elective hindi - ii · 2020. 1. 11. · ikb~;Øe (syllabus),sfpnd fgunh & ii mís'; •...
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Elective Hindi - IIDHIN103
Edited byDr. Vinod Kumar
,sfPNd fgUnh & IIEditor
Dr. Vinod Kumar
Copyright © 2013 Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.All rights reserved
Produced & Printed byLAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.
113, Golden House, Daryaganj,New Delhi-110002
forLovely Professional University
Phagwara
ikB~;Øe (SYLLABUS)
,sfPNd fgUnh & II
mís';
• Nk=ksa dks O;kdj.k lEcU/kh Hkk"kk dk Kku nsukA
• Nk=ksa dks fodkjh 'kCnkoyh dk Kku nsukA
• Nk=ksa dks dkO; lEcU/kh Kku çnku djokukA
• Nk=ksa dks dkO; ds fofHkUu :i&çcU/k] [k.M ,oa eqDrd dkO; ls ifjfpr djokukA
Sr.
No.
Content
1 सजञा की ऩररभाषा एव भद
2 सववनाम की ऩररभाषा एव भद
3 ववशषण की ऩररभाषा एव भद
4 करिया की ऩररभाषा एव भद
5 करिया-ववशषण की ऩररभाषा एव भद
6 ववऩरीताथवक शबद-50, ऩयावयवाची शबद-50
7 अनकाथवक शबद- 50
8 कावय का सवरऩ एव ऩररभाषा
9 कावय क परमख भद: परबध कावय
10 कावय क परमख भद: खणडकावय, मकतक कावय
Content
LakKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnReeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
fo’ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnHardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University
fØ;kfo’ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Hardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University
egkdkO;Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
ikSjkf.kd çca/k dkO; dh ijaijkVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
vk/kqfud fganh lkfgR; ds çca/k dkO; Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
Unit 13: dkO; ds çeq[k Hksn&[kaMdkO; Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
183
dkO; ds çeq[k Hksn&eqDrd dkO;Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
Unit 1: 1
Unit 2: 35
Unit 3: 42
Unit 4: 50
Unit 5: 61
Unit 6: 84
Unit 7: 103
Unit 8: 127
Unit 9: 134
Unit 14: 187
Unit 10: 146
Unit 11: 162
Unit 12: 175
foijhr ’kCn
Ik;kZ;okph ’kCn
vusdkFkZd ’kCn
dkO; dk Lo:Ik ,oa ifjHkk"kk
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1
uksV
bdkbZμ1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
1-1 laKk osQ Hksn
1-1-1 O;fDrokpd laKk
1-1-2 tkfrokpd laKk
1-1-3 Hkkookpd laKk
1-1-4 lewgokpd laKk
1-1-5 nzO;okpd laKk
1-2 laKk osQ :ikUrj (fyax] opu vkSj dkjd esa lacaèk)
1-3 fyax
1-4 opu
1-5 dkjd
1-6 in ifjp;
1-7 lkjka'k (Summary)
1-8 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1-9 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1-10 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● laKk osQ Hksn tkuus esaA
● laKk osQ :ikarj tkuus esaA
● in&ifjp; tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
^laKk* ml fodkjh 'kCn dks dgrs gSa] ftlls fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq] Hkko vkSj tho osQ uke dk cksèk gksA;gk¡ ^oLrq* 'kCn dk iz;ksx O;kid vFkZ esa gqvk gS] tks osQoy ok.kh vkSj inkFkZ dk okpd ugha] oju muosQèkeks± dk Hkh lwpd gSA lkèkkj.k vFkZ esa ^oLrq* dk iz;ksx bl vFkZ esas ugha gksrkA vr%] oLrq osQ varxZr izk.kh]inkFkZ vkSj èkeZ vkrs gSaA bUgha osQ vkèkkj ij laKk osQ Hksn fd;s x;s gSaA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
2
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
1-1 laKk osQ Hksn
laKk osQ Hksnksa osQ lacaèk esa oS;kdj.k ,der ugha gSaA ij vfèkdrj oS;kdj.k laKk osQ ik¡p Hksn ekurs gSaμ(1) tkfrokpd] (2) O;fDrokpd] (3) xq.kokpd] (4) Hkkookpd] vkSj (5) nzO;okpdA ;s Hksnvaxzsth osQ vkèkkj ij gSa_ oqQN :i osQ vuqlkj vkSj oqQN iz;ksx osQ vuqlkjA laLÑr O;kdj.k esa ^izkfrifnd*uked 'kCnHksn osQ varxZr laKk] loZuke] xq.kokpd (fo'ks"k.k) vkfn vkrs gSa] D;ksafd ogk¡ bu rhu 'kCnHksnksadk :ikarj izk;% ,d gh tSls izR;;ksa osQ iz;ksx ls gksrk gSA ¯OkQrq] ¯gnh O;kdj.k esa lHkh rjg dh laKkvksa dksnks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSμ,d] oLrq dh n`f"V ls vkSj nwljk] èkeZ dh n`f"V lsμ
laKk↓
↓ ↓èkeZ oLrq↓ ↓
Hkkookpd ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓O;fDrokpd tkfrokpd lewgokpd nzO;okpd
bl izdkj] ¯gnh O;kdj.k esa laKk osQ eq[;r% ik¡p Hksn gSaμ(1) O;fDrokpd] (2) tkfrokpd](3) Hkkookpd] (4) lewgokpd vkSj (5) nzO;okpdA ia- xq# osQ vuqlkj] ^^lewgokpd dk lekos'kO;fDrokpd rFkk tkfrokpd esa vkSj nzO;okpd dk lekos'k tkfrokpd esa gks tkrk gSA**
uksV~l ^laKk* ml fodkjh 'kCn dks dgrs gSa] ftlls fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq] Hkko vkSj tho osQ uke dkcksèk gksA
1-1-1 O;fDrokpd laKk
ftl 'kCn ls fdlh ,d oLrq ;k O;fDr dk cksèk gks] mls ^O;fDrokpd laKk* dgrs gSaA tSlsμjke]xk¡èkhth] xaxk] dk'kh bR;kfnA jke*] xk¡èkhth* dgus ls ,d&,d O;fDr dk xaxk* dgus ls ,d unh dk vkSj^dk'kh* dgus ls ,d uxj dk cksèk gksrk gSA O;fDrokpd laKk,¡ tkfrokpd laKkvksa dh rqyuk esa de gSaA
nhef'kRl osQ vuqlkj O;fDrokpd laKk,¡ fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa gksrh gSaμ
1- O;fDr;ksa osQ ukeμ';ke] gfj] lqjs'kA
2- fn'kkvksa osQ ukeμmÙkj] if'pe] nf{k.k] iwoZA
3- ns'kksa osQ ukeμHkkjr] tkiku] vesfjdk] ikfdLrku] cekZA
4- jk"Vªh; tkfr;ksa osQ ukeμHkkjrh;] :lh] vesfjdhA
5- leqnzksa osQ ukeμdkyk lkxj] Hkweè; lkxj] ¯gn egklkxj] iz'kkar egklkxjA
6- ufn;ksa osQ ukeμxaxk] czãiq=k] oksYxk] Ñ".kk] dkosjh] ¯lèkqA
7- ioZrksa osQ ukeμfgeky;] ¯oè;kpy] vyduank] djkdksjeA
8- uxjksa] pkSdksa vkSj lM+dksa osQ ukeμokjk.klh] x;k] pk¡nuh pkSd] gfjlu jksM] v'kksd ekxZA
9- iqLrdksa rFkk lekpkji=kksa osQ ukeμjkepfjrekul] ½Xosn] èkeZ;qx] bf.M;u us'ku] vk;kZorZA
10- ,sfrgkfld ;q¼ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa osQ ukeμikuhir dh igyh yM+kbZ] flikgh&fonzksg] vDVwcj&ØakfrA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 3
uksV11- fnuksa o eghuksa osQ ukeμebZ] vDVwcj] tqykbZ] lkseokj] eaxyokjA
12- R;ksgkjksa o mRloksa osQ ukeμgksyh] nhokyh] j{kkcaèku] fot;kn'kehA
1-1-2 tkfrokpd laKk
ftu laKkvksa ls ,d gh izdkj dh oLrqvksa vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk cksèk gks] mUgsa tkfrokpd laKk* dgrsgSaA tSlsμeuq";] ?kj] igkM+] unh bR;kfnA ^euq";* dgus ls lalkj dh euq";&tkfr dk] ^?kj* dgus ls lHkhrjg osQ ?kjksa dk] ^igkM+* dgus ls lalkj osQ lHkh igkM+ksa dk vkSj ^unh* dgus ls lHkh izdkj dh ufn;ksa dktkfrxr cksèk gksrk gSA
tkfrokpd laKk,¡ fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa dh gksrh gSaμ
1- lacafèk;ksa] O;olk;ksa] inksa vkSj dk;ks± osQ ukeμcgu] ea=kh] tqykgk] izksisQlj] BxA2- i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ ukeμ?kksM+k] xk;] dkSvk] rksrk] eSukA3- oLrqvksa osQ ukeμedku] oqQlhZ] ?kM+h] iqLrd] dye] VscyA4- izkÑfrd rRoksa osQ ukeμrwiQku] fctyh] o"kkZ] HkwoaQi] Tokykeq[khA
1-1-3 Hkkookpd laKk
ftl laKk&'kCn ls O;fDr ;k oLrq osQ xq.k ;k èkeZ] n'kk vFkok O;kikj dk cksèk gksrk gS] mls^Hkkookpd laKk* dgrs gSaA tSlsμyackbZ] cq<+kik] uezrk] feBkl] le>] pky bR;kfnA gj inkFkZ dk èkeZ gksrkgSA ikuh esa 'khryrk] vkx esa xehZ] euq"; esa nsoRo vkSj i'kqRo bR;kfn dk gksuk vko';d gSA inkFkZ dk xq.k;k èkeZ inkFkZ ls vyx ugha jg ldrkA ?kksM+k gS] rks mlesa cy gS] osx gS vkSj vkdkj Hkh gSA O;fDrokpdlaKk dh rjg Hkkookpd laKk ls Hkh fdlh ,d gh Hkko dk cksèk gksrk gSA ^èkeZ xq.k] vFkZ* vkSj ^Hkko* izk;%i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSaA bl laKk dk vuqHko gekjh bafnz;ksa dks gksrk gS vkSj izk;% bldk cgqopu ugha gksrkA
Hkkookpd laKkvksa dk fuekZ.k
Hkkookpd laKkvksa dk fuekZ.k tkfrokpd laKk] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k] loZuke vkSj vO;; esa izR;; yxkdj gksrkgSA mnkgj.kkFkZμ
(d) tkfrokpd laKk lsμcw<+k&cq<+kik_ yM+dkμyM+diu_ fe=kμfe=krk_ nklμnklRo_ iafMrμiafMrkbZbR;kfnA
([k) fo'ks"k.k lsμxeZμxehZ_ lnZμlnhZ_ dBksjμdBksjrk_ ehBkμfeBkl_ prqjμprqjkbZ bR;kfnA
(x) fØ;k lsμ?kcjkukμ?kcjkgV_ ltkukμltkoV_ p<+ukμp<+kbZ_ cgukμcgko_ ekjukμekj_ nkSM+ukμnkSM+bR;kfnA
(?k) loZuke lsμviukμviukiu] viuko_ eeμeerk] eeRo_ futμfutRo bR;kfnA
(Ä) vO;; lsμnwjμnwjh_ ijLijμikjLi;Z_ lehiμlkehI;] fudVμuSdV~;_ 'kkck'kμ'kkck'kh_ okgokgμokgokghbR;kfnA
Hkkookpd laKk esa ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] muosQ èkeZ esa ;k rks xq.k gksxk ;k voLFkk ;k O;kikjA mQijfn;s x;s mnkgj.k bl dFku dh iqf"V djrs gSaA
D;k vki tkurs gSa ftl 'kCn ls fdlh ,d oLrq ;k O;fDr dk cksèk gks] mls ^O;fDrokpd laKk*dgrs gSaA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
4
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
1-1-4 lewgokpd laKk
ftl laKk ls oLrq vFkok O;fDr osQ lewg dk cksèk gks] mls lewgokpd laKk* dgrs gSaA tSlsμO;fDr;ksadk lewgμlHkk] ny] fxjksg_ oLrqvksa dk lewgμxqPNk] oqaQt] eaMy ?kkSn bR;kfnA
1-1-5 nzO;okpd laKk
ftl laKk ls uki&rkSy okyh oLrq dk cksèk gks] mls nzO;okpd laKk* dgrs gSaA bl laKk dk lkekU;r%cgqopu ugha gksrkA tSlsμyksgk] lksuk] pk¡nh] nwèk] ikuh] rsy] rstkc bR;kfnA
laKkvksa dk iz;ksx
laKkvksa osQ iz;ksx esa dHkh&dHkh myVisQj Hkh gks tk;k djrk gSA oqQN mnkgj.k ;gk¡ fn;s tkrs gSaμ
(d) tkfrokpd % O;fDrokpdμdHkh&dHkh tkfrokpd laKkvksa dk iz;ksx O;fDrokpd laKkvksa esa gksrkgSA tSlsμ^iqjh* ls txUukFkiqjh dk] ^nsoh* ls nqxkZ dk] ^nkmQ* ls Ñ".k osQ HkkbZ cynso dk] ^laor~*ls foØeh laor~ dk] ^Hkkjrsanq* ls ckcw gfj'panz dk vkSj ^xksLokeh* ls rqylhnklth dk cksèk gksrk gSAblh rjg] cgqr&lh ;ksx:<+ laKk,¡ ewy :i ls tkfrokpd gksrs gq, Hkh iz;ksx esa O;fDrokpd osQ vFkZesa pyh vkrh gSaA tSlsμx.ks'k] guqeku] fgeky;] xksiky bR;kfnA
([k) O;fDrokpd % tkfrokpdμdHkh&dHkh O;fDrokpd laKk dk iz;ksx tkfrokpd (vusd O;fDr;ksaosQ vFkZ) esa gksrk gSA ,slk fdlh O;fDr dk vlkèkkj.k xq.k ;k èkeZ fn[kkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA,slh voLFkk esa O;fDrokpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk esa cny tkrh gSA tSlsμxk¡èkh vius le; osQÑ".k Fks_ ;'kksnk gekjs ?kj dh y{eh gS_ rqe dfy;qx osQ Hkhe gks bR;kfnA
(x) Hkkookpd % tkfrokpdμdHkh&dHkh Hkkookpd laKk dk iz;ksx tkfrokpd laKk esa gksrk gSAmnkgj.kkFkZμ;s lc oSQls vPNs igjkos gSa! ;gk¡ ^igjkok* Hkkookpd laKk gS] ¯drq iz;ksx tkfrokpdlaKk esa gqvkA ^igjkos* ls ^iguus osQ oL=k* dk cksèk gksrk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- fganh O;kdj.k esa laKk osQ ik¡p Hksn gSaμO;fDrokpd] tkfrokpd] Hkkookpd] lewgokpd vkSj -------------------- A
2- laKk osQ :i ¯yx] opu vkSj -------------------- osQ dkj.k cnyrs gSaA
3- Hkkookpd laKk dk fuekZ.k tkfrokpd laKk] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k] loZuke vkSj vO;; esa --------------------
yxkdj gksrk gSA
4- ftl laKk ls oLrq vFkok O;fDr osQ lewg dk cksèk gks mls -------------------- dgrs gSaA
1-2 laKk osQ :ikUrj (fyax] opu vkSj dkjd esa lacaèk)
laKk fodkjh 'kCn gSA fodkj 'kCn:iksa dks ifjofrZr vFkok :ikarfjr djrk gSA laKk osQ :i ¯yx] opu vkSjdkjd fpÉksa (ijlxZ) osQ dkj.k cnyrs gSaA
¯yx osQ vuqlkj
uj [kkrk gSμukjh [kkrh gSA
yM+dk [kkrk gSμyM+dh [kkrh gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 5
uksVbu okD;ksa esa ^uj* iq¯Yyx gS vkSj ^ukjh* L=kh¯yxA ^yM+dk* iq¯Yyx gS vkSj ^yM+dh* L=kh¯yxA bl izdkj]¯yx osQ vkèkkj ij laKkvksa dk :ikarj gksrk gSA
opu osQ vuqlkj
yM+dk [kkrk gSμyM+osQ [kkrs gSaA
yM+dh [kkrh gSμyM+fd;k¡ [kkrh gaSA
bu okD;ksa esa ^yM+dk* 'kCn ,d osQ fy, vk;k gS vkSj ^yM+osQ* ,d ls vfèkd osQ fy,A ^yM+dh* ,d osQfy, vkSj ^yM+fd;k¡* ,d ls vfèkd osQ fy, O;oâr gqvk gSA ;gk¡ laKk osQ :ikarj dk vkèkkj ^opu* gSA^yM+dk* ,dopu gS vkSj ^yM+osQ* cgqopu esa iz;qDr gqvk gSA
dkjd&fpÉksa osQ vuqlkj
yM+dk [kkuk [kkrk gSμyM+osQ us [kkuk [kk;kA
yM+dh [kkuk [kkrh gSμyM+fd;ksa us [kkuk [kk;kA
bu okD;ksa esa ^yM+dk [kkrk gS* esa ^yM+dk* iq¯Yyx ,d opu gS vkSj ^yM+osQ us [kkuk [kk;k* esa Hkh ^yM+osQ*iq¯Yyx ,dopu gS] ij nksuksa osQ :i esa Hksn gSA bl :ikarj dk dkj.k drkZ dkjd dk fpÉ ^us* gS] ftlls,dopu gksrs gq, Hkh yM+osQ* :i gks x;k gSA blh rjg] yM+osQ dks cqykvks] yM+osQ ls iwNks] yM+osQ dk dejk]yM+osQ osQ fy, pk; ykvks bR;kfn okD;ksa esa laKk (yM+dk&yM+osQ) ,dopu esa vk;h gSA bl izdkj] laKk fcukdkjd&fpÉ osQ Hkh gksrh gS vkSj dkjd&fpÉksa osQ lkFk HkhA nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa laKk,¡ ,dopu esa vFkok cgqopuesa iz;qDr gksrh gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZμfcuk dkjd&fpÉ osQ μ yM+osQ [kkuk [kkrs gSaA (cgqopu)
yM+fd;k¡ [kkuk [kkrh gSaA (cgqopu)
dkjd&fpÉksa osQ lkFk μ yM+dksa us [kkuk [kk;kA
yM+fd;ksa us [kkuk [kk;kA
yM+dksa ls iwNksA
yM+fd;ksa ls iwNksA
bl izdkj] laKk dk :ikarj ¯yx] opu vkSj dkjd osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
1-3 ¯yx
'kCn dh tkfr dks ¯yx dgrs gSaA
laKk osQ ftl :i ls O;fDr ;k oLrq dh uj ;k eknk tkfr dk cksèk gks] mls O;kdj.k esa ¯yx* dgrsgSaA ^¯yx* laLÑr Hkk"kk dk ,d 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^fpÉ* ;k ^fu'kku*A ^fpÉ* ;k ^fu'kku*fdlh laKk dk gh gksrk gSA ^laKk* fdlh oLrq osQ uke dks dgrs gSa vkSj oLrq ;k rks iq#"ktkfr dh gksxh ;kL=khtkfr dhA rkRi;Z ;g fd izR;sd laKk iq¯Yyx gksxh ;k L=kh¯yxA laKk osQ Hkh nks :i gSaA ,d] vizkf.kokpdlaKkμyksVk] I;kyh] isM+] iÙkk bR;kfn vkSj nwljk] izkf.kokpd laKkμ?kksM+k&?kksM+h] ekrk&firk] yM+dk&yM+dhbR;kfnA
¯yx osQ Hksn
lkjh l`f"V dh rhu eq[; tkfr;k¡ gSaμ(1) iq#"k] (2) L=kh vkSj (3) tM+A
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
6
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa bUgha rhu tkfr;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij ¯yx osQ rhu Hksn fd;s x;s gSaμ
(1) iq¯Yyx] (2) L=kh¯yx vkSj (3) uiaqld¯yxA vaxzsth O;kdj.k esa ¯yx dk fu.kZ; blh O;oLFkk osQvuqlkj gksrk gSA ejkBh] xqtjkrh vkfn vkèkqfud vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh ;g O;oLFkk T;ksa&dh&R;ksa pyh vk jghgSA blosQ foijhr] gnh esa nks gh yxμiq¯Yyx vkSj L=kh¯yxμgSaA uiqald¯yx ;gk¡ ugha gSA vr%] gnh esa lkjsinkFkZokpd 'kCn] pkgs os psru gksa ;k tM+] L=kh¯yx vkSj iq¯Yyx] bu nks ¯yxksa esa foHkDr gSaA
okD;ksa esa ¯yx&fu.kZ;
¯gnh esa ¯yxksa dh vfHkO;fDr okD;ksa esa gksrh gS] rHkh laKk 'kCnksa dk ¯yxHksn Li"V gksrk gSA okD;ksa esa ¯yxfo'ks"k.k] loZuke] fØ;k vkSj foHkfDr;ksa esa fodkj mRiUu djrk gSA tSlsμ
fo'ks"k.k esa
eksVk&lk vkneh vk;k gSA (^vkneh* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj);g cM+k edku gSA (^edku* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj);g cM+h iqLrd gSA (^iqLrd* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj);g NksVk dejk gSA (^dejk* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj);g NksVh yM+dh gSA (^yM+dh* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
fVIi.khμ¯gnh esa fo'ks"k.k dk ¯yxHksn bu nks fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
(d) vkdkjkar fo'ks"k.k L=kh¯yx esa bZdkjkar gks tkrk gS_ tSlsμvPNkμvPNh] dkykμdkyh] mtykμmtyh]HkykμHkyh] ihykμihyhA
([k) vdkjkar fo'ks"k.kksa osQ :i nksuksa ¯yxksa esa leku gksrs gSa_ tSlsμesjh Vksih xksy gSA esjk dksV lisQn gSAmldh ixM+h yky gSA yM+dh lqanj gSA mldk 'kjhj lqMkSy gSA ;gk¡ lqanj] xksy vkfn fo'ks"k.k gSaA
loZuke esa
esjh iqLrd vPNh gSA (^iqLrd* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
esjk ?kj cM+k gSA (^?kj* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
mldh dye [kks x;h gSA (^dye* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
mldk LowQy can gSA (^LowQy* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
rqEgkjh tsc [kkyh gSA (^tsc* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
rqEgkjk dksV vPNk gSA (^dksV* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
fØ;k esa
cq<+kik vk x;kA (^cq<+kik* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
lgk;rk feyh gSA (^lgk;rk* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
Hkkr idk gSA (^Hkkr* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
nky cuh gSA (^nky* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
foHkfDr esa
lacaèkμxqykc dk jax yky gSA (^jax* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
vkidk pfj=k vPNk gSA (^pfj=k* iq¯Yyx osQ vuqlkj)
vkidh ukd dV x;hA (^ukd* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
lacksèkuμvf; nsfo! rqEgkjh t; gksA (^nsfo* L=kh¯yx osQ vuqlkj)
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 7
uksVrRle (laLÑr) 'kCnksa dk ¯yx fu.kZ;
laLÑr iq¯Yyx 'kCn
ia- dkerkizlkn xq# us laLÑr 'kCnksa dks igpkuus osQ fuEufyf[kr fu;e crk;s gSaμ
(v) ftu laKkvksa osQ var esa ^=k* gksrk gSA tSlsμfp=k] {ks=k] ik=k] us=k] pfj=k] 'kL=k bR;kfnA
(vk) ^ukar* laKk,¡A tSlsμikyu] iks"k.k] neu] opu] u;u] xeu] gj.k bR;kfnA
vioknμ^iou* mHk;¯yx gSA
(b) ^t*&izR;;kar laKk,¡A tSlsμtyt] Losnt] ¯iMt] ljkst bR;kfnA
(bZ) ftu Hkkookpd laKkvksa osQ var esa Ro] R;] o] ; gksrk gSA tSlsμlrhRo] cgwRo] u`R;] ÑR;] yk?ko]xkSjo] ekèkq;Z bR;kfnA
(m) ftu 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^vkj*] ^vk;*] ok ^vkl* gksA tSlsμfodkj] foLrkj] lalkj] vè;k;] mik;]leqnk;] mYykl] fodkl] ßkl bR;kfnA
vioknμlgk; (mHk;¯yx)] vk; (L=kh¯yx)A
(mQ) ^v*&izR;;kar laKk,¡A tSlsμØksèk] eksg] ikd] R;kx] nks"k] Li'kZ bR;kfnA
vioknμt; (L=kh¯yx)] fou; (mHk;¯yx) vkfnA
(½) ^r*&izR;;kar laKk,¡A tSlsμpfjr] xf.kr] iQfyr] er] xhr] Lokxr bR;kfnA
(,) ftuosQ var esa ^[k* gksrk gSA tSlsμu[k] eq[k] lq[k] nq%[k] ys[k] e[k] 'ka[k bR;kfnA
laLÑr L=kh¯yx 'kCn
ia- dkerkizlkn xq# us laLÑr L=kh¯yx 'kCnksa dks igpkuus osQ fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa dk mYys[k vius O;kdj.kesa fd;k gSμ
(v) vkdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμn;k] ek;k] Ñik] yTtk] {kek] 'kksHkk bR;kfnA
(vk) ukdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμizkFkZuk] osnuk] izLrkouk] jpuk] ?kVuk bR;kfnA
