ie s
from a s in g le bo ne c en te r, th ere is n o n or-
m al m id lin e su tu re o r sy nc ho nd ros is , de -
sp i te c on trary s ta te m e n ts in th e li tera tu re
[ ii, 12].
T he refo re , a lin e ar m id lin e rad io -
lucency w ith in the su prao cc ip ita l segm en t
o f the o cc ip ita l bon e m ust be c on side red to
be a frac tu re
[2 , 13] (fig . 1 3 ).
A p ers is te nt
m etop ic su tu re su pe rim po se d on th e o c cip i-
FIG . 12 .-T ow ne pro jec tion of sk u ll o f new b orn
fu ll te rm infan t. A rrow p oin ts to m id line un oss ified
m em brano us strip in in te rpa rieta l segm en t (ip ). T he
la tte r is sepa rated by m en dosal su tu re a rrowhead)
from su prao cc ip ita l segm en t (so ) . e =
pa ired exo cc ip i-
ta l segm en ts on e ithe r sid e o f fo ram en m agn um .
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F IG . 3 3 .-M id line vertica l frac tu re arrow invo lv -
ing bo th in te rp arie tal an d sup raocc ip ita l segm en ts .
io68
S H A P IR O A N D R O B IN S O N
D r. B e rtra m S . K n au s, U n iv ers ity o f P itts -
bu rgh , fo r th e ge ne rou s loa n o f hu m an e m -
bryo s p repared
by th e S pa lte ho ltz tec h -
n iq ue ; to D r. E . L eo n K ie r fo r th e lo an o f
sev era l p re pa red fe ta l sk u lls; an d to D r.
J ohn O strom for m ak ing ava ilab le m am -
m ah ian sk u lls from th e P eabo dy M u seu m
co lle c tion . W e a re a lso g ra te fu l to D rs.
K esz le r, L o hm a n , M a nsou n ia n , an d W eis-
fe nu ng fo r v ario us tran s la tion s fro m G e r-
m a n an d F re nc h , to O v id io G a llo fo r the
pho tog raphs, and to M iss A n ge la B rune tti
fo r typ ing the m anu sc rip t.
R E F E R E N C E S
I. A ugie r M : Q uelq ues p rob l { 232} m es re la tifs au d {23 3}-
ve lo ppem en t du c rane . I. V ou te o cc ip ita le chez
l’ho m m e et d ’au tres m am m if { 232} res. A rch Ana t
H isto l Em /iryo l (S t rasb ) 13 :33 -66 , 1931
2 . F rank en
E A Jr: T h e m id line o cc ip ita l f issu re ;
d iagno sis o f frac tu re versu s ana tom ic varian ts.
Rad io lo gy 93 : 1043I046 1969
3
H ad ley L A :
Ana tom ico -R oen tgenog rap h ic S tud ie s
o fthe Sp in e. Spr in gfie ld , I ll., T h om as, 396 4
4 . K ie r E L : F e tal sk u ll, in Rad io log y o fthe Sku ll and
Bra in ,
vo l .
I,
book
I,
ed ited by N ew to n T H ,
P o tts D G , S ain t L o u is , M osby , 19 71 , pp 99-I 1 7
5 . L aco ste A : S ur le d { 2 33}v elop pem ent de l’ {233 }ca illeoc-
c ip ita le { 23 3} tu di { 23 3} eom para tivem en t chez le m ou -
to n e t ch ez l’ho m m e. A rch A na t H is to l Em bryo l
(S t rasb ) 1 2:1 -47 , 3 930
6 .
L eD ouble AF : Tra ite des varia tions des o s du
cran e de l’hom me . P aris , V ig o t F re res ,
I 903
7.
M atth es E : N eue re A rbe iten { 252 }be ra s P rim o r-
dialcra n iu m d er S { 22 8} ug etie re . II . T eil. A rb e iten
{2 52} be rinze lne R eg ionen des C ran iu m . Ergeb
A n at E n tw i ck lu ng sg es c/ i 24 :
I 1 7 -2 4 3 , 1 9 2 3
8. Parker W K , B ettany G I : The
M orph o logy o f th e
Sku l l . L ond on , M cM illan ,
I
87 7
9 . C affey
J
:
O n the accesso ry o ssic les o f the sup ra -
o ccip ita l b on e.
Am 7
Roen tgeno l 70
4 0 I-4 1 2 ,
95 3
30 . M elsen B : T he cran ia l base . Acta O don to l Scan d
32 , supp l. 62 , 3 974
I I . C affey J
:
P ed ia tr ic X -R ay D ia gnos is, 6 th ed .
C h icag o , Y ea r B oo k M edica l P ub lishe rs ,
1972
I 2. K oe h le r A , Z im m er E A :
Bord erlands o f th e No r -
m a l an d E ar ly P a th o log ic in Ske le ta l R oen tgeno l-
ogy ,
I I
th ed . N ew Y o rk , G rune & S tra tton ,
i
96 8
13 . A llen W E III , K ie r E L , R o th m an SL G : P itfalls
in th e eva lua tion o f sk u ll traum a: a rev iew .
Rad io lCl inNor thAm
II : 47 9-5 03 ,
3974
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