(b) mdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμok;q] js.kq] jTtq] tkuq] e`R;q] vk;q] oLrq] èkkrq] ½rq bR;kfnA
vioknμeèkq] vJq] rkyq] es#] gsrq] lsrq bR;kfnA
(bZ) ftuosQ var esa ^fr* ok ^fu* gksA tSlsμxfr] efr] jhfr] gkfu] Xykfu] ;ksfu] cqf¼] ½f¼] flf¼(flèk~ $ fr ¾ flf¼) bR;kfnA
(m) ^rk*&izR;;kar Hkkookpd laKk,¡A tSlsμuezrk] y?kqrk] lqanjrk] izHkqrk] tM+rk bR;kfnA
(mQ) bdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμfufèk] fofèk] ifjfèk] jkf'k] vfXu] Nfo] osQfy] #fp bR;kfnA
vioknμokfj] tyfèk] ikf.k] fxfj] vfnz] vkfn] cfy bR;kfnA
(½) ^bek*μizR;;kar 'kCnA tSlsμefgek] xfjek] dkfyek] ykfyek bR;kfnA
rRle iq¯Yyx 'kCn
fp=k] i=k] ik=k] fe=k] xks=k] neu] xeu] xxu] Jo.k] iks"k.k] 'kks"k.k] ikyu] ykyu] ey;t] tyt] mjkst]lrhRo] ÑR;] L=khRo] yk?ko] oh;Z] ekèkq;Z] dk;Z] deZ] izdkj] fogkj] izpkj] lkj] foLrkj] izlkj] vè;k;]Lokè;k;] migkj] ßkl] ekl] yksHk] Øksèk] cksèk] eksn] xzaFk] u[k] eq[k] f'k[k] nq%[k] lq[k] 'ka[k] rq"kkj] rqfgu]mÙkj] iz'u] eLrd] vk'p;Z] u`R;] dk"B] N=k] es?k] d"V] izgj] lkSHkkX;] vadu] vaoqQ'k] vatu] vapy]varèkkZu] varLry] vacqt] va'k] vdky] v{kj] dYe"k] dY;k.k] dop] dk;kdYi] dy'k] dkO;] dkl]xt] x.k] xzke] x`g] panz] panu] {k.k] Nan] vyadkj] ljksoj] ifjek.k] ifjektZu] laLdj.k] la'kksèku] ifjorZu]
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
8
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
ifjos"Vu] ifj'kksèk] ifj'khyu] izkax.k] izk.knku] opu] eeZ] ;ou] jfookj] lkseokj] ekxZ] jkt;ksx] :i] :id]Lons'k] jk"Vª] izkar] uxj] ns'k] liZ] lkxj] lkèku] lkj] rRo] LoxZ] nkrO;] naM] nks"k] èku] fu;e] i{k] i`"B]foèks;d] fofue;] fofu;ksx] foHkkx] foHkktu] fojksèk] fookn] okf.kT;] 'kklu] izos'k] vuqPNsn] f'kfoj] okn]voeku] vuqeku] vkdyu] fuea=k.k] fu;a=k.k] vkea=k.k] mn~Hko] fucaèk] ukVd] LokLF;] fuxe] U;k;] lekt]fo?kVu] foltZu] fookg] O;k[;ku] èkeZ] foÙk] miknku] midj.k] vkØe.k] i;Zos{k.k] Je] foèkku] cgqer]fuekZ.k] lans'k] izLrko] Kkid] vkHkkj] Nk=kkokl] vijkèk] izHkko] mRiknu] yksd] fojke] ifjgkj] foØe] U;k;]la?k] ifjogu] izf'k{k.k] izfrosnu] ladYi bR;kfnA
rRle L=kh¯yx 'kCn
n;k] ek;k] Ñik] yTtk] {kek] 'kksHkk] lHkk] izkFkZuk] osnuk] leosnuk] izLrkouk] jpuk] ?kVuk] voLFkk] uezrk]laqnjrk] izHkqrk] tM+rk] efgek] xfjek] dkfyek] ykfyek] bZ";kZ] Hkk"kk] vfHkyk"kk] vk'kk] fujk'kk] iwf.kZek]v#f.kek] dk;k] dyk] piyk] v{kerk] bPNk] vuqKk] vkKk] vkjkèkuk] mikluk] ;kpuk] j{kk] lafgrk]vkthfodk] ?kks"k.kk] x.kuk] ijh{kk] xos"k.kk] uxjikfydk] ukxfjdrk] ;ksX;rk] lhek] LFkkiuk] laLFkk] lgk;rk]ea=k.kk] ekU;rk] O;k[;k] f'k{kk] lerk] laink] lafonk] lwpuk] lsok] lsuk] vuqKfIr] foKfIr] vuqefr]vfHk;qfDr] vfHkO;fDr] miyfCèk] fofèk] {kfr] iwfrZ] foÑfr] fpÙko`fr] tkfr] fufèk] flf¼] lfefr] fu;qfDr]fuo`fÙk] jhfr] 'kfDr] izfrÑfr] Ñfr] izfrHkwfr] izfrfyfi] vuqHkwfr] ;qfDr] èk`fr] gkfu] fLFkfr] ifjfLFkfr]foefr] o`fÙk] vko`fÙk] 'kkafr] lafèk] lfefr] laifÙk] lqlaxfr] dfV] Nfo] #fp] vfXu] osQfy] unh] ukjh] eaMyh]y{eh] 'krkCnh] Jh] oqQaMyh] oqaQMfyuh] dkSeqnh] xks"Bh] èkk=kh] e`R;q] vk;q] oLrq] ½rq] jTtq] js.kq] ok;q bR;kfnA
vioknμ'kf'k] jfo] ifr] eqfu] fxfj bR;kfnA
vc ge fganh osQ rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ ¯yx foèkku ij fopkj djsaxsA
rn~Hko (¯gnh) 'kCnksa dk ¯yx fu.kZ;
rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ yx fu.kZ; esa vfèkd dfBukbZ gksrh gSA rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk yxHksn] og Hkh vizkf.kokpd 'kCnksadk] oSQls fd;k tk, vkSj blosQ lkekU; fu;e D;k gksa] blosQ ckjs esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSA iafMr dkerkizlknxq# us gnh osQ rn~Hko 'kCnksa dks ij[kus osQ fy, iq¯Yyx osQ rhu vkSj L=kh¯yx osQ nl fu;eksa dk mYys[k vius^¯gnh O;kdj.k* esa fd;k gSA os fu;e bl izdkj gSaμ
rn~Hko iq¯Yyx 'kCn
(v) mQuokpd laKkvksa dks NksM+ 'ks"k vkdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμdiM+k] xUuk] iSlk] ifg;k] vkVk] peM+kbR;kfnA
(vk) ftu Hkkookpd laKkvksa osQ var esa uk] vko] iu] ok] ik gksrk gSA tSlsμvkuk] xkuk] cgko] p<+ko]cM+Iiu] c<+kok] cq<+kik bR;kfnA
(b) Ñnar dh vkukar laKk,¡A tSlsμyxku] feyku] [kku] iku] ugku] mBku bR;kfnA
vioknμmM+ku] pêðku bR;kfnA
rn~Hko L=kh¯yx 'kCn
(v) bZdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμunh] fpêòh] jksVh] Vksih] mnklh bR;kfnA
vioknμ?kh] th] eksrh] ngh bR;kfnA
(vk) mQuokpd ;kdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμxqfM+;k] [kfV;k] fVfc;k] iqfM+;k] fBfy;k bR;kfnA
(b) rdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμjkr] ckr] ykr] Nr] Hkhr] ir bR;kfnA
vioknμHkkr] [ksr] lwr] xkr] nk¡r bR;kfnA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 9
uksV(bZ) mQdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμckyw] yw] nk:] C;kyw] >kM+™ bR;kfnA
vioknμvk¡lw] vkyw] jrkyw] Vslw bR;kfnA
(m) vuqLokjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμljlksa] [kMkm¡Q] HkkSa] pw¡] tw¡ bR;kfnA
vioknμxsgw¡A
(mQ) ldkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμI;kl] feBkl] ¯unkl] jkl (yxke)] ck¡l] lk¡l bR;kfnA
vioknμfudkl] dk¡l] jkl (u`R;)A
(½) Ñnar udkjkar laKk,¡] ftudk mikaR; o.kZ vdkjkar gks vFkok ftudh èkkrq udkjkar gksA tSlsμjgu]lwtu] tyu] my>u] igpku bR;kfnA
vioknμpyu vkfnA
(,) Ñnar dh vdkjkar laKk,¡A tSlsμywV] ekj] le>] nkSM+] l¡Hkky] jxM+] ped] Nki] iqdkj bR;kfnA
vioknμukp] esy] fcxkM+] cksy] mrkj bR;kfnA
(,s) ftu Hkkookpd laKkvksa osQ var esa V] oV] gV gksrk gSA tSlsμltkoV] ?kcjkgV] fpdukgV] vkgV]>a>V bR;kfnA
(vks) ftu laKkvksa osQ var esa [k* gksrk gSA tSlsμbZ[k] Hkw[k] jk[k] ph[k] dk¡[k] dks[k] lk[k] ns[kjs[k bR;kfnA
vioknμia[k] :[kA
vFkZ osQ vuqlkj ¯yx fu.kZ;
oqQN yksx vizkf.kokpd 'kCnksa dk ¯yx Hksn vFkZ osQ vuqlkj djrs gSaA ia- dkerkizlkn xq# us bl vkèkkj vkSjn`f"Vdks.k dks ^vO;kid vkSj viw.kZ* dgk gS_ D;ksafd blosQ ftrus mnkgj.k gSa] izk;% mrus gh viokn gSaAblosQ vykok] blosQ tks FkksMs+&ls fu;e cus gSa] muesa lHkh rjg osQ 'kCn lfEefyr ugha gksrsA xq#th us bllacaèk esa tks fu;e vkSj mnkgj.k fn;s gSa] muesa Hkh vioknksa dh Hkjekj gSA mUgksaus tks Hkh fu;e fn;s gSa] oscMs+ tfVy vkSj vO;kogkfjd gSaA ;gk¡ bu fu;eksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk jgk gSμ
(d) vizkf.kokpd iq¯Yyx ¯gnh 'kCn
1- 'kjhj osQ vo;oksa osQ uke iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμdku] eq¡g] nk¡r] vksB] ik¡o] gkFk] xky] eLrd] rkyq]cky] v¡xwBk] eqDdk] uk[kwu] uFkuk] xêðk bR;kfnA vioknμdksguh] dykbZ] ukd] vk¡[k] thHk] BksM+h][kky] ck¡g] ul] gîóh] bafnz;] dk¡[k bR;kfnA
2- jRuksa osQ uke iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμeksrh] ekf.kd] iUuk] ghjk] tokgj] ew¡xk] uhye] iq[kjkt] ykybR;kfnA vioknμef.k] pqUuh] ykM+yh bR;kfnA
3- èkkrqvksa osQ uke iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμrk¡ck] yksgk] lksuk] lhlk] dk¡lk] jk¡xk] ihry] :ik] Vhu bR;kfnAvioknμpk¡nhA
4- vuktksa osQ uke iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμtkS] xsgw¡] pkoy] cktjk] puk] eVj] fry bR;kfnA vioknμedbZ]tqvkj] ew¡x] [kslkjh bR;kfnA
5- isM+ksa osQ uke iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμihiy] cM+] nsonk#] phM+] vke] 'kh'ke] lkxkSu] dVgy] ve:n]'kjhiQk] uhacw] v'kksd] reky] lsc] v[kjksV bR;kfnA vioknμyhph] uk'kikrh] ukjaxh] f[kjuh bR;kfnA
6- nzO; inkFkks± osQ uke iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμikuh] ?kh] rsy] voZQ] 'kcZr] b=k] fljdk] vklo] dk<+k] jk;rkbR;kfnA vioknμpk;] L;kgh] 'kjkcA
7- HkkSxksfyd ty vkSj LFky vkfn va'kksa osQ uke izk;% iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμns'k] uxj] jsfxLrku] }hi]ioZr] leqnz] ljksoj] ikrky] ok;qeaMy] uHkkseaMy] izkar bR;kfnA
vioknμi`Foh] >hy] ?kkVh bR;kfnA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
10
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
([k) vizkf.kokpd L=kh¯yx ¯gnh&'kCn
1- ufn;ksa osQ uke L=kh¯yx gksrs gSaA tSlsμxaxk] ;equk] egkunh] xksnkojh] lryt] jkoh] O;kl] >syebR;kfnA
vioknμ'kks.k] ¯lèkq czãiq=k un gSa] vr% iq¯Yyx gSaA
2- u{k=kksa osQ uke L=kh¯yx gksrs gSaA tSlsμHkj.kh] vf'ouh] jksfg.kh bR;kfnA
vioknμvfHkftr] iq"; vkfnA
3- cfu;s dh nqdku dh phtsa L=kh¯yx gSaA tSlsμykSax] byk;ph] fepZ] nkyphuh] fpjkSath] gYnh] tkfo=kh]lqikjh] ghax bR;kfnA
vioknμèkfu;k] thjk] xeZelkyk] ued] rstiÙkk] osQlj] diwj bR;kfnA
4- [kkus&ihus dh phtsa L=kh¯yx gSaA tSlsμdpkSM+h] iwjh] [khj] nky] idkSM+h] jksVh] pikrh] rjdkjh] lCth]f[kpM+h bR;kfnA
vioknμijkBk] gyqvk] Hkkr] ngh] jk;rk bR;kfnA
izR;;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij rn~Hko ¯gnh 'kCnksa dk ¯yx fu.kZ;
¯gnh osQ Ñnar vkSj rf¼r&izR;;ksa esa L=kh¯yx&iq¯Yyx cukusokys vyx&vyx izR;; bl izdkj gSaμ
L=kh¯yx Ñnar&izR;;μv] var vkbZ] vku] vkoV] vkl] vkgV] bZ] vkSrh] vkouh] d] dh] r] rh] uh bR;kfn¯gnh Ñnar&izR;; ftu èkkrq&'kCnksa esa yxs gksrs gSa] os L=kh¯yx gksrs gSaA tSlsμywV] ped] nsu] fHkM+ar] yM+kbZ]fy[kkoV] I;kl] ?kcjkgV] g¡lh] eukSrh] Nkouh] cSBd] iqQVdh] cpr] fxurh] djuh] HkjuhA
nz"VO;μbu L=kh¯yx Ñnar&izR;;ksa eas v] d] vkSj u izR;; dgha&dgha iq¯Yyx esa Hkh vkrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkhbuls cus 'kCn mHk;¯yx Hkh gksrs gSaA tSlsμ^lhou* (^u*&izR;;kar) {ks=kHksn ls nksukas ¯yxksa esa pyrk gSA 'ks"klHkh izR;; L=kh¯yx gSaA
iq¯Yyx Ñnar&izR;;μvDdM+] vk] vkmQ] vkd] vkowQ] vki] vkik] vko] vkouk] vkok] b;y] b;k] mQ],jk] ,s;k] ,sr] vkSrk] vkSuk] vkSoy] d] dk] u] okyk] oS;k] lkj] gk bR;kfn gnh Ñnar&izR;; ftu èkkrq&'kCnksaesa yxs gSa] os iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμfi;DdM+] ?ksjk] rSjkd] yM+kowQ] feyki] iqtkik] ?kqeko] Nykok] yqVsjk]dVS;k] yMS+r] le>kSrk] f[kykSuk] cq>kSoy] ?kkyd] fNydk] [kku&iku] [kkusokyk] xoS;kA
nz"VO;μ(1) d vkSj u Ñnar&izR;; mHk;¯yx gSaA bu nks izR;;kssa vkSj L=kh¯yx izR;;ksa dks NksM+ 'ks"k lHkhiq¯Yyx gSaA (2) ^lkj* mnwZ dk Ñnar&izR;; gS] tks ¯gnh esa iQkjlh ls vk;k gS exj dkiQh iz;qDr gSA
L=kh¯yx rf¼r&izR;;μvkbZ] vkoV] vkl] vkgV] bu] ,yh] vkSM+h] vkSVh] vkSrh] dh] Vh] M+h] r] rh] uh]jh] y] yh bR;kfn ¯gnh rf¼r&izR;; ftu 'kCnksa esa yxs gksrs gSa] os L=kh¯yx gksrs gSaA tSlsμHkykbZ] tekoV]gFksyh] fVdyh] peM+hA
iq¯Yyx rf¼r&izR;;μvk] vkmQ] vkdk] vkVk] vkuk] vkj] b;y] vky] vkM+h] vkjk] vkyw] vklk] bZyk]mvk] mQ] ,jk] ,M+h] ,sr] ,yk] ,syk] vksVk] vksV] vkSM+k] vksyk] dk] tk] Vk] M+k] rk] iuk] iu] ik] yk] oar]oku] okyk] ok¡] ok] ljk] lksa] gj] gjk] gk] gkjk bR;kfn ¯gnh rf¼r izR;; ftu 'kCnksa esa yxs gksrs gSa os 'kCniq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμèkekdk] [kjkZVk] iSrkuk] fHk[kkjh] gR;kjk] eq¡gklk] eNqvkjk] l¡isjk] x¡tsM+h] MoSQr] vèksyk]peksVk] y¡xksVk] gFkkSM+k] pqidk] nq[kM+k] jk;rk] dkykiu] cq<+kik] xkM+hoku] Vksihokyk] NBk] nwljk] [kaMgj]ihgj] bdgjk] pqfM+gkjkA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 11
uksVnz"VO;μ1- b;k] bZ] ,j] ,y] d rf¼r izR;; mHk;¯yx gSaA tSlsμ
izR;; in rf¼r in
b;k eq[k eqf[k;k (iq¯Yyx)
[kkV [kfV;k (mQuokpd) (L=kh¯yx)
bZ Mksj Mksjh (L=kh¯yx)
,j ew¡M+ eq¡M+sj (L=kh¯yx)
vaèk vaèksj (iq¯Yyx)
,y iwQy iqQysy (iq¯Yyx)
ukd uosQy (L=kh¯yx)
d iap iapd (iq Yyx)
BaM BaMd (L=kh¯yx)
2- fo'ks"k.k vius fo'ks"; osQ yx osQ vuqlkj gksrk gSA tSlsμ^y* rf¼r&izR;; laKk&'kCnksa esa yxus ij mUgsaL=kh¯yx dj nsrk gS] exj fo'ks"k.k esaμ^?kko $ y ¾ ?kk;y*μvius fo'ks"; osQ vuqlkj gksxk] vFkkZr~fo'ks"; L=kh¯yx gqvk rks ^?kk;y* L=kh¯yx vkSj iqq¯Yyx gqvk rks iq¯YyxA
3- ^d* rf¼r izR;; L=kh¯yx gS] oQrq la[;kokpd osQ vkxs yxus ij mls iq¯Yyx dj nsrk gSA tSlsμpkSd]iapd] (iq¯Yyx) vkSj BaMd] èked (L=kh¯yx)A ^vku* izR;; Hkkookpd gksus ij 'kCn dks L=kh¯yxdjrk gS] ¯drq fo'ks"k.k esa fo'ks"; osQ vuqlkjA tSlsμyack $ vku ¾ yacku (L=kh¯yx)A
4- vfèkdrj Hkkookpd vkSj mQuokpd izR;; L=kh¯yx gksrs gSaA
mnwZ&'kCnksa dk ¯yx fu.kZ;
mnwZ ls gksrs gq, ¯gnh esa vjch&iQkjlh osQ cgqr&ls 'kCn vk;s gSa] ftudk O;ogkj ge izfrfnu djrs gSaA bu'kCnksa dk ¯yxHksn fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSμ
iq¯Yyx mnwZ 'kCn
1- ftuosQ var esa ^vkc* gks] os iq¯Yyx gSaA tSlsμxqykc] tqykc] fglkc] tokc] dckcA
vioknμ'kjkc] fegjkc] fdrkc] rkc] fde[kkc bR;kfn
2- ftuosQ var esa vkj* ;k vku* yxk gksA tSlsμcktkj] bdjkj] b'rgkj] budkj] vglku] edku] lkeku]bErgku bR;kfnA
vioknμnqdku] ljdkj] rdjkj bR;kfnA
3- vkdkjkar 'kCn iq¯Yyx gSaA tSlsμijnk] xqLlk] fdLlk] jkLrk] p'ek] rexkA (ewyr% ;s 'kCn folxkZRedgdkjkar mPpkj.k osQ gSaA tSlsμijn%] rex%A ¯drq] ¯gnh esa ;s ^ijnk*] ^rexk* osQ :i esa vkdkjkar ghmPpfjr gksrs gSaA)
vioknμniQkA
L=kh¯yx mnwZ 'kCn
1- bZdkjkar Hkkookpd laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμxjhch] xjeh] ljnh] chekjh] pkykdh] rS;kjh] uokchbR;kfnA
2- 'kdkjkar laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμukfy'k] dksf'k'k] yk'k] ryk'k] okfj'k] ekfy'k bR;kfnA
vioknμrk'k] gks'k vkfnA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
12
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
3- rdkjkar laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμnkSyr] dljr] vnkyr] bTkktr] dher] eqykdkr bR;kfnA
vioknμ'kjcr] nLr[kr] cankscLr] oDr] r[r] nj[r bR;kfnA
4- vkdkjkar laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμgok] nok] ltk] nqfu;k] nxk bR;kfnA
vioknμetk bR;kfnA
5- gdkjkar laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμlqcg] rjg] jkg] vkg] lykg] lqyg bR;kfnA
6- ^riQbZy* otu dh laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμrlohj] rkehy] tkxhj] rglhy bR;kfnA
vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk ¯yx fu.kZ;
fons'kh 'kCnksa esa mnwZ (iQkjlh vkSj vjch)μ'kCnksa osQ ckn vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh ¯gnh esa de ugha gksrkAtgk¡ rd vaxzsth 'kCnksa osQ ¯yx fu.kZ; dk iz'u gS] esjh le> ls blesa dksbZ fo'ks"k dfBukbZ ugha gS_ D;ksafd¯gnh esa vfèkdrj vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx iq¯Yyx esa gksrk gSA bl fu"d"kZ dh iqf"V uhps nh x;h 'kCnlwphls gks tkrh gSA vr%] bu 'kCnksa osQ rFkkdfFkr ^euekus iz;ksx* cgqr vfèkd ugha gq, gSaA esjk er gS fd bu'kCnksa osQ ¯yx fu.kZ; esa :i osQ vkèkkj ij vdkjkar] vkdkjkar vkSj vksdkjkar dks iq¯Yyx vkSj bZdkjkardks L=kh¯yx le>uk pkfg,A fiQj Hkh] blosQ oqQN viokn rks gSa ghA vaxzsth osQ ^iqfyl* (Police) 'kCnosQ L=kh¯yx gksus ij izk;% vkifÙk dh tkrh gSA esjk fopkj gS fd ;g 'kCn u rks iq¯Yyx gS] u L=kh¯yxA lprks ;g gS fd ^iszaQM* (Friend) dh rjg mHk;¯yx gSA vc rks L=kh Hkh ^iqfyl* gksus yxh gSA ,slh voLFkkesa tgk¡ iq#"k iqfyl dk dke djrk gks] ogk¡ ^iqfyl* iq¯Yyx esa vkSj tgk¡ L=kh iqfyl dk dke djsxh] ogk¡mldk O;ogkj L=kh¯yx esa gksuk pkfg,A fganh esa ,sls 'kCnksa dh deh ugha gS] ftudk iz;ksx nksuksa ¯yxksa esavFkZHksn osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA tSlsμVhdk] gkj] ihB bR;kfnA ,sls 'kCnksa dh lwph vkxs nh x;h gSA
¯yx fu.kZ; osQ lkFk ¯gnh eaas iz;qDr gksusokys vaxzsth 'kCnksa dh lwph fuEufyf[kr gSμ
vaxzsth osQ iq¯Yyx 'kCn
vdkjkarμvkWMZj] vk;y] vkWijs'ku] baftu] bathfu;j] batsD'ku] ,Mfe'ku] ,Dliszl] ,Dljs] vksojVkbe]Dykl] deh'ku] dksV] dksVZ] oSQysaMj] dkWyst] oSQjse] dkWyj] dkWycsy] dkmaVj] dkWjiksjs'ku] dkcZu] oaQVj]osQl] fDyfud] fDyi] dkMZ] fØosQV] xSl] xtV] Xykl] psu] pkWdysV] pkVZj] VkWpZ] Vk;j] V~;wc] VkmugkWy]VsfyiQksu] Vkbe] VkbeVscy] Vh&di] VªkaftLVj] Vsfyxzke] VSªDVj VsaMj] VSDl] VwFkikmMj] fVdV] fMohtu] Mkal]Mªkbax&:e] uksV] uacj] usdysl] FkeZl] ikoZQ] iksLV] iksLVj] ¯ixikSax] isu] ikliksVZ] ikfyZ;keasV] isVhdksV]ikmMj] ias'ku] ijfeV] izeks'ku] izksfoMsaV iaQM] isij] iszl] IykLVj] Iyx] Iysx] IysV] iklZy] IysViQkeZ]iqQVikFk] iqQVckWy] iQkeZ] izQkWd] iQeZ] iSQu] iszQe] iqQyiSaV] Ýyksj] iSQ'ku] cksMZ] cSM¯eVu] ckWMZj] ckFk:e] cq'kVZ]ckWDl] fcy] cksul] czkWMdkLV] ctV] ckaM] cksYMj] cz'k] czsd] cSad] cYc] ce] eSp] esy] ehVj] euhvkMZj]jksM] jkWosQV] jcj] :y] jk'ku] fjosV] fjdkMZ] fjcu] ySai] ykSaxDykWFk] ystj] yht] ykblsal] okmpj] okMZ]LVksj] LVs'kuj] LowQy] LVkso] LVst] Lyhij] LVhy] fLop] LVSaMMZ] flxuy] lsoszQVsfj;V] lSywu] gkWy] gksYMkWy]gSaxj] gkWfLiVy] gs;j] vkW;y] gSafMy] ykbV] ysDpj] ysVjA
vkdkjkarμdksVk] oSQejk] ohlk] flusek] Mªkek] izksixSaMk] dkWyjk] iQkbysfj;k] eysfj;k] dkjok¡A
vksdkjkarμjsfMvks] LVqfMvks] iQksVks] eksVks] ohVks] LuksA
vaxzsth osQ L=kh¯yx 'kCn
bZdkjkarμ,lsacyh] oaQiuh] osQryh] dkWih] xSyjh] Mk;jh] fMxzh] VkbZ] VsªtsMh] Vsªtjh] E;qfufliSfyVh] ;wfuoflZVh]ckyhZ] ikVhZ] yScksjsVjhA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 13
uksV¯gnh osQ mHk;¯yxh 'kCn
¯gnh osQ oqQN ,sls vusdkFkhZ 'kCn izpfyr gSa] tks ,d vFkZ easa iq¯Yyx vkSj nwljs vFkZ esa L=kh¯yx gksrs gSaA ,sls'kCn ^mHk;¯yxh* dgykrs gSaA oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaμ
'kCn vFkZ okD;
dy (¯gnh iqa-) μ vkxkeh fnu rqEgkjk dy dc vk;sxk\
(fg- L=kh-) μ pSu] vkjke jksxh dks vHkh dy iM+h gSA
Vhdk (¯gnh iqa-) μ fryd HksaV dy Vhdk yxsxkA
(laLÑr L=kh-) μ fVIi.kh vFkZ vkidh Vhdk vPNh gSA
ihB (la- iqa-) μ ih<+k] LFkku ;g fo|k dk ihB gSA
(fg L=kh-) μ i`"BHkkx gekjh ihB esa nnZ gSA
dksfV (iqa-) μ djksM+ esjk pkj dksfV yx pqdk gSA
(L=kh-) μ Js.kh euq"; dh vusd dksfV;k¡ gSaA
;fr (iqa-) μ laU;klh oqaQHk osQ esys esa ;fr;ksa dh HkhM+ gSA
(L=kh-) μ fojke ;gk¡ ;fr yxuh pkfg,A
(Nan dk Bgjko)
fofèk (iqa-) μ czãk fofèk vo'; U;k; djsxkA
(L=kh-) μ iz.kkyh] <ax dke djus dh fofèk vPNh gSA
ckV (iqa-) μ cV[kjk rqEgkjk ckV Bhd ughaA
(L=kh-) μ ekxZ] bartkj og rqEgkjh ckV tksgrk jgkA
'kku (fg- la- iqa-) μ gfFk;kj&vkStkj rst eSa rqEgkjs 'kku dk mi;ksx d:¡xkA
djus dk iRFkj
(vjch L=kh-) μ BkV&ckV] izHkqRo rqEgkjh 'kku osQ D;k dgus!
'kky (fg- la- iqa-) μ o`{kfo'ks"k ;g 'kky cgqr iqjkuk gSA
(iQkjlh L=kh-) μ nq'kkyk mldh 'kky dherh gSA
¯yx fu.kZ; osQ oqQN ljy lw=k
vizkf.kokpd laKkvksa osQ yxHksn esa gnh osQ lkekU; ikBdksa dks dfBukbZ gksrh gSA gnh osQ oS;kdj.kksa us vcrd tks Hkh fu;e crk;s gSa] os dkiQh my>u iSnk djrs gSaA ia- xq# us yxHksn osQ yxHkx pkyhl fu;e crk;sgSaA buls ¯yx dh dfBukbZ nwj ugha gksrhA fu;eksa osQ viokn dHkh&dHkh muosQ mnkgj.k ls dgha vfèkd gSaAgesa oqQN ,sls ljy lw=kksa dh vko';drk gS] tks rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt vkSj fons'ktμlHkh izdkj dh laKkvksaij leku:i ls ykxw gks losaQA ;gk¡ oqQN lw=kksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gSA iz;ksx djosQ ns[ksa fd ;s lw=k dgk¡rd mi;ksxh vkSj oSKkfud gSaA
1- ¯gnh us laKkvksa osQ ¯yxHksn esa laLÑr dh ¯yx&O;oLFkk dk dkiQh gn rd vuqlj.k fd;k gSA ¯gnhrn~Hkoksa ij laLÑr osQ rRleksa dk lhèkk izHkko gSA rRle ;fn iq¯Yyx vFkok uiaqld gS] rks mldkrn~Hko iq¯Yyx gh gksxkA bl izdkj] laLÑr dk Kku j[kus okyksa dks ¯gnh&rn~Hko osQ ¯yx fu.kZ; esafo'ks"k dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA lw=k ;g gS fd rn~Hko pkgs vdkjkar gksa ;k vkdkjkar] muosQ rRle ;fnvdkjkar gSa] rks ,sls 'kCn iq¯Yyx gksaxsA tSlsμ
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
14
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
rn~Hko μ rRle rn~Hko μ rRle
(iq¯Yyx) μ (iq¯Yyx) (iq¯Yyx) μ (iq¯Yyx)vdkjkarμ vke μ vkez vkdkjkar μ oaQèkk μ LoaQèk
gkFk μ gLr dksBk μ dks"Bdku μ d.kZ ikjk μ ikjnnwèk μ nqXèk oqQvk¡ μ owQidkB μ dk"B ¯itM+k μ ¯itj
djsyk μ dkjosy
2- rn~Hko ;fn vdkjkar gksa vkSj muosQ rRle vkdkjkar gksa] rks ,sls 'kCn L=kh¯yx gksaxsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] rRle;fn L=kh¯yx gSa] rks muosQ foÑr :i rn~Hko Hkh L=kh¯yx gkssaxsA tSlsμ
rRle μ rn~Hko rRle μ rn~Hko
(L=kh¯yx) μ (L=kh¯yx) (L=kh¯yx) μ (L=kh¯yx)
vkdkjkarμ laè;k μ lk¡> vkdkjkar μ 'kÕ;k μ lst
ukfldk μ ukd f'kyk μ fly
fHk{kk μ Hkh[k ftàk μ thHk
3- ;fn rRle vkSj rn~Hko nksuksa vdkjkar gSa] rks nksuksa iq¯Yyx gksaxsA tSlsμ
rRle μ rn~Hko rRle μ rn~Hko
(iq¯Yyx) μ (iq¯Yyx) (iq¯Yyx) μ (iq¯Yyx)
vks"B μ vksB i{k μ ia[k
diZwj μ diwj ok"i μ HkkiQ
rRle μ rn~Hko rRle μ rn~Hko
vkez μ vke e;wj μ eksj
¯uc μ uhe lw=k μ lwr
izLrj μ iRFkj T;s"B μ tsB
4- rRle mQdkjkar vkSj mdkjkar 'kCn iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμ
mQdkjkarμizlw] HkzwA
mdkjkarμvJq] tarq] jkgq] osQrq] rkyq] f=k'kaoqQ] caèkq] es#A
blh rjg] mdkjkar vkSj mQdkjkar rn~Hko iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμ
tusmQ] MkowQ] fiYyw] pqYyw] ?kq¡?k:] vk¡lw] xsgw¡A
5- ftl vdkjkar vFkok vkdkjkar laKk dk cgqopu cukus esa dksbZ fodkj ugha gksrk] og iq¯Yyx vkSj ftllaKk dk cgqopu cukus esa fodkj (,¡] ;k¡) gksrk gks] og L=kh¯yx gSA ;g fu;e lHkh vizkf.kokpdrRle rFkk rn~Hko laKkvksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA tSlsμ
jke osQ pkj Hkou gSaAμiq¯Yyx (vfoÑr) jke dh pkj bekjrsa gSaAμL=kh¯yx (foÑr)
jke dh ckrsa gqb±AμL=kh¯yx (foÑr) jke osQ opu lqus gSaAμiq¯Yyx (vfoÑr)
';ke osQ pkj iq=k gSaAμiq¯Yyx (vfoÑr) eSaus dksf'k'ksa dhaAμL=kh¯yx (foÑr)
dejs esa pkj f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA L=kh¯yx (foÑr)
;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ lw=k gSA blosQ ijh{k.k ls gekjh ¯yx&lacaèkh leL;k dh dfBukbZ nwj gks ldrh gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 15
uksVvkdkjkar laKk,¡
dkeukμdkeuk,¡] bPNkμbPNk,¡] fn'kkμfn'kk,¡] okrkZμokrkZ,¡] VhdkμVhdk,¡] dforkμdfork,¡] Hkk"kkμHkk"kk,¡]ijh{kkμijh{kk,¡ bR;kfnA
6- vkdkjkar Hkkookpd laKk,¡ L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμek;k] yTtk] n;k] Ñik] Nk;k] d#.kk] vkHkk] {kekbR;kfnA
7- ;fn cgqopu cukus ij laKkvksa dk vaR; ^vk*] ^,* gks tk,] rks ;s laKk,¡ iq¯Yyx gksrh gSaAtSlsμrkykμrkys] ifg;kμifg;s] diM+kμdiM+s] xykμxys] NkrkμNkrs] twrkμtwrs] oqQÙkkμoqQÙks bR;kfnA
8- nzO;okpd laKk,¡ iq¯Yyx gksrh gSaA tSlsμngh] eksrh] ikuh bR;kfnA9- fØ;kFkZd laKk,¡ iq¯Yyx gksrh gSaA ftl 'kCn osQ var esa uk* yxk gks] os iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμfy[kuk]
i<+uk] Vgyuk] fxjuk] mBkuk bR;kfnA10- }a} lekl osQ 'kCn iq¯Yyx gksrs gSaA tSlsμlhrk&jke] jkèkk&Ñ".k] f'ko&ikoZrh] nky&Hkkr] yksVk&Mksjh]
uj&ukjh] jktk&jkuh] ek¡&cki bR;kfnA
iq Yyx ls L=kh¯yx cukus osQ fu;e vkSj izR;;
¯gnh&L=khizR;;
fuEufyf[kr lkekU; fu;e nz"VO; gSaμ
1- vdkjkar RkFkk vkdkjkar iq¯Yyx 'kCnksa dks bZdkjkar dj nsus ls os L=kh¯yx gks tkrs gSaA tSlsμ
vkdkjkar 'kCn
yM+dkμyM+dh xèkkμxèkh ukukμukuh lkykμlkyh
xw¡xkμxw¡xh ukykμukyh eksVkμeksVh dkykμdkyh
nsoμnsoh iq=kμiq=kh xksiμxksih es<dμess<dh
ujμukjh fgjuμfgjuh canjμcanjh czkã.kμczkã.kh
2- ^vk* ;k ^ok* izR;;kar iq¯Yyx 'kCnksa esa ^vk* ;k ^ok* dh txg b;k yxkus ls os L=kh¯yx curs gSaAtSlsμ
oqQÙkkμoqqQfr;k cw<+kμcqf<+;k ckNkμcfN;k
3- O;olk;cksèkd] tkfrcksèkd rFkk miukeokpd 'kCnksa osQ vafre Loj dk yksi dj muesa dgha bu vkSjdgha vkbu izR;; yxkdj L=kh¯yx cuk;k tkrk gSaA tSlsμ
bu vkbu
ekyhμekfyu oq¡QtM+kμoq¡QtfM+u pkScsμpkSckbu gyokbZμgyokbu
èkkschμèkksfcu ck?kμckf?ku ykykμyykbu cfu;kμcfu;kbu
rsyhμrsfyu lk¡iμlk¡fiu iaMkμiaMkbu fefljμfefljkbu
4- oqQN miukeokph 'kCn ,sls Hkh gSa] ftuesa vkuh izR;; yxkdj L=kh¯yx cuk;k tkrk gSA tSlsμ
BkoqQjμBoqQjkuh pkSèkjhμpkSèkjkuh tsBμtsBkuh lsBμlsBkuh
iafMrμiafMrkuh nsojμnsojkuh esgrjμesgrjkuh [k=khμ[k=kkuh
5- tkfr ;k Hkko crkus okyh laKkvksa dk iq¯Yyx ls L=kh¯yx djus esa ;fn 'kCn dk vU; Loj nh?kZ gS]rks mls ßLo djrs gq, uh izR;; dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
L;kjμL;kjuh ¯gnwμ¯gnquh m¡QVμm¡QVuh gkFkhμgfFkuh
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
16
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
6- oqQN 'kCn Lora=k :i ls L=kh&iq#"k osQ tksM+s gksrs gSaA ;s Lora=k :i ls L=kh¯yx ;k iq¯Yyx 'kCn gksrsgSaA tSlsμ
ek¡μcki jktkμjkuh xk;μcSy lkgcμese
enZμvkSjr HkkbZμcgu ojμoèkw ekrkμfirk
iq=kμdU;k iq#"kμL=kh csVhμnkekn csVkμiqrksgw
7- laLÑr osQ ^oku~* vkSj ^eku~* izR;;kar fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa esa ^oku~* rFkk ^eku~* dks Øe'k% orh vkSj erhdj nsus ls L=kh¯yx cu tkrk gSA tSlsμ
cqf¼eku~μcqf¼erh vk;q"eku~μvk;q"erh
iq=kokuμiq=korh cyokuμcyorh
Jheku~μJherh Hkxoku~μHkxorh
HkkX;oku~μHkkX;orh èkuoku~μèkuorh
8- laLÑr osQ cgqr&ls vdkjkar fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa osQ var esa vk yxk nsus ls L=kh¯yx gks tkrs gSaA tSlsμ
ruqtμruqtk fiz;μfiz;k dkarμdkark vcyμvcyk
papyμpapyk vuqtμvuqtk fiz;reμfiz;rek iafMrμiafMrk
vkRetμvkRetk iwT;μiwT;k ru;μru;k ';keμ';kek
lqrμlqrk ikfyrμikfyrk ihrμihrk
9- ftu iq¯Yyx 'kCnksa osQ var esa ^vd* gksrk gS] muesa ^vd* osQ LFkku ij bdk dj nsus ls os 'kCnL=kh¯yx cu tkrs gSaA tSlsμ
lsodμlsfodk ckydμckfydk Hk{kdμHkf{kdk uk;dμukf;dk
ikydμikfydk laj{kdμlajf{kdk ys[kdμysf[kdk ikBdμikfBdk
10- laLÑr dh vdkjkar laKk,¡ iq¯Yyx :i esa vkdkjkar dj nsus vkSj L=kh¯yx :i esa bZdkjkar dj nsus lsiq¯Yyx&L=kh¯yx gksrh gSaA tSlsμ
'kCn iq¯Yyx :i L=kh¯yx :i
drZ drkZ d=khZ
èkkr` èkkrk èkk=kh
nkr` nkrk nk=kh
dof;r` dof;rk dof;=kh
usr` usrk us=kh
¯gnh Ñnar&rf¼r&'kCnksa ls L=khizR;;
11- Ñnar&rf¼r&izR;;kar iq¯Yyx 'kCnksa dks L=kh¯yx cukus osQ fy, bZ*] bu*] uh* bu rhu L=khizR;;ksa dkgh vfèkd iz;ksx gksrk gSA ^vkuh* vkSj ^vkbu* dk iz;ksx laKk&'kCnksa dks gh iq¯Yyx ls L=kh¯yx cukusesa vfèkd gksrk gS] rf¼rkar vkSj Ñnar iq¯Yyx dks L=kh¯yx cukus esa cgqr gh deA tSlsμ
L=khizR;; èkkrq ;k 'kCn Ñr~&rf¼r&izR;; Ñnar&rf¼rkar&:i L=khizR;;&:i
bZμ ?kVuk vk (Ñr~) ?kV ?kVh
isQjuk vk (Ñr~) isQjk isQjh
lqgkuk vkouk (Ñr~) lqgkouk lqgkouh
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 17
uksVL=khizR;; èkkrq ;k 'kCn Ñr~&rf¼r&izR;; Ñnar&rf¼rkar&:i L=khizR;;&:i
pqdkuk vkSrk (Ñr~) pqdkSrk pqdkSrh
<yuk ok¡ (Ñr~) <yok¡ <yoha
vkèkk ,yk (Ñr~) vèksyk vèksyh
fcYyh vkSVk (Ñr~) fcYkkSVk fcyksVh
pke vksVk (Ñr~) peksVk peksVh
yax vksV (Ñr~) y¡xksV y¡xksVh
bZμ pksj Vk (rf¼r) pksV~Vk pksV~Vh
pke M+k (rf¼r) peM+k peM+h
Vksih okyk (rf¼r) Vksihokyk Vksihokyh
,d gjk (rf¼r) ,dgjk ,dgjh
buμ ihuk vDdM+ (Ñr~) fi;DdM+ fi;DdfM+u
rSjuk vkd (Ñr~) rSjkd rSjkfdu
yM+uk ,sr (Ñr~) yMS+r yM+Sfru
g¡luk vksM+ (Ñr~) g¡lksM+ g¡lksfM+u
tkuuk gkj (Ñr~) tkuugkj tkuugkfju
lksuk vkj (rf¼r) lqukj lqukfju
yksgk vkj (rf¼r) yksgkj yksgkfju
[ksy vkM+h (rf¼r) f[kykM+h f[kykfM+u
gR;k vkjk (rf¼r) gR;kjk gR;kfju
ekN mvk (rf¼r) eNqvk eNqbu
lk¡i ,jk (rf¼r) l¡isjk l¡isfju
xk¡tk ,M+h (rf¼r) x¡tsM+h x¡tsfM+u
uhμ ?kVuk v (Ñr~) ?kV ?kVuh
Hkkxuk vksM+k (Ñr~) HkxksM+k HkxksM+uh
pwM+h gkjk (Ñr~) pwfM+gkjk pqfM+gkjuh
vkbuμ cw>uk vDdM+ (Ñr~) cq>DdM+ cq>DdM+kbu
èkquuk b;k (Ñr~) èkqfu;k èkqfu;kbu
¯yxdks'k
iq¯Yyx 'kCn (Masculine)
vμ vjeku] vukj] vnj[k] vijkèk] vukt] vuqlkj] vuqlj.k] vcj[k] vchj] vUo;] ve`r]vifjxzg] vigj.k] vuqnku] vuqeksnu] vuqlaèkku] vi;'k] v{kr] v.kq] vdky] v{kj]vuqPNsn] v[kjksVA
vkμ vkyL;] vkpkj] vkbZuk] vkpj.k] vk[ksV] vkHkkj] vkyw] vkos'k] vkfoHkkZo] vkJe]vk'oklu] vklu] vk"kk<+] vkLoknu] vkgkj] vklo] vk'khokZn] vkdk'k] vk;ksx] vkVk]
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
18
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
vkea=k.k] vkØe.k] vkjksi] vk;kr] vk;kstu] vkjksi.k] vkÙkZukn] vkyksd] vkokxeu]vkfo"dkjA
va] v¡] vk¡μ vaèkM+ vaxwj] vad] vackj] vaoqQ'k] vaxkj] varjhi] varfj{k] varèkkZu] varLry] vacqt]va'k] vatu] vapy] vadu] vaxqy] vadxf.kr] var%iqj] var%dj.k] v¡èksjk] vaèksj] vacj]va'kq] vk¡lwA
vks] vkSμ vksB] vksy] vksyk] vkStkj] vkSlrA
b] bZμ btykl] banzklu] bdrkjk] bykdk] btgkj] buke] bykt] bLrhiQk] bLikr] bLrseky]bartkj] balkiQ] bytke] b=k] b±èkuA
m] mQμ m¼kj] mrkj] miokl] mQiQku] mcVu] mcky] myVisQj] miknku] midj.k] mRiknu]mRd"kZ] mPNsnu] mÙkjnkf;Ro] mÙkjh;] mÙkki] mRihM+u] mRlkg] mRlxZ] mn;] mn~xkj]mn~?kkVu] míhiu] m¼j.k] mn~cksèku] m|e] mn~osx] mUekn] mUewyu] midkj] miØe]mixzg] mipkj] miu;u] milxZ] migkl] mik[;ku] mikyaHk] mYya?ku] mYdkikr]mYykl] mYyw] mYys[k] mQ[k] mQu] mQ[ky] mQèkeA
dμ oaQB] diwj] deZ] oaQcy] dyad] dikV] dNkj] dVgy] diQu] dVksjk] dM+kg] dyg]dpkyw] d{k] dPNk] dNqvk] dfVcaèk] dRFkk] dnac] duLrj] diQ] dckc] dfoÙk]dCt] djdV] djry] d.kZiwQy] djkj] djsyk] djkSank] dyki] dysoj] dYi] dY;k.k]dYyksy] dopA
dkμ dkx] dkty] dkB] dkfrZd] dk¡p ('kh'kk)] dkuu] dk;Z] dk;kdYiA
fd] dhμ fdUuj] fdeke] fdly;] dhrZu] dhpM+A
oqQ] owQμ oqqQvk¡] oqQVhj] oqQrwgy] oqQeqn] oqQy] oqQgklk] oqQ'ky] oqQ"B] owQM+kA
osQ] dks] dkSμ osQoM+k] osaQdM+k] osQjko] osQ'kj] osQ'k] dksVj] dksYgw] dks<+] dksnks] dhi] dks"k ('k)]dksfguwj] dks"B] dksV] dkSrwgy] dkSj] dkSvk] dkS'kyA
[kμ [kaMgj] [ktwj] [kVdk] [kVey] [k|ksr] [kiM+k] [kjxks'k] [kjcwtk] [kjkn] (;a=k)] [kjkZVk][kfygku] [kk¡pk] [kkdk] [kku] (iBku)] [kku&iku] [kkj] f[kapko] [khj&eksgu] [khjk][kqekj] [kqnjk] [kqj] [kqyklk] [kw¡V] (Nksj)] [kw¡Vk] [ksek] [ksy] [ksyokM+] [kksapk] [kksvkA
xμ xatk] x¡M+klk] xaèkd] xaèkjkt] xxu] xt] xtV] xtc] xBcaèku] x<+] xnj] x|] xcu]xeu] x#M+] xtZu] xoZ] xHkkZ'k;] xylqvk] xfy;kjk] xyhpk] x'k] xk¡tk] xkgZLF;] fxjtk]fxjfxV] xM~<k] xq.kxku] xksnke] xqukg] xqatkj] xqykc] xqyke] fxykl] xwnk] xksan] xaasn] xks=k]xksèku] xksyksd] xkSjo] xzg] xzh"e] xzg.k] xzkl] fxykiQ] fx¼A
?kμ ?kV] ?kVkVksi] ?kVko] ?kM+k] ?kfM+;ky] ?ku] ?kjkuk] ?kiyk] ?k"kZ.k] ?kk?kjk] ?kk?k] ?kkV] ?kkVk]?kkr] (pksV)] ?kko] ?kh] ?kq¡?k:] ?kqVuk] ?kqu] ?kqeko] ?kw¡?kV] ?kw¡V] ?k`r] ?ks?kk] ?ksj] ?kksa?kk]?kksVkyk] ?kksyA
pμ paxqy] paMeqaM] panu] panzek] panugkj] p¡nksok] panz¯cnq] panzgkj] panzksn;] pdek] pdyk]pdok] pdksj] pDdj] pØ] pØO;wg] pVkou] p<+ko] p<+kok] pIiy] pexknM+]peRdkj] pej] pEep] paid] p;u] p[kkZ] pjkxkg] plZ] pyfp=k] pyu] pkyku]p"kd] pk¡Vk] pk¡n] pkd] pkrd] pkrq;Z] pki (èkuq"k)] pkcqd] pke] pj.k] pkowQ] pko]fpd] (cwpj)] fparu] fp=kowQV] fp=kiV] fpjoqQV] fpjkx] phrk] phRdkj] phj] phyj]phoj] pqacd] pqacu] pquko] pqYyw] pSu] pksdj] pkSd] pkSikyA
Nμ Nan] NNw¡nj] NTtk] NViV] NÙkk] N=k] NIij] NyNan] Nykok] Nktu] (vkPNknu)] Nkj]fNnz] fNiko] NhaVk] Nsn] Nksvk] NksjA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 19
uksVtμ t[e] te?kV] tgkt] tatky] tUrq] tM+ko] tRFkk] tuin] tuoklk] ti] teko] tyèkj]tyiFk] tyiku] tk¡rk] tkdM+] tke] tki] tklwl] ftØ] ftxj] ftu] ftgkn] th] thjk]tho] TokjHkkVk] tqvk] tqdke] tqeZ] tqykc] tqYe] tqywl] twM+k] tsB] tsy] tkS] tSrwu]tks'k] TojA
>μ >a>k] >a>kokr] >d>ksj] >dksj] >kM+] (>kM+h)] >a[kkM+] >ky] (cktk)] >haxqj] >qaM]>qdko] >qjeqV] >wejA
Vμ VaVk] VeVe] VoqQvk] VkV] Vkiw] fVdV] fVdko] fVfiQu] Vhu] VSDlA
Bμ BIik] BjkZ] Bgjko] BkVckV] Bhdjk] Bw¡B] BkSjA
Mμ Mad] MaBy] MaM] MaMk] Mx] MCck] Me:] Mj] Mhg] MksyA
<μ <ax] <o] <ksy] <sj] <ksaxA
rμ rarq] rarqok;] ra=k] rackowQ] racwjk] rfd;k] rV] rRo] ru] ruko] ri] rikd] rcyk] reapk]re] rjd'k] rjcwt] rjl] rjktw] rtZ] riZ.k] ry] rlj] rkacwy] rkaMo] rkd] (vkyk)]rkt] rkM+] rkr] rkuiwjk] rki] rkj] rky] rkykc] rk'k] frudk] f=kiQyk] fry] fryd]fryoqQV] rhrj] rhj] rhFkZ] rwr] rstkc] rsy] rst] rsoj] rksM+&tksM+] rksM+&iQksM+] rkSd] rkSj]rkSy] rkSfy;k] =kk.k] =kkl] f=k'kaoqQA
Fkμ Fku] FkisM+k] FkIiM+] Fky] Fkkd] Fkwd] FkksdA
nμ naxy] naxk] naM] naHk] na'k] ncko] ne] neu] ntkZ] niZ] niZ.k] ny] nyu] nÝrj] nycy]nyky] njckj] nLr] nLr[kr] nL;q] ngst] nk¡r] nkyku] nkx] nkn] (peZjksxμuk- iz-'kCnlkxj)] nkui=k] nkuo] nke] nkeu] nk;] ngh] nkl] nkg] fn[kk;k] fnu] fnokyk]fnekx] fn;kjk] fny] nhi] nhid] nh;k] nqowQy] nq%[k] nqjko] nqxZ] nqykj] nq'kkyk] nwrkokl]nwu] (?kkVh] rjkbZ)] nwèk] n`x] n`';] ns'kkVu] nsgkr] ns'k] nSR;] nks"k] nkSj] nkSjk] nkSjku] }a}]}kj] }hi] }s"k A
èkμ èkaèkk] èkDdk] èkM+] èku] èkuq"k] èkeZ] èkku] èkke] èkS;Z] è;ku] èkfu;kA
uμ uxn] u{k=k] u[k] ux] utjkuk] ufugky] uHk] uxj] ued] ulhc] ujd] ujesèk] uy]fudkl] uk[kwu] fupksM+] fuckg] fu;e] fu>Zj] fuokZ.k] fuxe] fuokl] fuosnu] fu'kku]fu"d"kZ] uhcw] uhj] uhM+] uhye] uhyke] uwu] uwiqj] u`R;] us=k] use] uSgj] uSos|] U;k;]U;klA
iμ ia[k] iapun] iapjRu] iaFk] iaNh] idoku] i{k] i{kikr] i{kh] ix] ixgk] iV] iM+ko]iVlu] iM+ksl] irax] iu?kV] irywu] iru] iRFkj] i=k] iFk] iF;] inkFkZ] inkiZ.k] iuhj]iUuk] iihgk] i;ksfèk] inkZ] ijek.kq] ijyksd] ijkx] ifjp;] ifjogu] ifj.kke] ifjèkku]ifjorZu] ifjoèkZu] ifjokj] ifjgkl] i;ZVu] ioZ] iyM+k] iykl] iYyo] igj] igyw]ifg;k] ikd] ik[kaM] ikpu] ikV] ikrky] ikni] ikiM+] ikyk] fiYyw] fiÙk] ihrkacj]ihiy] iqyko] ihgj] iq[kjkt] iqvky] iqjk.k] iqj] iqjLdkj] iqy] iqyd] iqfyank] iqyko]iqLrdky;] iwtu] iwoZ] iksr] iksy] iks"k.k] ikS#"k] iktkek] I;kt] izdksi] iz;ksx] iz.k;]izfr}a}] izfriQy] izfrcaèk] izfrfcac] izfr'kksèk] izfrokn] izrhd] izR;;] izns'k] iziap] izHkko]izekn] izyki] izy;] izlo] izlkj] izLrko] izkr%] izkjaHkA
iQμ iQ.k] iQjsc] iQoZQ] iQtZ] iQ'kZ] iQy] iQlkn] iQkx] iQkVd] iQkuwl] iQy] iwQy] isaQVk] isQu]isQiQM+k] isQj] isQjk] iQkasdA
cμ caMy] canjxkg] c[kku] ccwy] cf[k;k] cpiu] cpko] cM+Iiu] cjru] cjrko] cy]cykRdkj] cgyko] cgko] cfg"dkj] cVsj] ck¡èk] ck¡l] ckx] ckt] cktk] ckV] cktkj]
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
20
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
cknke] cky] ckgqY;] fcNkou] cht] fcy] cq[kkj] cw¡V] csar] csyu] csyk] cslu] cks>]cksy] C;ksjkA
Hkμ HkaMkiQksM+] Hk¡oj] Hktu] Hkou] HkÙkk] Hkj.k] HkLe] HkkX;] Hkkj] Hkky] Hkko] Hkk"k.k] Hkk";]fHkulkj] Hkqtax] Hkqtik'k] Hkqêðk] Hkwpky] Hkqykok] HkwoaQi] Hkw"k.k] HksnHkko] HksfM+;k] Hkkst]Hkksj] HkkSajk] Hkzej] Hkze.kA
eμ eap] eatu] eaMu] earO;] eaf=keaMy] edcjk] edjan] etek] etewu] etk] ethjk] eVj]elwj] eB] eryc] en] e|] ePNj] eulwck] euksosx] ejge] ejksM+] eos'kh] ey;]ey;fxfj] eyky] eokn] eglwy] egqvk] ek?k] ektjk] ekre] fetkt] ehy] eqdnek]eqjCck] eqoqQV] ew¡xk] e`x] es?k] esok] eks{k] eksM+] eksrh] eksrhpwj] ekse] eksj] eksg] ekSu]E;kuA
;μ ;a=k] ;{ek] ;fr] (laU;klh)] ;Ru] ;e] ;'k] ;krk;krA
jμ jDr] jRu] jcj] je.k] jge] jgL;] jkx] jklks] :ik] jsaM] jsr] (oh;Z)] jksaxVk] jksx] jksc]jksekap] jks"k] jk¡xk] fjokt] :ekyA
yμ yaxj] yac] y{;] yxku] yxko] yVdu] yV~Vw] yVko] yk?ko] ykyp] fygkt] fyckl]ys[k] ysi] yksd] yksi] yksHk] y'dj] ysunsu] ykSaxA
oμ otu] otz] ou] ouokl] oj] oj.k] otZu] olar] ofgjax] ofÉ] okpu] okr] okÄ~e;]okj] ok"i] fodYi] foØ;] fo?kVu] foÙk] foe'kZ] foyac] foykl] foy;u] fo"k] fookn]foltZu] foLiQksV] fogkj] ohrjkx] o`Ùkkar] o`Ùk] osx] osnkar] os'k] oSHko] oSeuL;] oSjkX;]oS".ko] O;aX;] O;atu] O;;] O;oèkku] O;k[;ku] O;kèkkr] O;kt] O;kl] O;wgA
'kμ 'ka[k] 'kd] 'krny] 'kfu] 'kCnosèk] 'ke] 'k;u] 'kj] 'kY;] 'ko] 'kjcr] 'kgn] 'kgrwr]'kki] f'k[kj] f'kYi] f'kfoj] 'kh"kZ] 'khy] 'kqØ] 'kwU;] 'kwy] 'kS'ko] 'kksèk] 'kksd] 'kkSp]'kkS;Z] Je] 'okl
"kμ "kM~;a=k] "kMkuu] "kV~deZ] "k"Bh] "k"B] "kksM'k] "kk.ekfldA
lμ ladV] ladyu] laosQr] ladksp] laf[k;k] laxBu] laxe] laxhu] la?kVu] lap;] lapkj]la;ksx] larqyu] lanwd] lansg] laU;kl laiZd] lacaèk] lacy] la;e] lao¼Zu] lafoèkku]laLFkku] lagkj] lÙkw] l=k] lÙo] lnu] lnkorZ] liQj] lehj] lj] ljdl] ljflt]ljksoj] lyke] loS;k] lgu] lg;ksx] lgkjk] lk{;] lkx] lkèku] lk;k] lkj] lkjl]¯lxkj] ¯lnwj] fl;kj] flj] fljdk] flYd] lhax] lhi] lqèkka'kq] lqeu] lqj] lqjkx] lwvj]lwphi=k] lwr] lw=k] lwuk] lwn] lwi] lsrq] lsc] lsou] lksp] lksu] lksuk] lksiQk] lkse] lksjBk]lksgj (xhr)] lkS[;] lkStU;] lkSHkkX;] lkSjHk] lkS"Bo] lkSgknZ] LraHku] Lrj] LFky] Lianu]Li'kZ] LiQksV] Lekjd] L;kik] LoRo] Lo;aoj] Lo:i] LoxZ] Lo.kZ] Lokax] LoknA
gμ gVj] gqadkj] gal] gt] gd] gBèkeZ] gB;ksx] gM+oaQi] geyk] gj.k] gfj.k] gy] gou]gokyk] gkj (ekyk)] gky (lekpkj] n'kk)] gkf'k;k] gkL;] fgr] fge] fgYyksy] ghjk]ghyk] gqDe] gqYyM+] gqykl] gsrq] gsjisQj] gsyesy] gStk] gksaB] gksVy] gks'k] ßklA
L=kh¯yx 'kCn (Feminine)
vμ v¡xM+kbZ] varM+h] vaR;sf"V] vdM+] vDy] vM+pu] vnkyr] vnkor] vucu] vpdu(uk- iz- 'kCnlkxj)] vIljk] viQokg] vis{kk] vihy] viQhe] vfHkèkk] vHkhIlk] voKk]v¯glk] vjgj] voLFkkA
vkμ vk¡p] vk¡r] vkx] vkthfodk] vkKk] vkM+] vkRek] vkRetk] vkRegR;k] vknr] vku]vkink] vkiQr] vken] vkcgok] vk;] vk;q] vkjkèkuk] vkokt] vk'kadk] vkLrhu] vkg]vkgV] vk'kh"k] vk¡[kA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 21
uksVb] bZμ bap] bafnz;] bPNk] btktr] bTtr] bekjr] byk] b±V] bZn] bZ[k] bZ";kZA
m] mQμ mM+ku] mRoaQBk] mFky&iqFky] mèksM+cqu] mifu"kn~] mikluk] mis{kk] meax] mez] mnwZ](Hkk"kk)] my>u] mYdk] m"kk] mel] mQc] mQgkA
,] ,sμ ,drk] ,saB] ,saBu] ,sudA
vks] vkSμ vksV] vksl] vkSyknA
dμ d{kk] dVkj] dVqrk] dM+d] drju] drkj] dFkk] dn] dnj] dU;k] dcz] dej] dekbZ]deku] deht] djoV] d#.kk] dok;n] dld] dle] dljr] dikl] dlkSVh] dLrwjh]dkik] dkfy[k] dkaxzsl] dk'r] djrwr] fdyd] fdLer] fd'kfe'k] fdLr (½.k pqdkusdk Hkkx)] dher] dhy] oqqaQth] oqQfV;k] oqQ'ky (oqQ'kyrk)] oqQYgkMh+] owQd] Ñik] oSQn]dks[k] dks;y] dkSe] fØ;k] ØhM+k] {kekA
[kμ [kViV] [kVkl] [kfV;k] [kM+d] [kM+km¡Q] [kud] [kir] [kcj] [kjhn] [khap] [kjksap] [kk¡M+][kkbZ] [kkt] [kkV] [kkfrj] [kkn] [kky] [kku ([kfu)] f[ktk¡] f[kner] [kksp] [kh>] [khj][khy] [kqnkbZ] [kqjek] [kq'kken] [kSjkr] [kksV] [kkst] [kksgA
xμ xaxk] xaèk] xty] xViV] xfB;k] xM+cM+] x.kuk] xfr] xnk] xuher] xiQyr] xjt] xnZu]xfjek] xksjS;k] xnZ] xfnZ'k] xk¡B] xktj] xkt (fctyh)] xkxj] xkFkk] xkn] fxVfiV]fxjÝr] fxjg] fxygjh] xhrk] xhfrdk] xaqtkb'k] xqfM+;k] xqîóh] xqiQk] xq#rk] xs#] xqysy]xwt] xSy] xSl] xksV] xksn] xksfidk] xkSA
?kμ ?kVk] ?kfVdk] ?kkl] f?ku] ?kqM+nkSM+] ?kqM+lky] ?kwl] ?k`.kk] ?kks"k.kkA
pμ pesyh] pdbZ] pVd (ped&ned)] pêðku] pir] piyk] ppkZ] ped] pgd]pgy&igy] pk¡nh] pk¡i] pkV] pknj] pkjikbZ] pky] pkg] pkgr] pky<ky] fpfdRlk]fpV] fpeuh] fpyd] fpYykgV] fp<+] fprk] ¯prk] fp=kdyk] fpud] fpuxkjh] fpIih]fpye] phy] ph[k] phaVh] phuh] pqfV;k] pqM+Sy] pqujh] pqukSrh] pqgy] pqfg;k] pwd]psa&psa] pspd] psrd] psruk] ps"Vk] pksap] pksV] pkSiM+ pkS[kVA
Nμ NVk] Nr] NeNe] Nyk¡x] Nfo] Nk¡g] NkN] Nkuchu] Nki] Nk;k] Nky] Nhad] NhaV]NhNkysnj] NwV] Nwr] Nsuh] NqvkNwrA
tμ tax] tathj] t¡HkkbZ] txg] tVk] tM+] turk] tekr] tyok;q] tekur] tekoV] tehu]tyu] t;] tjk] t:jr] tk¡p] tk¡?k] tkxhj] tku] tk;nkn] ftKklk] ftn] ftjg] ftYn]ftYyr] ftàk] thr] thHk] tw¡] tqxqIlk] twBu] tsc] tsoukj] tksad] tksr] TokykA
>μ >adkj] >a>V] >[k] f>>d] >M+i] >udkj] >id] >iV] >ikl] >j>j] >d>d]>yey] >kM+iw¡Qd] >kM+ (>kM+us dh fØ;k)] >kM+] >k¡>] >k¡>j] >k¡i] >kM+u] >ky](frrkl)] >kyj] f>M+d] >hy] >weA
Vμ Vdlky] VDdj] Vid] Vgy] Vk¡d] Vk¡x] Vk¡;&Vk¡;] Vki] Vky&eVksy] fVfd;k]fVi&fVi] fVIi.kh] Vhd] VhiVki] VheVke] Vhl] VwV] VsaV] VsaVs] Vsd] Vsj] Vksg] Vksd] VsªuA
Bμ BaMd] Bd&Bd] Bud] Bed] fBBd] fBfy;k] Bw¡B] Bsd] Bksdj] BslA
Mμ Mx] Mxj] MiV] Mkd] MkV] Mk¡d] Mky] Mhax] MhB] Mksj] fMfc;kA
<μ <ksydA
rμ ranzk] rdjhj] rdnhj] rdjkj] rM+d&HkM+d] rM+i] rch;r] reUuk] rjax] rjdhc] rjiQ]rjg] rjkoV] rjk'k] ryc] ryokj] ryk'k] r'kjhiQ] rg] rgthc] rglhy] rku]rkd>k¡d] rkdr] rknkn] rkdhn] rkrhy] rkjhiQ] rkyhe] rklhj] frtkjr] rht] rqd]rqyk] rksan] rksck] rksi] rksy] rks'kd] R;ksjh] f=k;kA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
22
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Fkμ Fkdku] FkdkoV] FkjFkj] Fkfy;k] Fkki] FkkgA
nμ nf{k.k] nxk] nrou] ned] nj[kkLr] njxkg] njkj] nyny] nyhy] nLrd] ngkM+] nk:]ng'kr] nkor] fnup;kZ] fnO;k] nh{kk] nhB~] nhn] nhed] nhokj] nqvk] nqdku] nqfoèkk]nqRdkj] nqe] nwjchu] nqfu;k] nqnZ'kk] nwj] nwc] ns[kHkky] ns[kjs[k] nsu] nsgA
èkμ èkM+d] èkM+du] èkjidM+] èked] èkjk] èkjksgj] èkkd] èkkrq] èkk;] èkkj] èkkj.kk] èkqaèk] èkqu]èkwe] èkwi (lw;Z&izdk'k)] èkwi&Nk¡g] èkkSad] èkkSal] èotkA
uμ udy] ul (Luk;q)] udko] uosQy] utj] ugj] utkdr] utkr] uiQjr] uiQklr]ulhgr] uCt] uekt] uk¡n] ukd] fuxkg] funzk] fujk'kk] fu'kk] fu"Bk] uhan] uh;r] uhao]uqekb'k] uksd] uksd>ksasd] ukScr] ukfy'k] us=khA
iμ iapk;r] iaxr] idM+] i[kkot] iNkM+] irokj] iViV] ir>M+] irkdk] iÙky] iukg]ij[k] ilan] ijokg] ijr] ijkr] ifjØek] ifj"kn~] ijh{kk] iyVu] igpku] igq¡p] ik;y]ik¡r] fiiklk] fiLrkSy] iqfyl] iq'r] iqfM+;k] iqdkj] iwNrkN] iw¡N] isafly] isa'ku] isfp'k]iks'kkd] iSnkokj] ikSèk] izfØ;k] izfrKk] izfrHkk] izrh{kk] izHkkA
iQμ iQthgr] iQVdkj] iQVdu] iQrg] iQfj;kn] iQly] iQk¡d] iQk¡l] fiQØ] iqQjlr] iqQfy;k]iqQgkj] iw¡Qd] iwQV] iQhl] iQkStA
cμ canwd] cdokl] c;kj] c['kh'k] cxy] cpr] cncw] cnkSyr] cèkkbZ] cukoV] cjkr]cnkZ'r] ciZQ] cyk] cgkj] ck¡g] ckrphr] ckxMksj] ckcr] cjlkr] ckfj'k] ck:n] ckyk]ck<+] ckfydk] fcNyu] cq¡fn;k] cqukoV] cqycqy] cqykgV] cw¡n] cw>] csj (niQk ;k ckj)]cSBd] cksry] cksypky] ckS[kykgV] ckSNkjA
Hkμ HkxnM+] HkM+d] Hkud] HkHkd] Hkjekj] HkHkwr] HkRlZuk] Hkk¡x] Hkki] Hkk;kZ] fHk{kk] Hkh[k]HkhM+] Hkqtk] Hkw[k] HksaV] HksM+] HkSal] HkkSagA
eμ eafty] e¡>èkkj] ea=k.kk] ea'kk] epd] epku] etky] eTtk] e[key] eVd] ef.k] elun]eerk] ejEer] e;kZnk] eyey] e'kky] e'khu] efLtn] egd] ely] egfiQy] efgek]ek¡x] ekrk] ek=kk] ek;k] eki] ekyk] feBkl] fepZ] feykoV] ehukj] eqnzk] eqjkn] eqykdkr]eqBHksM+] eqldku] eqlhcr] eqLdjkgV] eqgCcr] eqír] eqgj] ew¡x] ew¡N] ew[kZrk] es[kyk]esgur] eSuk] eSy] ekSt] ekSr] e`R;qA
;μ ;a=k.kk] ;equk] ;fr (Nan esa Bgjko dk LFkku)] ;kpuk] ;knxkj] ;kruk] ;k=kk] ;kn] ;kek];kstukA
jμ jaxr] jde] j{kk] jax] jt (èkwfy mHk;¯yx)] jxM+] jpuk] jTtq] jln] jÝrkj] jluk] jLe]jlk (èkjrh)] jkdk] jk[k] jkek;.k] jk;] jky] jkl] jkg] jkgr] fj;klr] fj;k;r] fjiksVZ]fj'or] fjef>e] jh>] jh<+] #dkoV] #u>qu] :g] js[kk] jsaM+h] js.kq] jsr (ckyw)] jsy] jksd]jksdM+] jksj] jkSud] jksdVksdA
yμ yadk] ydhj] yxu] yxke] yVd] yrkM+] ypj] ypd] yTtk] yV] yM+kbZ] yr] yrk]yid] yiV] yyd] yydkj] ygj] ykr] ykx] ykj] ykt] ykyfepZ] ykxr] ykur]ykyVsu] ykylk] yk'k] ykg] fyIlk] fy;kdr] yhd] yh[k] yw] ywV] yksViksV] yksp] ykSA
oμ odkyr] olh;r] okaNk] ok;q] fopkj.kk] fot;] foMacuk] fonkbZ] oa|k] foèkok] fou;]ohIlk] os';k] O;Fkk] O;k[;k] fonq"khA
'kμ 'kadk] 'kiFk] 'kDdj] 'kj.k] 'kDy] 'keZ] 'krjat] 'krZ] 'kjkiQr] 'kcue] 'kjkc] 'kjkjr]'kykdk] 'ke'khj] 'kgknr] 'kku] 'kk[kk] 'kke] 'kker] f'k[kk] f'kdk;r] f'kjk] Ük`a[kyk]'kkSdr] J¼kA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 23
uksVlμ larku (vkSykn)] laink] laln~] l¡Hkky] laosnuk] laLÑr (Hkk"kk)] laLFkk] ltk] ltèkt]ltkoV] lVd] lM+d] lÙkk] lud] lun] lH;rk] le>] leL;k] ljlksa] ljdkj] ljk;]lyker] lyrur] llqjky] lk¡>] lk¡l] lkft'k] fliQkfj'k] lhd] lhèk] lhM+] lhek]lqxaèk] lqèk] lqèkk] lqjax] lqyg] lqfoèkk] lqcg] lwtu] lw;kZ (lw;kZ.kh)] lw>] lwjr] lst]lsaèk] lsuk] lsok] lsgr] lkSxaèk (dle)] lkSxkr] lkSaiQ] LFkkiukA
gμ gdhdr] gtker] gM+i] gM+rky] gM+cM+] gR;k] gn] gjdr] gok] gypy] gk¡d] gktr]gk;] gkV] gkyr] gkj (ijkt;)] gky (fgyuk] pDosQ ij yksgs dk ?ksjk)] gkyk] ¯glk]fgder] fgpd] fgnk;r] fgiQktr] fgek;r] fgEer] ghax] gwd] gwj] gwy] gsyk] gSfl;r]gksM+A
1-4 opu
laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls la[;k dk cksèk gks] mls opu* dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksaesa] 'kCnksa osQ la[;kcksèkd fodkjh :i dk uke ^opu* gSA ^opu* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSμ^la[;kopu*Ala[;kopu dks gh la{ksi esa ^opu* dgrs gSaA ^opu* dk vFkZ ^dguk* Hkh gSA
opu osQ izdkj
vaxzsth dh rjg ¯gnh esa Hkh opu osQ nks izdkj gSaμ1- ,dopu] vkSj 2- cgqopuA
1- fodkjh 'kCn esa ftl :i ls ,d inkFkZ ;k O;fDr dk cksèk gksrk gS] mls ,dopu dgrs gSaAtSlsμunh] yM+dk] ?kksM+k] cPpk bR;kfnA
2- fodkjh 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls vfèkd inkFkks± vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk cksèk gksrk gS] mls cgqopudgrs gSa] tSlsμufn;k¡] yM+osQ] ?kksM+s] cPps bR;kfnA
opu osQ :ikarj
opu osQ dkj.k lHkh 'kCnksaμlaKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fØ;kμosQ :i foÑr gksrs gSaA foaQrq] ;gk¡ è;ku nsusdh ckr ;g gS fd loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fØ;k osQ :i ewyr% laKkvksa ij gh vkfJr gSaA blfy, ^opu* esalaKk&'kCnksa dk :ikarj gksrk gSA
opu osQ vèkhu laKk osQ :i nks rjg ls ifjofrZr gksrs gSaμ(d) foHkfDrjfgr vkSj ([k) foHkfDrlfgrA
foHkfDrjfgr laKkvksa osQ cgqopu cukus osQ fu;e
1- iq¯Yyx laKk osQ vkdkjkar dks ,dkjkar dj nsus ls cgqopu curk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu
yM+dk yM+osQ ?kksM+k ?kksMs+
xèkk xèks diM+k diMs+
ifg;k ifg;s cPpk cPps
vioknμ¯oQrq oqQN ,slh Hkh iq¯Yyx laKk,¡ gSa] ftuosQ :i nksuksa opuksa esa ,d&ls jgrs gSaA ;s oqQN 'kCnlacaèkokpd] laLÑr osQ vdkjkar vkSj udkjkar gSaA tSlsμekek] ukuk] ckck] nknk] drkZ] nkrk] firk (rhuksa drZ`*vkfn ½dkjkar)_ ;ks¼k] ;qok] vkRek (;qou~&vkReu~ udkjkar)_ nsork tkekrk bR;kfnA mnkgj.kμ
,dopuμgfj rqEgkjs ekek gSaA cgqopuμizse vkSj gfj rqEgkjs ekek gSaA
,dopuμeSa rqEgkjk ukuk gw¡A cgqopuμ';ke vkSj gfj osQ ukuk vk, gSaA
,dopuμjke ,d ;ks¼k gSA cgqopuμyM+kbZ esa cM+s&cM+s ;ks¼k [ksr vk,A
,dopuμfd'kksj ,d nkrk gSA cgqopuμLowQy osQ vusd nkrk gSaA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
24
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
2- iq¯Yyx vkdkjkar osQ flok 'ks"k ek=kkvksa ls vaar gksusokys 'kCnksa osQ :i nksuksa opuksa esa ,d&ls jgrs gSaAtSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu
ckyd i<+rk gSA ckyd i<+rs gSaA ifr gSA ifr gSaA
gkFkh vkrk gSA gkFkh vkrs gSaA n;kyq vk;kA n;kyq vk,A
lkèkq vk;k gSA lkèkq vk;s gSaA mYyw cSBk gSA mYyw cSBs gSaA
3- vkdkjkar L=kh¯yx ,dopu laKk&'kCnksa osQ var esa ^,¡* yxkus ls cgqopu curk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu
'kk[kk 'kk[kk,¡ dkeuk dkeuk,¡
dFkk dFkk,¡ okrkZ okrkZ,¡
yrk yrk,¡ vè;kfidk vè;kfidk,¡
4- vkdkjkar L=kh¯yx 'kCnksa dk cgqopu laKk osQ vafre ^v* dks ^,¡* dj nsus ls curk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu
xk; xk;sa jkr jkrsa
ckr ckrsa lM+d lM+osaQ
cgu cgusa vknr vknrsa
5- bdkjkar ;k bZdkjkar L=kh¯yx laKkvksa esa vaR; ^bZ* dks ßLo dj vafre o.kZ osQ ckn ^;k¡* tksM+us] vFkkZr~vafre ^b* ;k ^bZ* dks ^b;k¡* dj nsus ls cgqopu curk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu
frfFk frfFk;k¡ uhfr uhfr;k¡
jhfr jhfr;k¡ ukjh ukfj;k¡
6- ftu L=kh¯yx laKkvksa osQ var esa ^;k* vkrk gS] muesa ^;k* osQ mQij panz¯cnq yxkus ls cgqopu curkgSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu
fMfc;k fMfc;k¡
fpfM+;k fpfM+;k¡
xqfM+;k xqfM+;k¡
7- v&vk&b&bZ osQ vykok vU; ek=kkvksa ls var gksusokyh L=kh¯yx laKkvksa osQ var esa ,¡* tksM+dj cgqopucuk;k tkrk gSA vafre Loj ^mQ* gqvk] rks mls ßLo dj ^,¡* tksM+rs gSaA tSlsμcgwμcgq,¡] oLrqμoLrq,¡A
8- laKk osQ iq¯Yyx vFkok L=kh¯yx :iksa esa cgqopu dk cksèk izk;% ^x.k*] ^oxZ*] ^tu*] ^yksx*] ^o`an*bR;kfn yxkdj djk;k tkrk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu
ikBd ikBdx.k
L=kh L=khtu
ukjh ukfjo`an
vfèkdkjh vfèkdkjhoxZ
vki vkiyksx
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 25
uksVfoHkfDrlfgr laKkvksa osQ cgqopu cukus osQ fu;e
foHkfDr;ksa ls ;qDr gksus ij 'kCnksa osQ cgqopu dk :i cukus esa yx osQ dkj.k dksbZ ifjorZu ;k O;oèkku ughagksrkA blosQ oqQN lkekU; fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- vdkjkar] vkdkjkar (laLÑr&'kCnksa dks NksM+dj) rFkk ,dkjkar laKkvksa esa vafre ^v*] ^vk* ;k ^,* osQLFkku ij cgqopu cukus esa ^vksa* dj fn;k tkrk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu foHkfDrfpÉ osQ lkFk iz;ksx
yM+dk yM+dksa yM+dksa us dgkA
?kj ?kjksa ?kjksa dk ?ksjkA
xèkk xèkksa xèkksa dh rjgA
?kksM+k ?kksM+ksa ?kksM+ksa ij p<+ksA
pksj pksjkas pksjksa dks idM+ksA
2- laLÑr dh vkdkjkar rFkk laLÑr&¯gnh dh lHkh mdkjkar] mQdkjkar] vdkjkar] vkSdkjkar laKkvksa dkscgqopu dk :i nsus osQ fy, var esa vksa* tksM+uk iM+rk gSA mQdkjkar 'kCnksa esa vksa* tksM+us osQ iwoZ mQ*dks ^m* dj fn;k tkrk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu foHkfDrfpÉ osQ lkFk iz;ksx
yrk yrkvksa yrkvksa dks ns[kksA
lkèkq lkèkqvksa ;g lkèkqvksa dk lekt gSA
oèkw oèkqvksa oèkqvksa ls iwNksA
?kj ?kjksa ?kjksa esa tkvksA
tkS tkSvksa tkSvksa dks dkVksA
3- lHkh bdkjkar vkSj bZdkjkar laKkvksa dk cgqopu cukus osQ fy, var esa ^;ksa* tksM+k tkrk gSA ^bdkjkar*'kCnksa esa ^;ksa* tksM+us osQ igys ^bZ* dk ^b* dj fn;k tkrk gSA tSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu foHkfDrfpÉ osQ lkFk iz;ksx
eqfu eqfu;ksa eqfu;ksa dh ;K'kkykA
xyh xfy;ksa xfy;ksa esa x,A
unh ufn;ksa ufn;ksa dk izokgA
lkM+h lkfM+;ksa lkfM+;ksa osQ nke nhft,A
Jherh Jhefr;ksa Jhefr;ksa dk feyu gqvkA
opu&lacaèkh fo'ks"k funsZ'k
1- ^izR;sd* rFkk ^gj,d* dk iz;ksx lnk ,dopu esa gksrk gSA tSlsμizR;sd O;fDr ;gh dgsxk_ gj,d oqqQvk¡ ehBs ty dk ugha gksrkA
2- nwljh Hkk"kkvksa osQ rRle ;k rn~Hko 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gnh O;kdj.k osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.kkFkZ]vaxzsth osQ ^iqQV* (foot) dk cgqopu ^iQhV* (feet) gksrk gS] ¯drq ¯gnh esa bldk iz;ksx bl izdkjgksxkμnks iqQV yach nhokj gS_ u fd nks iQhV yach nhokj gSA* iQkjlh ls vk;s edku* ;k dkxt* dkcgqopu ¯gnh esa iQkjlh osQ gh vuqlkj ^edkukr* ;k ^dkxtkr* ugha gksxkA iQkjlh ls vk;s ^odhy*'kCn dk cgqopu ^odyk* ¯gnh esa ugha pysxkA geyksx ¯gnh eas fy[ksaxs] ^odhyksa dh jk; yhft,A*blh izdkj] vaxzsth osQ LowQy* 'kCn dk cgqopu vaxzsth dh gh rjg LowQYl* cukuk vuqfpr gSA fganhesa ^LowQy* dk cgqopu ^LowQyksa* gksxkA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
26
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
3- Hkkookpd vkSj xq.kokpd laKkvksa dk iz;ksx ,dopu esa gksrk gSA tSlsμeSa mudh lTturk ij eqXèkgw¡A ysfdu] tgk¡ la[;k ;k izdkj dk cksèk gks] ogk¡ xq.kokpd vkSj Hkkookpd laKk,¡ cgqopu esa Hkhiz;qDr gks ldrh gSaA tSlsμbl xzaFk dh vusd fo'ks"krk,¡ ;k [kwfc;k¡ gSa_ eSa mudh vusd foo'krkvksadks tkurk gw¡A
4- izk.k] yksx] n'kZu] vk¡lw] vksB] nke] v{kr bR;kfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ¯gnh esa cgqopu esa gksrk gSA tSlsμvkiosQ vksB [kqys fd izk.k r`Ir gq,] vkiyksx vk;s] vk'khokZn osQ v{kr cjls] n'kZu gq,A
5- nzO;okpd laKkvksa dk iz;ksx ,dopu esa gksrk gSA tSlsμmuosQ ikl cgqr lksuk gS_ mudk cgqr&lk èkucjckn gqvk_ u ukS eu rsy gksxk] u jkèkk ukpsxhA ¯drq] ;fn nzO; osQ fHkUu&fHkUu izdkjksa dk cksèk gks]rks nzO;okpd laKk cgqopu esa iz;qDr gksxhA tSlsμ;gk¡ cgqr rjg osQ yksgs feyrs gSaA pesyh] xqykc]fry bR;kfn osQ rsy vPNs gksrs gSaA
1-5 dkjd
laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk mudk (laKk ;k loZuke dk) lacaèklwfpr gks] mls (ml :i dks) dkjd* dgrs gSaA vFkok laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls mudk (laKk;k loZuke dk) fØ;k ls lacaèk lwfpr gks] mls (ml :i dks) ^dkjd* dgrs gSaA bu nks ^ifjHkk"kkvksa*dk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd laKk ;k loZuke osQ vkxs tc ^us*] ^dks*] ^ls* vkfn foHkfDr;k¡ yxrh gSa] rc mudk:i gh ^dkjd* dgykrk gS] rHkh os okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa ls lacaèk j[kus ;ksX; ^in* gksrs gSa vkSj ^in* dhvoLFkk esa gh os okD; osQ nwljs 'kCnksa ls ;k fØ;k ls dksbZ yxko j[k ikrs gSaA ^us*] ^dks*] ^ls* vkfn fofHkUufoHkfDr;k¡ fofHkUu dkjdksa dh gSaA buosQ yxus ij gh dksbZ 'kCn ^dkjdin* cu ikrk gS vkSj okD; esa vkus;ksX; gksrk gSA dkjdin* ;k fØ;kin* cus fcuk dksbZ 'kCn okD; esa cSBus ;ksX; ugha gksrkA tSlsμ^^jkepanzthus [kkjs ty osQ leqnz ij canjksa ls iqy c¡èkok fn;kA** bl okD; esa jkepanzth us*] leqnz ij*] canjksa ls* vkSj^iqy* laKkvksa osQ :ikarj gSa] ftuosQ }kjk bu laKkvksa dk lacaèk ^c¡èkok fn;k* fØ;k osQ lkFk lwfpr gksrk gSA
dkjd osQ Hksn
¯gnh esa dkjd vkB gSa vkSj dkjdksa osQ cksèk osQ fy, laKk ;k loZuke osQ vkxs tks izR;; (fpÉ) yxk;s tkrsgSa] mUgsa O;kdj.k esa ^foHkfDr;k¡* dgrs gSaA oqQN yksx bUgsa ijlxZ Hkh dgrs gSaA foHkfDr ls cus 'kCn:i dks^foHkDR;ar 'kCn* ;k ^in* dgrs gSaA ¯gnh dkjdksa dh foHkfDr;ksa osQ ^fpÉ* bl izdkj gSaμ
dkjd foHkfDr;k¡
drkZ (Nominative) ú] us
deZ (Objective) ú] dks
dj.k (Instrumental) ls
laiznku (Dative) dks] osQ fy,
viknku (Ablative) ls
lacaèk (Genitive) dk] osQ dh_ jk] js] jh
vfèkdj.k (Locative) eas] ij
lacksèku (Addressive) ú] gs] vth] vgks] vjs bR;kfnA
oqQN yksx ^foHkfDr* osQ LFkku ij ^ijlxZ* fy[krs gSaA yxrk gS] ^milxZ* 'kCn osQ vuqdj.k ij ^ijlxZ* x<+fy;k x;k gS] D;ksafd milxZ dk iwoZiz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj foHkfDr dk ijiz;ksxA ;fn milxZ dk uke iwoZlxZ gksrk]rks foHkfDr dk uke Hkh Hkzkafr ls ijlxZ dksbZ j[k ldrk FkkA ia- fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h dk ;g dguk Bhd gSfd foHkfDr* 'kCn gesa ijaijk ls izkIr gS] lqizfl¼ gSA mldh txg ijlxZ* pykuk fdl dke dk\ D;k ykHk\
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 27
uksVfoHkfDr;ksa dh izk;kssfxd fo'ks"krk,¡
iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls ¯gnh dkjd dh foHkfDr;ksa dh oqQN viuh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA budk O;ogkj djrs le;fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,μ
1- lkekU;r% foHkfDr;k¡ Lora=k gSaA budk vfLrRo Lora=k gSA pw¡fd budk dke 'kCnksa dk lacaèk fn[kkuk gS]blfy, budk vFkZ ugha gksrk gSA tSlsμus] ls vkfnA
2- ¯gnh dh foHkfDr;k¡ fo'ks"k :i ls loZukeksa osQ lkFk iz;qDr gksus ij izk;% fodkj mRiUu dj muls feytkrh gSaA tSlsμesjk] gekjk] mls] mUgsaA
3- foHkfDr;k¡ izk;% laKkvksa ;k loZukeksa osQ lkFk vkrh gSaA tSlsμeksgu dh nqdku ls ;g pht vk;h gSA
vkxs bu ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
foHkfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx
¯gnh O;kdj.k esa foHkfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx dh fofèk fuf'pr gSA gnh esa nks rjg dh foHkfDr;k¡ gSaμ(1) fof'y"VvkSj (2) laf'y"VA laKkvksa osQ lkFk vkus okyh foHkfDr;k¡ fof'y"V gksrh gSa] vFkkZr~ vyx jgrh gSaA tSlsμjkeus] o`{k ij] yM+dksa dks] yM+fd;ksa osQ fy,A loZukeksa osQ lkFk foHkfDr;k¡ laf'y"V ;k feyh gksrh gSaAtSlsμmldk] fdl ij] rqedks] rqEgsa] rsjk] rqEgkjk] mUgsaA ;gk¡ ;g è;ku j[kuk gS fd rqEgsa&bUgsa esa ^dks* vkSjrsjk&rqEgkjk esa ^dk* foHkfDr fpÉ laf'y"V gSA vr%] ^osQ fy,* tSls nks 'kCnksa dh foHkfDr esa igyk 'kCnlaf'y"V gksxk vkSj nwljk fof'y"V tSlsμrw$js fy,¾rsjs fy,_ rqe$js fy,¾rqEgkjs fy,_ eSa$js fy,¾esjs fy,A
;gk¡ izR;sd dkjd vkSj mldh foHkfDr osQ iz;ksx dk ifjp; mnkgj.k lfgr fn;k tkrk gSA
drkZdkjd
okD; esa tks 'kCn dke djus okys osQ vFkZ esa vkrk gS] mls ^drkZ* dgrs gSaA tSlsμ^eksgu [kkrk gSA* blokD; esa [kkus dk dke ^eksgu* djrk gSA vr%] ^drkZ* eksgu gSA bldh nks foHkfDr;k¡ gSaμus vkSj úA laLÑrdk drkZ gh ¯gnh dk drkZdkjd gSA okD; esa drkZ dk iz;ksx nks :iksa esa gksrk gSμigyk og] ftlesa ^us*foHkfDr ugha yxrh] vFkkZr~ ftlesa fØ;k osQ yx] opu vkSj iq#"k drkZ osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSaA bls vizR;; drkZdkjd* dgrs gSaA bls izèkku drkZ dkjd* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] eksgu [kkrk gSA* ;gk¡ [kkrk gS* fØ;kgS] tks drkZ ^eksgu* osQ ¯yx opu osQ vuqlkj gSA blosQ fy, foijhr tgk¡ fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iq#"kdrkZ osQ vuqlkj u gksdj deZ osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSa] ogk¡ ^us* foHkfDr yxrh gSA bls O;kdj.k esa ^lizR;; drkZdkjd* dgrs gSaA bls ^vizèkku drkZ dkjd* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ^';ke us feBkbZ [kkbZA* bl okD;esa fØ;k ^[kkbZ* deZ ^feBkbZ* osQ vuqlkj vk;h gSA
drkZ osQ ^us* fpÉ dk iz;ksx
drkZ dkjd dh foHkfDr ^us* gSA fcuk foHkfDr osQ Hkh drkZ dkjd dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ^vizR;; drkZ dkjd*esa ^us* dk iz;ksx u gksus osQ dkj.k okD; jpuk esa dksbZ [kkl dfBukbZ ugha gksrhA ^us* dk iz;ksx vfèkdrj^if'peh ¯gnh* esa gksrk gSA cukjl ls iatkc rd blosQ iz;ksx esa yksxksa dks fo'ks"k dfBukbZ ugha gksrh_ D;ksafdbl us* foHkfDr dh l`f"V mèkj gh gqbZ gSA gnh Hkk"kk dh bl foHkfDr ls v¯gnhHkk"kh ?kcjkrs gSaA ysfdu] FkksM+hlkoèkkuh j[kh tk, vkSj bldh O;qRifÙk dks è;ku esa j[kk tk,] rks ;g Li"V gks tk;sxk fd ^^bldk Lo:irFkk iz;ksx tSlk laLÑr esa gS] oSlk ¯gnh esa Hkh gS] ¯gnh esa oSf'k"V~; ugha vk;kA**
[kM+h cksyh ¯gnh esa ^us* fpÉ drkZ dkjd esa laKk&'kCnksa dh ,d fof'y"V foHkfDr gS] ftldh fLFkfr cM+huih&rqyh vkSj Li"V gSA ¯drq] ¯gnh fy[kus esa blosQ iz;ksx dh Hkwysa izk;% gks tk;k djrh gSaA ^us* dk iz;ksxosQoy ¯gnh vkSj mnwZ esa gksrk gSA v¯gnhHkkf"k;ksa dks ^us* osQ iz;ksx esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ns[kuk gS fd ¯gnhHkk"kk esa ^us* dk iz;ksx dgk¡ gksrk gS vkSj dgk¡ ugha gksrkA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
28
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
^us* dk iz;ksx dgk¡ gksrk gS\
1- ^us* dk iz;ksx drkZ osQ lkFk rHkh gksrk gS] tc fØ;k ldeZd rFkk lkekU;Hkwr] vklUuHkwr] iw.kZHkwr]gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr vkSj lafnXèk Hkwrdkyksa dh vkSj drZ`okP; dh gksA
lkekU;Hkwrμjke us jksVh [kk;hA vklUuHkwrμjke us jksVh [kk;h gSA
iw.kZHkwrμjke us jksVh [kk;h FkhA lafnXèkHkwrμjke us jksVh [kk;h gksxhA
gsrqgsrqen~Hkwrμjke us iqLrd i<+h gksrh] rks mÙkj Bhd gksrkA
rkRi;Z ;g fd osQoy viw.kZHkwr dks NksM+ 'ks"k ik¡p Hkwrdkyksa esa ^us* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
2- tc la;qDr fØ;k osQ nksuksa [kaM ldeZd gksa] rks viw.kZHkwr dks NksM+ 'ks"k lHkh Hkwrdkyksa esa drkZ osQ vkxs^us* fpÉ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
';ke us mÙkj dg fn;kA fd'kksj us [kk fy;kA
bu mnkgj.kksa esa dkys Vkbi okyh la;qDr fØ;kvksa osQ nksuksa [kaM ldeZd gSaA
3- lkekU;r% vdeZd fØ;k esa us* foHkfDr ugha yxrh] drq oqQN ,slh vdeZd fØ;k,¡ gSaμtSlsμugkuk]Nhaduk] Fkwduk] [kk¡lukμftuesa us* fpÉ dk iz;ksx vioknLo:i gksrk gSA bu fØ;kvksa osQ ckn deZugha vkrkA tSlsμ
mlus FkwdkA jke us NhadkA
mlus [kk¡lkA mlus ugk;kA
4- tc vdeZd fØ;k ldeZd cu tk, rc ^us* dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] vU;Fkk ughaA tSlsμ
mlus Vs<+h pky pyhA mlus yM+kbZ yM+hA
5- izsj.kkFkZd fØ;kvksa osQ lkFk] viw.kZHkwr dks NksM+ 'ks"k lHkh Hkwrdkyksa esa ^us* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
eSaus mls i<+k;kA mlus ,d #i;k fnyok;kA
^us* dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ugha gksrk\
1- ldeZd fØ;kvksa osQ drkZ osQ lkFk Hkfo";r~dky esa ^us* dk iz;ksx fcyoqQy ugha gksrkA
2- cduk] cksyuk] Hkwyukμ;s fØ;k,¡ ;|fi ldeZd gSa] rFkkfi vioknLo:i lkekU;] vklUu] iw.kZ vkSjlafnXèk Hkwrdkyksa esa drkZ osQ ^us* fpÉ dk O;ogkj ugha gksrkA ;Fkkμog cdk_ eSa cksyk_ og Hkwyk_ eSaHkwyk! gk¡] ^cksyuk* fØ;k esa dgha&dgha ^us* vkrk gSA tSlsμmlus cksfy;k¡ cksyhaA
^og cksfy;k¡ cksyk*μ,slk Hkh fy[kk ;k dgk tk ldrk gSA
3- ;fn la;qDr fØ;k dk vafre [kaM vdeZd gks] rks mlesa ^us* dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA tSlsμ
eSa [kk pqdk gw¡xkA og iqLrd ys vk;kA mls jsfM;ks ys tkuk gSA
4- ftu okD;ksa esa yxuk] tkuk] lduk rFkk pqduk lgk;d fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSa muesa ^us* dks iz;ksx ughagksrkA tSlsμ
og [kkuk pqdkA eSa ikuh ihus yxkA mls iVuk tkuk gSA
deZdkjd
okD; esa fØ;k dk iQy ftl 'kCn ij iM+rk gS] mls deZ dkjd dgrs gSaA bldh foHkfDr ^dks* gSA
deZdkjd dk izR;; fpÉ ^dks* gSA fcuk izR;; osQ ;k vizR;; deZ osQ dkjd dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA blosQfu;e gSaμ
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 29
uksV1- cqykuk] lqykuk] dksluk] iqdkjuk] txkuk] Hkxkuk bR;kfn fØ;kvksa osQ deks± osQ lkFk dks* foHkfDr yxrhgSA tSlsμ
eSaus gfj dks cqyk;kA ek¡ us cPps dks lqyk;kA
'khyk us lkfo=kh dks th Hkj dkslkA firk us iq=k dks iqdkjkA
geus mls (mldks) [kwc lcsjs txk;kA yksxksa us 'kksjxqy djosQ MkoqQvksa dks Hkxk;kA
2- ^ekjuk* fØ;k dk vFkZ tc ^ihVuk* gksrk gS] rc deZ osQ lkFk foHkfDr yxrh gS] ij ;fn mldk vFkZ^f'kdkj djuk* gksrk gS] rks foHkfDr ugha yxrh] vFkkZr~ deZ vizR;; jgrk gSA tSlsμ
yksxksa us pksj dks ekjkA ijμf'kdkjh us ck?k ekjkA
gfj us cSy dks ekjkA ijμeNq, us eNyh ekjhA
3- cgqèkk drkZ esa fo'ks"k drZ`Ro'kfDr trkus osQ fy, deZ lizR;; j[kk tkrk gSA tSlsμeSaus ;g rkykc[kqnok;k gS] eSaus bl rkykc dks [kqnok;k gSA nksuksa okD;ksa esa vFkZ dk varj è;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA igys okD;osQ deZ ls drkZ esa lkèkkj.k drZ`Ro'kfDr dk vkSj nwljs okD; esa deZ ls drkZ esa fo'ks"k drZ`Ro'kfDr dkcksèk gksrk gSA bl rjg osQ vU; okD; gSaμck?k cdjh dks [kk x;k] gfj us gh isM+ dks dkVk gS] yM+osQus iQyksa dks rksM+ fy;k bR;kfnA tgk¡ drkZ esa fo'ks"k drZ`Ro'kfDr dk cksèk djkus dh vko';drk u gks]ogk¡ lHkh LFkkuksa ij deZ dks lizR;; ugha j[kuk pkfg,A blosQ vfrfjDr] tc deZ futhZo oLrq gks]rc dks* dk iz;ksx ugha gksuk pkfg,A tSlsμ^jke us jksVh dks [kk;k* dh vis{kk jke us jksVh [kk;h T;knkvPNk gSA eSa dkWyst dks tk jgk gw¡_ eSa vke dks [kk jgk gw¡_ eSa dksV dks igu jgk gw¡μbu mnkgj.kksa esa^dks* dk iz;ksx Hkík gSA izk;% psru inkFkk±s osQ lkFk ^dks* fpÉ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj vpsru osQ lkFkughaA ij] ;g varj okD;&iz;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
4- deZ lizR;; jgus ij fØ;k lnk iq¯Yyx gksxh] ¯drq vizR;; jgus ij deZ osQ vuqlkjA tSlsμjke usjksVh dks [kk;k (lizR;;)] jke us jksVh [kk;h (vizR;;)A
5- ;fn fo'ks"k.k laKk osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksa] rks deZ esa ^dks* vo'; yxrk gSA tSlsμcM+ksa dks igys vknjnks] NksVksa dks I;kj djksA
dj.k dkjd
okD; esa ftl 'kCn ls fØ;k osQ lacaèk dk cksèk gks] mls dj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA
dj.k dkjd osQ lcls vfèkd izR;;fpÉ gSaA ^us* Hkh dj.k dkjd dk ,slk fpÉ gS] tks dj.k dkjd osQ :iesa laLÑr esa vk;s drkZ osQ fy, ,u* osQ :i esa] deZokP; vkSj HkkookP; esa vkrk gSA drq] gnh dh izÑfr^us* dks lizR;; drkZ dkjd dk gh fpÉ ekurh gSA gnh esa dj.k dkjd osQ vU; fpÉ gSaμls] }kjk] osQ }kjk]osQ tfj,] osQ lkFk] osQ fcuk bR;kfnA bu fpÉksa esa vfèkdrj izpfyr ls*] }kjk*] osQ }kjk* osQ tfj;s* bR;kfngh gSaA ^osQ lkFk*] osQ fcuk* vkfn lkèkukRed ;ksx&fo;ksx trkus okys vO;;ksa osQ dkj.k] lkèkukRed ;ksxcrkus okys ^osQ }kjk* dh gh rjg osQ dj.k dkjd osQ fpÉ gSaA ^dj.k* dk vFkZ gS ^lkèku*A vr%] ^ls* fpÉogha dj.k dkjd dk fpÉ gS tgk¡ ;g ^lkèku* osQ vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksA tSlsμeq>ls ;g dke u lèksxkA ;gk¡^eq>ls* dk vFkZ gS esjs }kjk*] eq> lkèkuHkwr osQ }kjk* ;k eq>&tSls lkèku osQ }kjk*A vr% lkèku* dks bafxrdjus osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ ^eq>ls* dk ^ls* dj.k dk foHkfDr fpÉ gSA viknku dk Hkh foHkfDr fpÉ ^ls* gSA^viknku* dk vFkZ gS ^vyxko dh izkfIr*aA vr%] viknku dk ^ls* fpÉ vyxko osQ laosQr dk izrhd gS]tcfd dj.k dk] viknku osQ foijhr] lkèkuk dk] lkèkuHkwr yxko dkA isM+ ls iQy fxjk*] eSa ?kj ls pyk*vkfn okD;ksa esa ^ls* izR;; ^isM+* dks ;k ?kj dks ^lkèku* ugha fl¼ djrk] cfYd bu nksuksa ls fcyxko fl¼djrk gSA vr%] bu nksuksa okD;ksa esa ^?kj* vkSj ^isM+* osQ vkxs iz;qDr ^ls* foHkfDr fpÉ viknku dkjd dk gSvkSj bu nksuksa 'kCnksa esa yxkdj bUgsa viknku dkjd dk ^in* cukrk gSA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
30
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
dj.k dkjd dk {ks=k vU; lHkh dkjdksa ls foLr`r gSA bl dj.k esa vU; leLr dkjdksa ls NwVs gq, izR;;;k os in tks vU; fdlh dkjd esa vkus ls cp x, gksa] vk tkrs gSaA vr%] bldh oqQN lkekU; igpku vkSjfu;e tku ysuk vko';d gSμ
1- ^ls* dj.k vkSj viknku nksuksa foHkfDr;ksa dk fpÉ gS] ¯drq lkèkuHkwr dk izR;; gksus ij dj.k ekuktk;sxk] tcfd vyxko dk izR;; gksus ij viknku tSlsμ
og oqQYgkM+h ls o`{k dkVrk gSA
eq>s viuh dekbZ ls [kkuk feyrk gSA μdj.k
lkèkqvksa dh laxfr ls cqf¼ lqèkjrh gSA
isM+ ls iQy fxjkA
?kj ls ykSVk gqvk yM+dkA μviknku
Nr ls mrjh gqbZ yrkA
2- ^us* lizR;; drkZ dkjd dk fpÉ gSA ¯drq] ^ls*] ^osQ }kjk* vkSj ^osQ tfj;s* ¯gnh esa izèkkur% dj.kdkjd osQ gh izR;; ekus tkrs gSa % D;ksafd ;s lkjs izR;; ^lkèku* vFkZ dh vksj bafxr djrs gSaA tSlsμ
eq>ls ;g dke u lèksxkA rhj ls ck?k ekj fn;k x;kA
mlosQ }kjk ;g dFkk lquh FkhA esjs }kjk edku <gk;k x;k FkkA
vkiosQ tfj;s gh ?kj dk irk pykA
3- Hkw[k] I;kl] tkM+k] vk¡[k] dku] ik¡o bR;kfn 'kCn ;fn ,dopu] dj.k dkjd esa lizR;; jgrs gSa] rks,dopu gksrs gSa vkSj vizR;; jgrs gSa] rks cgqopuA tSlsμ
og Hkw[k ls cspSu gS_ og Hkw[kksa cspSu gSA
yM+dk I;kl ls ej jgk gS_ yM+dk I;klksa ej jgk gSA
L=kh tkMs+ ls dk¡i jgh gS_ L=kh tkM+ksa dk¡i jgh gSA
eSaus viuh vk¡[k ls ;g ?kVuk ns[kh_ eSaus viuh vk¡[kksa ;g ?kVuk ns[khA
dku ls lquh ckr ij fo'okl ugha djuk dkuksa lquh ckr ij fo'okl ugha djuk
pkfg,_ pkfg,A
yM+dk vc vius ik¡o ls pyrk gS_ yM+dk vc vius ik¡oksa pyrk gSA
laiznku dkjd
ftlosQ fy, oqQN fd;k tk, ;k ftldks oqQN fn;k tk,] bldk cksèk djkus okys 'kCn osQ :i dkslaiznku dkjd dgrs gSaA
1- deZ vkSj laiznku dk ,d gh foHkfDr izR;; gS ^dks*] ij nksuksa osQ vFkks± esa varj gSA laiznku dk ^dks*]^osQ fy,* vO;; osQ LFkku ij ;k mlosQ vFkZ eaas iz;qDr gksrk gS] tcfd deZ osQ ^dks* dk ^osQ fy,*vFkZ ls dksbZ lacaèk ugha gSA uhps fy[ks okD;ksa ij è;ku nhft,A
deZμgfj eksgu dks ekjrk gSA laiznkuμgfj eksgu dks #i;s nsrk gSA
deZμmlosQ yM+osQ dks cqyk;kA laiznkuμmlus yM+osQ dks feBkb;k¡ nhaA
deZμek¡ us cPps dks [ksyrs ns[kkA laiznkuμek¡ us cPps dks f[kykSus [kjhnsA
2- lkèkkj.kr% ftls oqQN fn;k tkrk gS ;k ftlosQ fy, dksbZ dke fd;k tkrk gS] og in laiznku dkjddk gksrk gSA tSlsμ
Hkw[kksa dks vUu nsuk pkfg, vkSj I;klksa dks tyA xq# gh f'k"; dks Kku nsrk gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 31
uksV3- ^osQ fgr*] ^osQ okLrs*] ^osQ fufeÙk* vkfn izR;; okys vO;; Hkh laiznku dkjd osQ izR;; gSaA tSlsμ
jke osQ fgr y{e.k ou x;s FksA
rqylh osQ okLrs gh tSls jke us vorkj fy;kA
esjs fufeÙk gh bZ'oj dh dksbZ Ñik ughaA
viknku dkjd
laKk osQ ftl :i ls fdlh oLrq osQ vyx gksus dk Hkko izdV gksrk gS] mls viknku dkjd dgrs gSaA
ftl 'kCn esa viknku dkjd dh foHkfDr yxrh gS] mlls fdlh nwljh oLrq osQ i`Fko~Q gksus dk cksèk gksrk gSAtSlsμ
fgeky; ls xaxk fudyrh gSA og ?kj ls ckgj vk;kA
eksgu us ?kMs+ ls ikuh <kykA fcYyh Nr ls owQn iM+hA
yM+dk isM+ ls fxjkA pwgk fcy ls ckgj fudykA
dj.k vkSj viknku osQ ^ls* izR;; esa vFkZ dk varj dj.k dkjd osQ izlax esa crk;k tk pqdk gSA
lacaèk dkjd
laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls fdlh vU; 'kCn osQ lkFk lacaèk ;k yxko izrhr gks] mls lacaèk dkjddgrs gSaA
1- lacaèk dkjd dk foHkfDr fpÉ ^dk* gSA opu vkSj ¯yx osQ vuqlkj bldh foÑfr ^osQ* vkSj ^dh* gSAbl dkjd ls vfèkdkj drZ`Ro] dk;Z&dkj.k] eksy&Hkko] ifjek.k bR;kfn dk cksèk gksrk gSA tSlsμ
vfèkdkjμjke dh fdrkc] ';ke dk ?kjA
dr`ZRoμizsepan osQ miU;kl] Hkkjrsanq osQ ukVdA
dk;Z&dkj.kμpk¡nh dh Fkkyh] lksus dk xgukA
eksy&Hkkoμ,d #i, dk pkoy] ik¡p #i, dk ?khA
ifjek.kμpkj Hkj dk gkj] lkS ehy dh nwjh] ik¡p gkFk dh ykBhA
nz"VO;μcgqèkk lacaèk dkjd dh foHkfDr osQ LFkku esa ^okyk* izR;; Hkh yxrk gSA tSlsμjkeokyh fdrkc]';keokyk ?kj] izsepanokys miU;kl] pk¡nhokyh Fkkyh bR;kfnA
2- lacaèk dkjd dh foHkfDr;ksa }kjk oqQN eqgkojsnkj iz;ksx Hkh gksrs gSaA tSlsμ
(v) fnu osQ fnu] eghus osQ eghus] gksyh dh gksyh] nhokyh dh nhokyh] jkr dh jkr] nksigj osQnksigj bR;kfnA
(vk) dku dk dPpk] ckr dk iDdk] vk¡[k dk vaèkk] xk¡B dk iwjk] ckr dk èkuh] fny dk lPpkbR;kfnA
(b) og vc vkus dk ugha] eSa vc tkus dk ugha] og fVdus dk ugha bR;kfnA
3- nwljs dkjdksa osQ vFkZ esa Hkh lacaèk dkjd dh foHkfDr yxrh gSA tSlsμtUe dk fHk[kkjh¾tUe ls fHk[kkjh(dj.k)] fgeky; dk p<+uk¾fgeky; ij p<+uk (vfèkdj.k)
4- lacaèk] vfèkdkj vkSj nsus osQ vFkZ esa cgqèkk lacaèk dkjd dh foHkfDr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
gfj dks cky&cPpk ugha gSA jke osQ cgu gqbZ gSA jktk osQ vk¡[ksa ugha gksrha] osQoy dku gksrs gSaA jko.kus foHkh"k.k osQ ykr ekjhA czkã.k dks nf{k.kk nksA
5- loZuke dh fLFkfr esa lacaèk dkjd dk izR;; jk&js&jh vkSj uk&us&uh gks tkrk gSA tSlsμ
esjk yM+dk] esjh yM+dh] rqEgkjk ?kj] rqEgkjh ixM+h] viuk Hkjkslk] viuh jksthA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
32
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
vfèkdj.k dkjd
fØ;k ;k vkèkkj dks lwfpr djus okyh laKk ;k loZuke osQ Lo:i dks vfèkdj.k dkjd dgrs gSaA
1- dHkh&dHkh ^esa* osQ vFkZ esa ^ij* vkSj ^ij* osQ vFkZ esa ^esa* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
rqEgkjs ?kj ij pkj vkneh gSa¾?kj esaA nwdku ij dksbZ ugha Fkk¾nwdku esaA uko ty esa rSjrh gS¾ty ijA
2- dHkh&dHkh vfèkdj.k dkjd dh foHkfDr;ksa dk yksi Hkh gks tkrk gSA tSlsμ
bu fnuksa og iVus gSA og laè;k le; xaxk&fdukjs tkrk gSA
og }kj&}kj Hkh[k ek¡xrk pyrk gSA yM+osQ njokts&njokts ?kwe jgs gSaA
ftl le; og vk;k Fkk] ml le; eSa ugha FkkA ml txg ,d lHkk gksus tk jgh gSA
3- fdukjs] vkljs vkSj fnuksa tSls in Lo;a lizR;; vfèkdj.k dkjd osQ gSa vkSj ;gk¡] ogk¡] le; vkfn inksadk vFkZ lizR;; vfèkdj.k dkjd dk gSA vr%] bu inksa dh fLFkfr esa vfèkdj.k dkjd dk izR;; ughayxrkA blosQ mnkgj.k fn;s tk pqosQ gSaA
lacksèku dkjd
laKk osQ ftl :i ls fdlh osQ iqdkjus ;k laosQr djus dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gS] mls lacksèku dkjddgrs gSaA tSlsμgs Hkxoku~! esjh j{kk dhft,A bl okD; esa ^gs Hkxoku~* ls iqdkjus dk cksèk gksrk gSA lacksèkudkjd dh dksbZ foHkfDr ugha gksrh gSA bls izdV djus osQ fy, gs*] vjs*] js* vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- okD; esa ftl 'kCn ls fØ;k osQ lacaèk dk cksèk gks] mls dgrs gSaμ
(d) dj.k dkjd ([k) drkZ dkjd (x) lacaèk dkjd (?k) viknku dkjd
6- fganh esa dkjd ------------------------- gSaA
(d) Ng ([k) ik¡p (x) vkB (?k) nl
7- ^ls* foHkfDr fpÉ gSμ
(d) viknku dkjd dk ([k) lacaèk dkjd dk (x) nksuksa dk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8- fganh esa nks izdkj dh foHkfDr;k¡ gSaμfof'y"V vkSj -------------------------A
(d) laf'y"V ([k) fof'k"V (x) vof'k"V (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
1-6 in ifjp;
'kCn vkSj inμokD; ls vyx jgus okys 'kCnksa dks ^'kCn* dgrs gSa] ¯drq tc fdlh okD; esa fijksfn;s tkrs gSa] rc ^in* dgykrs gSaA tc okD; osQ varxZr 'kCnksa esa foHkfDr;k¡ yxrh gSa] rc os ^in* cutkrs gSaA ^in* vFkZ laosQfrr djrk gSA ^'kCn* lkFkZd vkSj fujFkZd nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA
^in&ifjp;* fdls dgrs gSa\
^in&ifjp;* dk vFkZ gksrk gS inksa dk vUo;] vFkkZr~ fo'ys"k.kA ¯gnh O;kdj.k esa blosQ fofHkUu ukefn;s x;s gSa_ ;Fkkμ^inkUo;*] infunsZ'k*] infu.kZ;*] in&foU;kl*] inPNsn* bR;kfnA ;s lHkh in&ifjp;*osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSaA in&ifjp;* esa okD;ksa esa iz;qDr lkFkZd 'kCnksa vFkok inksa dh O;kdj.klEer fo'ks"krk,¡crk;h tkrh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bls ge ;ksa dg ldrs gSa fd okD; osQ izR;sd in dks vyx&vyx dj
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 33
uksVmldk Lo:i vkSj nwljs in ls lacaèk crkuk ^in&ifjp;* dgykrk gSA ;gk¡ ,d rjg ls lkjs O;kdj.kdk lkj:i j[k nsuk iM+rk gSA blls Nk=kksa osQ leLr O;kdjf.kd Kku dh ijh{kk gks tkrh gSA izeq[k inksa osQvUo; dk lkekU; ifjp; bl izdkj gSμ
VkLd fganh esa dkjd fdrus izdkj osQ gSa\
laKk dk in&ifjp;
laKkinksa dk vUo; djrs le; laKk] mldk Hksn] yx] opu] dkjd vkSj vU; inksa dk ifjp; nsrs gq, vU;inksa ls mldk lacaèk Hkh fn[kkuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.kμjke dgrk gS fd eSa eksgu dh iqLrosaQ i<+ ldrk gw¡A
blesa ^jke*] ^eksgu* vkSj ^iqLrosaQ* rhu laKkin gSaA budk inkUo; bl izdkj gksxkμ
jkeμlaKk] O;fDrokpd] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] drkZ dkjd] ^dgrk gS* fØ;k dk drkZA
eksguμlaKk] O;fDrokpd] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] lacaèk dkjd] bldk lacaèk ^iqLrosaQ* ls gSA
iqLrosaQμlaKk] tkfrokpd] L=kh¯yx] cgqopu] deZ dkjd] ^i<+ ldrk gw¡* fØ;k dk deZA
1-7 lkjka'k (Summary)
^laKk* ml fodkjh 'kCn dks dgrs gSa] ftlls fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq] Hkko vkSj tho osQ uke dk cksèk gksAoLrq osQ varxZr izk.kh] inkFkZ vkSj èkeZ vkrs gSaA bUgha osQ vkèkkj ij laKk osQ Hksn fd;s x;s gSaA
¯gnh O;kdj.k esa laKk osQ eq[;r% ik¡p Hksn gSaμ(1) O;fDrokpd] (2) tkfrokpd] (3) Hkkookpd](4) lewgokpd vkSj (5) nzO;okpdA ia- xq# osQ vuqlkj] ^^lewgokpd dk lekos'k O;fDrokpdrFkk tkfrokpd esa vkSj nzO;okpd dk lekos'k tkfrokpd esa gks tkrk gSA**
laKk fodkjh 'kCn gSA fodkj 'kCn:iksa dks ifjofrZr vFkok :ikarfjr djrk gSA laKk osQ :i yx] opuvkSj dkjd fpÉksa (ijlxZ) osQ dkj.k cnyrs gSaA
'kCn dh tkfr dks ¯yx dgrs gSaA laKk osQ ftl :i ls O;fDr ;k oLrq dh uj ;k eknk tkfr dk cksèkgks] mls O;kdj.k esa ¯yx* dgrs gSaA ¯yx* laLÑr Hkk"kk dk ,d 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS fpÉ*;k ^fu'kku*A
laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls la[;k dk cksèk gks] mls ^opu* dgrs gSaA ^opu*dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSμ^la[;kopu*A
laKk ;k loZuke osQ ftl :i ls okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk mudk (laKk ;k loZuke dk) lacaèklwfpr gks] mls (ml :i dks) dkjd* dgrs gSaA gnh esa dkjd vkB gSa vkSj dkjdksa osQ cksèk osQ fy,laKk ;k loZuke osQ vkxs tks izR;; (fpÉ) yxk;s tkrs gSa] mUgsa O;kdj.k esa ^foHkfDr;k¡* dgrs gSaA
'kCn vkSj inμokD; ls vyx jgus okys 'kCnksa dks 'kCn* dgrs gSa] drq tc fdlh okD; esa fijks fn;stkrs gSa] rc ^in* dgykrs gSaA ^'kCn* lkFkZd vkSj fujFkZd nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA
bdkbZ 1 % laKk dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
34
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
1-8 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
b'rgkj μ foKkiu
fofu;e μ vknku&iznku
vkdyu μ ewY;kadu
1-9 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- laKk osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ mYys[k dhft,A
2- nzO;okpd laKk dks mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A
3- dkjd fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\ fyf[k,A
4- in&ifjp; fdls dgrs gSa\ laKk dk in&ifjp; nhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- nzO;okpd 2- dkjd fpÉksa (ijlxZ) 3- izR;; 4- lewgokpd laKk
5- (x) 6- (d) 7- ([k) 8- (d)A
1-10 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vk/qfud ¯gnh O;kdj.k ,oa jpukμMkW- oklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ¯gnh O;kdj.kμc`tfd'kksj izlkn ¯lg] ueu izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμMkW- ehuk{kh vxzoky] jk/kÑ".k izdk'kuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 35
uksV
bdkbZμ2 % loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
2-1 loZuke osQ Hksn
2-1-1 iq#"kokpd loZuke
2-1-2 futokpd loZuke
2-1-3 fu'p;okpd loZuke
2-1-4 vfu'p;okpd loZuke
2-1-5 lacaèkokpd loZuke
2-1-6 iz'uokpd loZuke
2-2 loZuke osQ :ikarj (fyax] opu vkSj dkjd)
2-3 loZuke dh dkjd&jpuk (:i&jpuk)
2-4 loZuke dk in&ifjp;
2-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
2-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
2-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
2-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● loZuke osQ Hksn tkuus esaA
● loZuke osQ :ikarj tkuus esaA
● loZuke dk in&ifjp; tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
^loZuke* ml fodkjh 'kCn dks dgrs gSa] tks iwokZijlacaèk ls fdlh Hkh laKk osQ cnys vkrk gS (μiaúdkerkizlkn xqjQ)A tSlsμeSa] rqe] og] ;g bR;kfnA loZ (lc) ukeksa (laKkvksa) osQ cnys tks 'kCn vkrs gSa]mUgsa ^loZuke* dgrs gSaA laKk dh vis{kk loZuke dh foy{k.krk ;g gS fd laKk ls tgk¡ mlh oLrq dk cksèkgksrk gS] ftldk og (laKk) uke gS] ogk¡ loZuke esa iwokZijlacaèk osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh oLrq dk cksèk gksrkgSA ^yM+dk* dgus ls osQoy yM+osQ dk cksèk gksrk gS] ?kj] lM+d vkfn dk cksèk ugha gksrk_ ¯drq ^og* dgusls iwokZijlacaèk osQ vuqlkj gh fdlh oLrq dk cksèk gksrk gSA
bdkbZ 2 % loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnReeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
2-1 loZuke osQ Hksn
fganh esa oqQy X;kjg loZuke gSaμeSa] rw] vki] ;g] og] tks] lks] dksbZ] oqQN] dkSu] D;kA iz;ksx osQ vuqlkjloZuke osQ Ng Hksn gSa] tks bl izdkj gSaμ
loZuke
↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
iqjQ"kokpd futokpd fu'p;okpd vfu'p;okpd lacaèkokpd iz'uokpd↓
↓ ↓ ↓mÙkeiqjQ"k eè;eiqjQ"k vU;iqjQ"k
2-1-1 iq#"kokpd loZuke
^iq#"kokpd loZuke* iq#"kksa (L=kh ;k iq#"k) osQ uke osQ cnys vkrs gSaA mÙkeiqjQ"k esa ys[kd ;k oDrkvkrk gS] eè;eiqjQ"k esa ikBd ;k Jksrk vkSj vU;iqjQ"k esa ys[kd vkSj Jksrk dks NksM+ vU; yksx vkrs gSaA blosQrhu Hksn gSaμ
mÙkeiq#"kμeSa] geA
eè;eiq#"kμrw] rqe] vkiA
vU;iq#"kμog] os] ;g] ;sA
uksV~l loZ (lc) ukeksa (laKkvksa) osQ cnys tks 'kCn vkrs gSa] mUgsa loZuke dgrs gSaA
2-1-2 futokpd loZuke
^futokpd loZuke* dk :i ^vki* gSA ysfdu] iqjQ"kokpd osQ vU;iqjQ"k okys ^vki* ls bldk iz;ksxfcyoqQy vyx gSA ;g drkZ dk cksèkd gS] ij Lo;a drkZ dk dke ugha djrkA iqjQ"kokpd ^vki* cgqopuesa vknj osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA tSlsμvki esjs flj&vk¡[kksa ij gSa_ vki D;k jk; nsrs gSa\ ¯drq] futokpd^vki* ,d gh rjg nksuksa opuksa esa vkrk gS vkSj rhuksa iqjQ"kksa esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA futokpdloZuke ^vki* dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr vFkks± esa gksrk gSμ
(d) futokpd ^vki* dk iz;ksx fdlh laKk ;k loZuke osQ voèkkj.k (fu'p;) osQ fy, gksrk gSA tSlsμeSavki ogha ls vk;k gw¡_ eSa vki ogh dk;Z dj jgk gw¡A
([k) futokpd ^vki* dk iz;ksx nwljs O;fDr osQ fujkdj.k osQ fy, Hkh gksrk gSA tSlsμmUgksaus eq>s jgus dksdgk vkSj vki pyrs cus_ og vkSjksa dks ugha] vius dks lqèkkj jgk gSA
(x) loZlkèkkj.k osQ vFkZ esa Hkh ^vki* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμvki Hkyk rks tx Hkyk_ vius ls cM+ksa dkvknj djuk mfpr gSA
(?k) voèkkj.k osQ vFkZ esa dHkh&dHkh vki* osQ lkFk gh* tksM+k tkrk gSA tSlsμeSa vki gh pyk vkrk Fkk_;g dke vki gh gks x;k_ eSa ;g dke vki gh dj yw¡xkA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 37
uksV2-1-3 fu'p;okpd loZuke
ftl loZuke ls oDrk osQ ikl ;k nwj dh fdlh oLrq osQ fu'p; dk cksèk gksrk gS] mls fu'p;okpdloZuke* dgrs gSaA tSlsμ;g] ogA mnkgj.kkFkZμikl dh oLrq osQ fy,μ;g dksbZ u;k dke ugha gS_ nwj dhoLrq osQ fy,μjksVh er [kkvks] D;ksafd og tyh gSA
2-1-4 vfu'p;okpd loZuke
ftl loZuke ls fdlh fuf'pr oLrq dk cksèk u gks] mls ^vfu'p;okpd loZuke* dgrs gSaAtSlsμdksbZ] oqQNA mnkgj.kkFkZμdksbZμ,slk u gks fd dksbZ vk tk,_ oqQNμmlus oqQN ugha [kk;kA
2-1-5 lacaèkokpd loZuke
ftl loZuke ls okD; esa fdlh nwljs loZuke ls lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k tk,] mls lacaèkokpd loZuke*dgrs gSaA tSlsμtk s] lksA mnkgj.kkFkZμog dkSu gS] tks iM+k jks jgk gS_ og tks u djs] lks FkksM+kA
2-1-6 iz'uokpd loZuke
iz'u djus osQ fy, ftu loZukeksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] mUgsa ^iz'uokpd loZuke* dgrs gSaA tSlsμdkSu]D;kA mnkgj.kkFkZμdkSu vkrk gS\ rqe D;k [kk jgs gks\
è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd dkSu* dk iz;ksx psru thoksa osQ fy, vkSj D;k* dk iz;ksx tM+ inkFkks± osQ fy, gksrk gSA
la;qDr loZuke
:l osQ fganh oS;kdj.k MkWú nhef'kRl us ,d vkSj izdkj osQ loZuke dk mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj mls ^la;qDrloZuke* dgk gSA mUgha osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^la;qDr loZuke] i`Fko~Q Js.kh osQ loZuke gSaA loZuke osQ lc Hksnksa lsbudh fHkUurk blfy, gS] D;ksafd muesa ,d 'kCn ugha] cfYd ,d ls vfèkd 'kCn gksrs gSaA la;qDr loZukeLora=k :i ls ;k laKk&'kCnksa osQ lkFk Hkh iz;qDr gksrk gSA** oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaμtks dksbZ] lc dksbZ]gj dksbZ] vkSj dksbZ] dksbZ vkSj] tks oqQN] lc oqQN] vkSj oqQN] oqQN vkSj] dksbZ ,d] ,d dksbZ] oqQN ,d] oqQNHkh] dksbZ&u&dksbZ] oqQN&u&oqQN] oqQN&oqQN] dksbZ&dksbZ bR;kfnA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fganh esa oqQy X;kjg loZuke gSaμ eSa] rw] vki] ;g] og] tks] lks] dksbZ] oqQN]dkSu] D;kA
2-2 loZuke osQ :ikarj (¯yx] opu vkSj dkjd)
loZuke dk :ikarj iqjQ"k] opu vkSj dkjd dh n`f"V ls gksrk gSA buesa ¯yxHksn osQ dkj.k :ikarj ugha gksrkAtSlsμ
og [kkrk gSA
og [kkrh gSA
laKkvksa osQ leku loZuke osQ Hkh nks opu gksrs gSaμ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA iqjQ"kokpd vkSj fu'p;okpdloZuke dks NksM+ 'ks"k loZuke foHkfDrjfgr cgqopu esa ,dopu osQ leku jgrs gSaA
loZuke esa osQoy lkr dkjd gksrs gSaA lacksèku dkjd ugha gksrkA
bdkbZ 2 % loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
dkjdksa dh foHkfDr;k¡ yxus ls loZukeksa osQ :i esa foÑfr vk tkrh gSA tSlsμ
eSaμeq>dks] eq>s] eq>ls] esjk_ rqeμrqEgsa] rqEgkjk_ geμgesa] gekjk_ ogμmlus] mldks] mls] mlls] mlesa]mUgksaus] mudks_ ;gμblus] bls] blls] bUgksaus] budks] bUgsa] buls_ dkSuμfdlus] fdldks] fdlsA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- laKkvksa osQ leku loZuke osQ Hkh nks opu gksrs gSaμ -------------------------A
2- fut loZuke dk :i ------------------------- gSA
3- mÙkeiq#"k esa ys[kd ;k ------------------------- vkrk gSA
4- eè;iq#"k esa ikBd ;k ------------------------- vkrs gSaA
2-3 loZuke dh dkjd&jpuk (:i&jpuk)
eSa (mÙkeiqjQ"k)
dkjd ,dopu cgqopu
drkZ eSa] eSaus ge] geus
deZ eq>s] eq>dks gesa] gedks
dj.k eq>ls gels
laiznku eq>s] esjs fy, gesa] gekjs fy,
viknku eq>ls gels
lacaèk esjk] esjs] esjh gekjk] gekjs] gekjh
vfèkdj.k eq>esa] eq>ij geesa] geij
rw (eè;eiqjQ"k)
dkjd ,dopu cgqopu
drkZ rw] rwus rqe] rqeus] rqeyksxksa us
deZ rq>dks] rq>s rqEgsa] rqeyksxksa dks
dj.k rq>ls] rsjs }kjk rqels] rqEgkjs ls] rqeyksxksa ls
lEiznku rq>dks] rsjs fy,] rq>s rqEgsa] rqEgkjs fy,] rqeyksxksa osQ fy,
viknku rq>ls rqels] rqeyksxksa ls
lacaèk rsjk] rsjh] rsjs rqEgkjk&jh] rqeyksxksa dk&dh
vfèkdj.k rq>esa] rq>ij rqeesa] rqeyksxksa esa&ij
og (vU;iqjQ"k)
dkjd ,dopu cgqopu
drkZ og] mlus os] mUgksaus
deZ mls] mldks mUgsa] mudks
dj.k mlls] mlosQ }kjk muls] muosQ }kjk
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 39
uksVdkjd ,dopu cgqopu
laiznku mldks] mls] mlosQ fy, mudks] mUgsa] muosQ fy,
viknku mlls muls
lacaèk mldk] mldh] mlosQ mudk] mudh] muosQ
vfèkdj.k mlesa] mlij muesa] muij
vki (vknjlwpd)
dkjd ,dopu cgqopu
drkZ vkius vkiyksxksa us
deZ vkidks vkiyksxksa dks
dj.k vkils vkiyksxksa ls
laiznku vkidks] osQ fy, vkiyksxksa dks] osQ fy,
viknku vkils vkiyksxksa ls
lEcUèk vkidk] dh] osQ vkiyksxksa dk] dh] osQ
vfèkdj.k vkiesa] ij vkiyksxksa esa] ij
;g (fudVorhZ)
dkjd ,dopu cgqopu
drkZ ;g] blus ;s] bUgksaus
deZ bldks] bls ;s] budks] bUgsa
dj.k blls buls
laiznku bls] bldks bUgsa] budks
viknku blls buls
lacaèk bldk] dh] osQ budk] dh] osQ
vfèkdj.k blesa] blij buesa] buij
dksbZ (vfu'p;okpd)
dkjd ,dopu cgqopu
drkZ dksbZ] fdlus fdUgha us
deZ fdlh dks fdUgha dks
dj.k fdlh ls fdUgha ls
laiznku fdlh dks] fdlh osQ fy, fdUgha dks] fdUgha osQ fy,
viknku fdlh ls fdUgha ls
lacaèk fdlh dk] fdlh dh] fdlh osQ fdUgha dk] fdUgha dh] fdUgha osQ
vfèkdj.k fdlh esa] fdlh ij fdUgha esa] fdUghas ij
bdkbZ 2 % loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
40
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- loZuke esa osQoy ------------------------- dkjd gksrs gSaA
(d) lkr ([k) vkB (x) pkj (?k) nks
6- ^la;qDr loZuke* ------------------------- Js.kh osQ loZuke gSaA
(d) f}rh; ([k) i`Fko~Q (x) izFkd (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
7- loZuke dk :ikarj iq#"k] opu vkSj ------------------------- ls gksrk gSA
(d) dkjd dh n`f"V ([k) laKk dh n`f"V (x) opu dh n`f"V (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8- dkjdksa dh foHkfDr;k¡ yxus ls loZukeksa osQ :i esa ------------------------- vk tkrh gSA
(d) lqanjrk ([k) foÑfr
(x) nksuksa (?k) nksukas esa ls dksbZ ugha
2-4 loZuke dk in&ifjp;
loZuke dk in&ifjp; djrs le; loZuke] loZuke dk Hksn] iqjQ"k] ¯yx] opu] dkjd vkSj vU; inksa lsmldk lacaèk crkuk iM+rk gSA
mnkgj.kμog viuk dke djrk gSA
bl okD; esa] ^og* vkSj ^viuk* loZuke gSA budk in&ifjp; gksxkμ
ogμiqjQ"kokpd loZuke] vU; iqjQ"k] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] drkZdkjd] ^djrk gS* fØ;k dk drkZA
viukμfutokpd loZuke] vU;iqjQ"k] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] lacaèkdkjd] ^dke* laKk dk fo'ks"k.kA
VkLd iz'uokpd loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk crkb,A
2-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
loZ (lc) ukeksa (laKkvksa) osQ cnys tks 'kCn vkrs gSa] mUgsa loZuke* dgrs gSaA laKk dh vis{kk loZukedh foy{k.krk ;g gS fd laKk ls tgk¡ mlh oLrq dk cksèk gksrk gS] ftldk og (laKk) uke gS] ogk¡loZuke esa iwokZijlacaèk osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh oLrq dk cksèk gksrk gSA
iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gSa] tks bl izdkj gSaμ
1- iqjQ"kokpd 2- futokpd 3- fu'p;okpd 4- vfu'p;okpd 5- lacaèkokpd 6- iz'uokpdA
loZuke dk :ikarj iqjQ"k] opu vkSj dkjd dh n`f"V ls gksrk gSA buesa ¯yxHksn osQ dkj.k :ikarj ughagksrkA
laKkvksa osQ leku loZuke osQ Hkh nks opu gksrs gSaμ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA iqjQ"kokpd vkSjfu'p;okpd loZuke dks NksM+ 'ks"k loZuke foHkfDr jfgr cgqopu esa ,dopu osQ leku jgrs gSaA
loZuke esa osQoy lkr dkjd gksrs gSaA lacksèku dkjd ugha gksrkA dkjdksa dh foHkfDr;k¡ yxus ls loZukeksaosQ :i esa foÑfr vk tkrh gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 41
uksV2-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
i`Fko~Q μ vyx
la;qDr μ feyk gqvk
iz;qDr μ iz;ksx fd;k gqvk
2-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- loZuke osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu dhft,A
2- fu'p;okpd vkSj vfu'p;okpd loZuke esa varj Li"V dhft,A
3- ¯yx] opu vkSj dkjd dh ifjHkk"kk lfgr ,d&,d mnkgj.k nhft,A
4- loZuke dk in&ifjp; nhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- ,dopu vkSj cgqopu 2- vki 3- oDrk 4- Jksrk
5- (d) 6- ([k) 7- (d) 8- ([k)A
2-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- ljy ¯gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpukμoklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ifj"Ñr ¯gnh O;kdj.kμcnzhukFk diwj] izHkkr izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
bdkbZ 2 % loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
42
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZμ3 % fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
3-1 fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksn
3-1-1 lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k
3-1-2 xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
3-1-3 la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
3-2 izfo'ks"k.k
3-3 :i&jpuk
3-4 fo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp;
3-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
3-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
3-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
3-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksn tkuus esaA
● izfo'ks"k.k dks tkuus esaA
● fo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp; tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
tks laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crk,] mls ^fo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSaA ftldh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tk,] og^fo'ks";* dgykrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fo'ks"k.k ,d ,slk fodkjh 'kCn gS] tks gj gkyr esa laKk ;k loZukedh fo'ks"krk crkrk gSA
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fo'ks"k.kjfgr laKk ls ftl oLrq dk cksèk gksrk gS] fo'ks"k.k yxus ij mldk vFkZ lhfergks tkrk gSA tSls] ^?kksM+k* laKk ls ?kksM+k&tkfr osQ lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk cksèk gksrk gS] ij ^dkyk ?kksM+k* dgus lsosQoy dkys ?kksM+s dk cksèk gksrk gS] lHkh rjg osQ ?kksM+ksa dk ughaA ;gk¡ ^dkyk* fo'ks"k.k ls ^?kksM+k* laKk dhO;kfIr e;kZfnr (lhfer) gks x;h gSA oqQN oS;kdj.kksa us fo'ks"k.k dks laKk dk ,d miHksn ekuk gS_ D;ksafdfo'ks"k.k Hkh oLrq dk ijks{k uke gSA ysfdu] ,slk ekuuk Bhd ugha_ D;ksafd fo'ks"k.k dk mi;ksx laKk osQ fcukugha gks ldrkA
Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 43
uksV3-1 fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksn
xq.k] la[;k vkSj ifjek.k osQ vkèkkj ij fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksnksa dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj gSμ
fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksn↓
↓ ↓ ↓lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
↓ ↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
ekSfyd lkoZukfed ;kSfxd lkoZukfed fuf'pr vfuf'pr ifjek.kcksèkdfo'ks"k.k fo'ks"k.k la[;kokpd la[;kokpd
↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
x.kukokpd Øeokpd vko`fÙkokpd leqnk;okpd izR;sdcksèkd↓
↓ ↓iw.kk±dcksèkd viw.kk±dcksèkd
uksV~l tks laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crk, mls ^fo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSaA
3-1-1 lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k
iq#"kokpd vkSj futokpd loZuke (eSa] rw] og) osQ flok vU; loZuke tc fdlh laKk osQ igysvkrs gSa] rc os ^lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k* dgykrs gSaA tSlsμog ukSdj ugha vk;k_ ;g ?kksM+k vPNk gSA ;gk¡^ukSdj* vkSj ^?kksM+k* laKkvksa osQ igys fo'ks"k.k osQ :i esa ^og* vkSj ^;g* loZuke vk, gSaA vr%] ;slkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k gSaA O;qRifÙk osQ vuqlkj lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k osQ Hkh nks Hksn gSaμ(1) ekSfyd lkoZukfedfo'ks"k.kμtks fcuk :ikarj osQ laKk osQ igys vkrk gSA tSlsμ;g ?kj_ og yM+dk_ dksbZ ukSdj bR;kfnA(2) ;kSfxd lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.kμtks ewy loZukeksa esa izR;; yxkus ls curs gSaA tSlsμ,slk vkneh_ oSQlk?kj_ tSlk ns'k bR;kfnA
3-1-2 xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k
ftl 'kCn ls laKk dk xq.k] n'kk] LoHkko vkfn yf{kr gks] mls ^xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSaAfo'ks"k.kksa esa budh la[;k lcls vfèkd gSA buosQ oqQN eq[; :i bl izdkj gSaμ
dkyμu;k] iqjkuk] rktk] Hkwr] orZeku] Hkfo";] izkphu] vxyk] fiNyk] ekSleh] vkxkeh] fVdkmQA
LFkkuμmtkM+] pkSjl] Hkhrjh] ckgjh] mQijh] lrgh] iwjch] ifN;k¡] nk;k¡] ck;k¡] LFkkuh;] ns'kh;] {ks=kh;] vleh]iatkch] vesfjdh] Hkkjrh;A
vkdkjμxksy] pkSdksj] lqMkSy] leku] ihyk] lqanj] uqdhyk] yack] pkSM+k] lhèkk] frjNkA
jaxμyky] ihyk] uhyk] gjk] lisQn] dkyk] cSaxuh] lqugjk] pedhyk] èkq¡èkyk] iQhdkA
n'kkμnqcyk] iryk] eksVk] Hkkjh] fi?kyk] xk<+k] xhyk] lw[kk] ?kuk] xjhc] m|eh] ikyrw] jksxhA
bdkbZ 3 % fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
xq.kμHkyk] cqjk] mfpr] vuqfpr] lPpk] >wBk] ikih] nkuh] U;k;h] nq"V] lhèkk] 'kkarA
nz"VO;μxq.kokpd fo'ks"k.kksa esa ^lk* lkn`';okpd in tksM+dj xq.kksa dks de Hkh fd;k tkrk gSAtSlsμcM+k&lk] m¡Qph&lh] ihyk&lk] NksVh&lhA
3-1-3 la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k
ftu 'kCnksa ls laKk ;k loZuke dh la[;k yf{kr gksrh gks] mls ^la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSaAtSlsμpkj ?kksM+s] rhl fnu]] oqQN yksx] lc yM+osQ bR;kfnA ;gk¡ pkj] rhl] oqQN vkSj lcμla[;kokpdfo'ks"k.k gSaA
la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k osQ rhu eq[; Hksn gSaμ(1) fuf'pr la[;kokpd] (2) vfuf'pr la[;kokpd](3) ifjek.kcksèkdA igys izdkj osQ fo'ks"k.k ls oLrq dh fuf'pr la[;k dk cksèk gksrk gSA tSlsμ,dyM+dk] iphl #i;s vkfnA nwljh rjg osQ fo'ks"k.k esa oLrq dh la[;k vfuf'pr jgrh gSA tSlsμoqQN yksx]lc yksxA
iz;ksx osQ vuqlkj fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k osQ fuEukafdr izdkj gSaμ
(d) x.kukokpd fo'ks"k.kμ,d] nks] rhuA
([k) Øeokpd fo'ks"k.kμigyk] nwljk] rhljkA
(x) vko`fÙkokpd fo'ks"k.kμnwuk] frxquk] pkSxqukA
(?k) leqnk;okpd fo'ks"k.kμnksuksa] rhuksa] pkjksaA
(Ä) izR;sdcksèkd fo'ks"k.kμizR;sd] gj&,d] nks&nks] lok&lokA
x.kukokpd la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k osQ Hkh nks Hksn gSaμ(1) iw.kk±dcksèkd fo'ks"k.kA tSlsμ,d] nks] pkj] lkS]gtkjA (2) viw.kk±dcksèkd fo'ks"k.kA tSlsμiko] vkèk] ikSu] lokA iw.kk±dcksèkd fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa esa fy[ks tkrsgSa ;k vadksa esaA cM+h&cM+h fuf'pr la[;k,¡ vadkssa esa vkSj NksVh&NksVh rFkk cM+h&cM+h vfuf'pr la[;k,¡'kCnksa esa fy[kuh pkfg,A
D;k vki tkurs gSa ftldh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tk,] og ^fo'ks";* dgykrk gSA
ifjek.kcksèkd fo'ks"k.k
la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k dk ,d eq[; Hksn ifjek.kcksèkd gSA ;g fdlh oLrq dh uki ;k rkSy dk cksèk djkrkgSA tSlsμlsj Hkj nwèk] rksyk Hkj lksuk] FkksM+k ikuh] oqQN ikuh] lc èku] vkSj ?kh ykvks bR;kfnA ;gk¡ Hkhfu'p; vkSj vfu'p; osQ vkèkkj ij ifjek.kcksèkd fo'ks"k.k osQ nks Hksn fd;s x;s gSaμ
1- fuf'pr ifjek.kcksèkd fo'ks"k.kμnks lsj ?kh] nl gkFk txg] pkj xt eyeyA
2- vfuf'pr ifjek.kcksèkd fo'ks"k.kμcgqr nwèk] lc èku] iwjk vkuan bR;kfnA
3-2 izfo'ks"k.k
¯gnh esa oqQN fo'ks"k.kksa osQ Hkh fo'ks"k.k gksrs gSa] bUgsa ^izfo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSa_ tSlsμ^jke cgqr rst fo|kFkhZ gSA*blesa ^rst* fo'ks"k.k gS vkSj mldk Hkh fo'ks"k.k gS ^cgqr*A
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa eksVs&dkys v{kjksa esa Nis 'kCn izfo'ks"k.k gSaμ
{kf=k; cMs+ lkglh gksrs gSaA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 45
uksVvpZuk vR;ar lqanj gSA
d'ehjh lsc ¯lnwjh yky gksrk gSA
ia- dkerkizlkn xq# us bls ^varfoZ'ks"k.k* dgk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- fganh esa oqQN fo'ks"k.kksa osQ Hkh fo'ks"k.k gksrs gSa] bUgsa ------------------------- dgrs gSaA
2- ftl 'kCn ls laKk osQ xq.k] n'kk] LoHkko vkfn dk cksèk gks] mls ------------------------------ dgrs gSaA
3- ftu 'kCnksa ls laKk ;k loZuke dh la[;k dk cksèk gks] mls -------------------------- dgrs gSaA
4- la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k dk ,d eq[; Hksn -------------------------- gSA
3-3 :i&jpuk
fo'ks"; vkSj fo'ks"k.k esa lacaèk
okD; esa fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx nks izdkj ls gksrk gSμdHkh fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; osQ igys iz;qDr gksrk gS vkSj dHkhfo'ks"; osQ cknA vr%] iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k.k osQ nks Hksn gSaμfo'ks";&fo'ks"k.k vkSj foèks;&fo'ks"k.kA
tks fo'ks"; osQ iwoZ vk;s og fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.k gksrk gS_ tSlsμ
lrh'k papy ckyd gSA
izHkk lq'khy dU;k gSA
bu okD;ksa esa ^papy* vkSj ^lq'khy* Øe'k% ckyd vkSj dU;k osQ fo'ks"k.k gSaA vr%] ;s nksuksa fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.kgSaA
tks fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; vkSj fØ;k osQ chp vk;s] mls foèks;&fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSa_ tSlsμ
esjk oqQÙkk dkyk gSA
esjk yM+dk vkylh gSA
buesa ^dkyk* vkSj ^vkylh* fo'ks"k.k gSa] tks Øe'k% ^oqqQÙkk* vkSj ^yM+dk* osQ ckn iz;qDr gq, gSaA ;s nksuksafoèks;&fo'ks"k.k gSaA
;gk¡ è;ku nsus dh vU; ckras bl izdkj gSaμ
(d) fo'ks"k.k osQ ¯yx] opu vkfn fo'ks"; osQ ¯yx] opu vkfn osQ vuq:i gksrs gSa] pkgs fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";osQ igys vk;s ;k ihNsA tSlsμvPNs yM+osQ i<+rs gSaA jkèkk Hkyh yM+dh gSA
([k) ;fn ,d gh fo'ks"k.k osQ vusd fo'ks"; gksa] rks fo'ks"k.k osQ yx vkSj opu lehi okys fo'ks"; osQ yx]opu osQ vuqlkj gksaxsA tSlsμu;s iq#"k vkSj ukfj;k¡] u;h èkksrh vkSj oqQjrkA
fo'ks"k.kksa dh jpuk
fo'ks"k.k osQ :i fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjofrZr gksrs gSaμ
1- :i&jpuk dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k.k fodkjh vkSj vfodkjh nksuksa gksrs gSaA vfodkjh fo'ks"k.kksa osQ :iksa esaifjorZu ugha gksrsA ;s vius ewy :i esa cus jgrs gSaA tSlsμyky] lqanj] papy] xksy] Hkkjh] lqMkSybR;kfnA
bdkbZ 3 % fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
2- oqQN fo'ks"k.k laKkvksa esa izR;; yxkdj curs gSaA tSlsμ
izR;; laKk fo'ks"k.k
bd èkeZ èkkfeZd
bZ; tkfr tkrh;
oku èku èkuoku
bZ nku nkuh
bZyk ped pedhyk
eku~ Jh Jheku~
3- nks ;k vfèkd 'kCnksa osQ esy ls Hkh fo'ks"k.k curs gSaA tSlsμpyrk&fiQjrk] Vs<+k&es<+k vkfnA
4- vkdkjkar fo'ks"k.k ¯yx] opu vkSj dkjd osQ vuqlkj cnydj ^,* ;k ^bZ* :i cu tkrs gSaA tSlsμ
iq Yyx L=kh¯yx
,dopuμdkyk] cM+k] ,slk dkyh] cM+h] ,slh
cgqopuμdkys] cMs+] ,sls dkyh] cM+h] ,slh
5- lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k Hkh opu vkSj dkjd osQ vuqlkj mlh rjg :ikarfjr gksrs gSa ftl rjg loZukeAtSlsμ
,dopu cgqopu
og ckyd os ckyd
ml yM+osQ dk mu yM+dksa dk
6- tc laKk dk yksi jgrk gS vkSj fo'ks"k.k laKk dk dke nsrk gS] rc mldk :ikarj fo'ks"k.k osQ <ax lsugha] laKk osQ <ax ls gksrk gSA lkekU;r% fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk ijlxZ ugha yxrk] fo'ks"; osQ lkFk yxrkgS] ¯drq laKk cu tkus ij fo'ks"k.k in osQ lkFk ijlxZ yxrk gSA tSlsμ
cM+ksa dh ckr ekuuh pkfg,A
ohjksa us lc oqQN dj fn[kk;kA
mlus lqanjh ls iwNkA
fo}kuksa dk vknj djuk pkfg,A
rqyukRed fo'ks"k.k
nks ;k nks ls vfèkd oLrqvksa ;k Hkkoksa osQ xq.k] eku vkfn osQ ijLij feyku dk fo'ks"k.k ^rqyukRed fo'ks"k.k*dgykrk gSA ¯gnh O;kdj.k esa bl fo"k; ij cgqr de fopkj gqvk gS_ D;ksafd ¯gnh esa fo'ks"k.kksa dh rqyukml <ax ls ugha gksrh] ftl rjg vaxzsth esa gksrh gSA vaxzsth O;kdj.k esa ^fMxzh* (Degree) osQ varxZr rqyukdh rhu fLFkfr;k¡ gSaμPositive, Comparative vkSj Superlative.
buosQ 'kCn:i bl izdkj gSaμ
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better BestBig Bigger BiggestLarge larger Largest
Ugly Uglier Ugliest
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 47
uksVbu mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS fd vaxzsth esa fo'ks"k.kksa dh rqyuk djrs le; 'kCnksa osQ :i cny tkrs gSaA ¯gnh dhfLFkfr vaxzsth ls fHkUu gSA ¯gnh esa rqyuk djus ij fo'ks"k.kksa osQ :i T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa jgrs gSa] muesa fodkj ;kifjorZu ugha gksrkA oqQN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSaμ
';ke eksgu ls vfèkd bZekunkj gSA
fnyhi dh iqLrd iznhi ls dherh gSA
vuwi vius oxZ esa lcls rst fo|kFkhZ gSA
bu okD;ksa esa ^bZekunkj*] ^dherh* vkSj ^rst* fo'ks"k.k gSaA nks O;fDr;ksa dh rqyuk ls bu 'kCnksa osQ :i ughacnysA gnh esa ls*] vis{kk*] lkeus*] cfuLcr*] lcesa*] lcls* yxkdj fo'ks"k.kksa dh rqyuk dh tkrh gSAoqqQN mnkgj.k vkSj ysaμ
og jke dh cfuLcr vPNk gSA
lq'khy dh vis{kk x.ks'k vfèkd f'k"V gSA
;g lcls vPNh iqLrd gSA
¯drq] laLÑr esa fo'ks"k.kksa esa ^rj* vkSj ^re* izR;; yxkdj Hkh ^rqyuk* dh tkrh gSA laLÑr esa vaxzsth dhgh rjg fo'ks"k.k osQ :i cnyrs gSaaA tSlsμJs"B] Js"Brj vkSj Js"BreA gnh esa 'kCnksa osQ bu rhu :iksa dks rhuvoLFkkvksa esa j[kk x;k gSμ(1) ewykoLFkk (Positive), (2) mÙkjkoLFkk (Comparative) vkSj(3) mÙkekoLFkk (Superlative)A bl n`f"V ls fo'ks"k.kksa osQ :i bl izdkj gksrs gSaμ
ewykoLFkk mÙkjkoLFkk mÙkekoLFkk
dksey dkseyrj dkseyre
fiz; fiz;rj fiz;re
y?kq y?kqrj y?kqre
fuEu fuEurj fuEure
c`gr~ c`gÙkj c`gÙke
fuÑ"V fuÑ"Vrj fuÑ"Vre
laqnj laqnjrj laqnjre
egr~ egÙkj egÙke
mPp mPprj mPpre
vfèkd vfèkdrj vfèkdre
ewykoLFkkμblesa fo'ks"k.k vU; fdlh fo'ks"k.k ls rqfyr u gksdj lhèks O;Dr gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] blvoLFkk esa fdlh fo'ks"k.k osQ xq.k ;k nks"k dh rqyuk nwljh oLrq ls ugha dh tkrhA tSlsμlaqnj] eèkqj] egr~]ohjA
mQij fn;s x;s lhfer 'kCnksa osQ :i osQoy laLÑrfu"B ¯gnh esa pyrs gSaA ¯gnh dh izÑfr laLÑr ls fHkUugksus osQ dkj.k lkekU;r% ^rj* osQ LFkku ij ^ls* vkSj ^esa* dk vkSj ^re* osQ LFkku ij ^lcls* vkSj ^lcesa*tSls 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vfèkd gksrk gSA bruk gh ugha] ^ls vfèkd*] ^ls T;knk*] ^ls Hkh vfèkd*] ^ls de*] ^lsHkh de*] ^ls oqQN de*] ^ls c<+dj*] ^ls dgha* tSls izR;;&inksa dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsμ
ls vfèkdμgfj ';ke ls vfèkd cM+k gSA
ls Hkh vfèkdμgfj ';ke ls Hkh vfèkd cM+k gSA
ls dghaaμog rqels dgha vPNk gSA
ls c<+djμog rqels c<+dj gSA
bdkbZ 3 % fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
48
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
VkLd rqyukRed fo'ks"k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
mÙkjkoLFkkμblesa fo'ks"k.k nks oLrqvksa dh rqyuk esa gksrk gS vkSj muesa fdlh ,d oLrq osQ xq.k ;k nks"k vfèkdcrk;s tkrs gSaA tSlsμ?kks"kckcw ?ku';ke ls vfèkd le>nkj gSaA
mÙkekoLFkkμblesa fo'ks"k.k }kjk fdlh oLrq dks lcls vfèkd xq.k'kkyh ;k nks"kh crk;k tkrk gSA tSlsμgekjsdkWyst esa ujsanz lcls vPNk f[kykM+h gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- :i&jpuk dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k.k fodkjh vkSj ------------------------- nksuksa gksrs gSaA
(d) vfodkjh ([k) fo'ks";
(x) nksuksa (?k) nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ugha
6- iw.kk±d cksèkd fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa esa fy[ks tkrs gSa ;k ------------------------- esaA
(d) vadksa esa ([k) fo'ks"k.kksa (x) izfo'ks"k.k esa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
7- oqQN ------------------------- us fo'ks"k.k dks laKk dk ,d miHksn ekuk gSA
(d) fo}kuksa ([k) oS;kdj.kksa (x) vkpk;ks± (?k) dfo;ksa
8- tks fo'ks"; osQ iwoZ vk, og ------------------------- gksrk gSA
(d) fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.k ([k) foèks;&fo'ks"k.k (x) fo'ks"k.k (?k) vkèkkj&fo'ks"k.k
3-4 fo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp;
fo'ks"k.k osQ in&ifjp; esa laKk vkSj loZuke dh rjg ¯yx] opu] dkjd vkSj fo'ks"; crkuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.kμ;g rqEgsa ckiw osQ vewY; xq.kksa dh FkksM+h&cgqr tkudkjh vo'; djk,xkA
bl okD; esa vewY; vkSj FkksM+h&cgqr fo'ks"k.k gSaA bldk in&ifjp; bl izdkj gksxkμ
vewY;μfo'ks"k.k] xq.kokpd] iq¯Yyx] cgqopu] vU;iq#"k] lacaèkokpd] ^xq.kksa* bldk fo'ks";A
FkksM+h&cgqrμfo'ks"k.k] vfuf'pr la[;kokpd] L=kh¯yx] deZokpd] ^tkudkjh* bldk fo'ks";A
3-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
tks laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crk,] mls ^fo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSaA ftldh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tk,] og^fo'ks";* dgykrk gSA
xq.k] la[;k vkSj ifjek.k osQ vkèkkj ij fo'ks"k.k osQ Hksnksa dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj gSμ
1- lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k 2- xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k 3- la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.kA¯gnh esa oqQN fo'ks"k.kksa osQ Hkh fo'ks"k.k gksrs gSa] bUgsa ^izfo'ks"k.k* dgrs gSa_ tSlsμ^jke cgqr rst fo|kFkhZgSA* blesa ^rst* fo'ks"k.k gS vkSj mldk Hkh fo'ks"k.k gS ^cgqr*A
okD; esa fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx nks izdkj ls gksrk gSμdHkh fo'ks"k.k fo'ks"; osQ igys iz;qDr gksrk gS vkSjdHkh fo'ks"; osQ cknA vr%] iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls fo'ks"k.k osQ nks Hksn gSaμfo'ks";&fo'ks"k.k vkSjfoèks;&fo'ks"k.kA tks fo'ks"; osQ iwoZ vk;s og fo'ks";&fo'ks"k.k gksrk gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 49
uksVtks fo'ks"k.k&fo'ks"; vkSj fØ;k osQ chp vk;s] mls foèks;&fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA
nks ;k nks ls vfèkd oLrqvksa ;k Hkkoksa osQ xq.k] eku vkfn osQ ijLij feyku dk fo'ks"k.k ^rqyukRedfo'ks"k.k* dgykrk gSA
3-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
laLÑrfu"B μ laLÑr ls ;qDr
lkekU;r% μ lkekU; :i ls
vfodkjh μ ftlesa dksbZ fodkj u gks
3-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>k,A
2- izfo'ks"k.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ mnkgj.klfgr crkb,A
3- fo'ks"; vkSj fo'ks"k.k esa varj Li"V dhft,A
4- fo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp; nhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- izfo'ks"k.k 2- xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k 3- la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k 4- ifjek.kcksèkd
5- (d) 6- (d) 7- ([k) 8- (d)A
3-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
2- eqX/cks/ ¯gnh O;kdj.kμÑ".k ukjk;.k izlkn ekx/A
3- ¯gnh O;kdj.k dh vH;kl iqfLrdkμth-ih- 'kekZ] vksfj,aV CySd LokuA
bdkbZ 3 % fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
50
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZμ4 % fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
4-1 èkkrq
4-2 èkkrq osQ Hksn
4-2-1 ;kSfxd èkkrq dh jpuk
4-2-2 ldeZd fØ;k
4-2-3 vdeZd fØ;k
4-2-4 la;qDr fØ;k
4-3 okP;
4-4 dky
4-5 fØ;k osQ i{k (:i)
4-6 fØ;k dk in&ifjp;
4-7 lkjka'k (Summary)
4-8 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
4-9 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
4-10 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● èkkrq osQ Hksn tkuus esaA
● fØ;k osQ :i tkuus esaA
● fØ;k dk in&ifjp; tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
ftl 'kCn ls fdlh dke dk djuk ;k gksuk le>k tk,] mls fØ;k* dgrs gSaA tSlsμi<+uk] [kkuk] ihuk]tkuk bR;kfnA fØ;k fodkjh 'kCn gS] ftlosQ :i ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj cnyrs gSaA ;g ¯gnh dhviuh fo'ks"krk gSA
4-1 èkkrq
fØ;k dk ewy èkkrq* gSA èkkrq* fØ;kin osQ ml va'k dks dgrs gSa] tks fdlh fØ;k osQ izk;% lHkh :iksaesa ik;k tkrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ftu ewy v{kjksa ls fØ;k,¡ curh gSa] mUgsa ^èkkrq* dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
Hardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 51
uksV^i<+uk* fØ;k dks ysaA blesa ^uk* izR;; gS] tks ewy èkkrq ^i<+* esa yxk gSA bl izdkj] ^i<+uk* fØ;k dh èkkrq^i<+* gSA blh izdkj] [kkuk* fØ;k [kk* èkkrq esa uk* izR;; yxkus ls cuh gSA gnh esa fØ;k dk lkekU; :iewyèkkrq esa ^uk* tksM+dj cuk;k tkrk gSA tSlsμpy + uk = pyuk] ns[k + uk = ns[kukA bu lkekU; :iksaesa ^uk* gVkdj èkkrq dk :i Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA èkkrq dh ;g ,d eksVh igpku gSA
¯gnh esa fØ;k,¡ èkkrqvksa osQ vykok laKk vkSj fo'ks"k.k ls Hkh curh gS_ tSlsμ
dke + vkuk = dekuk] fpduk + vkuk = fpdukuk] nqgjk + vkuk = nqgjkukA
4-2 èkkrq osQ Hksn
O;qRifÙk vFkok 'kCn&fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls èkkrq nks izdkj dh gksrh gSμ(1) ewy èkkrq] vkSj (2) ;kSfxdèkkrqA ewy èkkrq Lora=k gksrh gSA ;g fdlh nwljs 'kCn ij vkfJr ugha gksrhA tSlsμ[kk] ns[k] ih bR;kfnA ;kSfxdèkkrq fdlh izR;; osQ ;ksx ls curh gSA tSlsμ^[kkuk* ls f[kyk] i<+uk* ls i<+kA bl izdkj èkkrq,¡ vuar gSaμoqQN,dk{kjh] nks v{kjh] rhu v{kjh vkSj pkj v{kjh èkkrq,¡ gksrh gSaA
uksV~l ftu ewy v{kjksa ls fØ;k,¡ curh gSa] mUgsa ^èkkrq* dgrs gSaA
4-2-1 ;kSfxd èkkrq dh jpuk
;kSfxd èkkrq rhu izdkj ls curh gSμ(1) èkkrq esa izR;; yxkus ls vdeZd ls ldeZd vkSj izsj.kkFkZd èkkrq,¡curh gSa_ (2) dbZ èkkrqvksa dks la;qDr djus ls la;qDr èkkrq curh gS_ (3) laKk ;k fo'ks"k.k ls ukeèkkrqcurh gSA
izsj.kkFkZd fØ;k (èkkrq)μftu fØ;kvksa ls bl ckr dk cksèk gks fd drkZ Lo;a dk;Z u dj fdlh nwljsdks dk;Z djus osQ fy, izsfjr djrk gS] os ^izsj.kkFkZd fØ;k,¡* (Causative Verb) dgykrh gSaAtSlsμdkVuk ls dVokuk] djuk ls djkukA ,d vU; mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSμeksgu eq>ls fdrkc fy[kkrk gSAbl okD; esa eksgu (drkZ) Lo;a fdrkc u fy[kdj ^eq>s* nwljs O;fDr dks fy[kus dh izsj.kk nsrk gSA
izsj.kkFkZd fØ;kvksa osQ nks :i gSaA tSlsμ^fxjuk* ls ^fxjkuk* vkSj ^fxjokuk*A nksuksa fØ;k,¡ ,d osQ ckn nwljhizsj.kk esa gSaA ;kn j[ksa] vdeZd fØ;k izsj.kkFkZd gksus ij ldeZd (deZ ysus okyh) gks tkrh gSA tSlsμ
jkt ytkrk gSA
og jke dks ytokrk gSA
izsj.kkFkZd fØ;k,¡ ldeZd vkSj vdeZd nksuksa fØ;kvksa ls curh gSaA ,slh fØ;k,¡ gj fLFkfr esa ldeZd gh jgrhgSaA tSlsμeSaus mls g¡lk;k_ eSaus mlls fdrkc fy[kokbZA igys esa drkZ vU; (deZ) dks g¡lkrk gS vkSj nwljs esadrkZ nwljs dks fdrkc fy[kus dks izsfjr djrk gSA bl izdkj ¯gnh esa izsj.kkFkZd fØ;kvksa osQ nks :i pyrs gSaAizFke esa ^uk* dk vkSj f}rh; esa ^okuk* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSμg¡lkukμg¡lokukA
ewy f}rh;&r`rh; (izsj.kk)
mBuk mBkuk] mBokuk
mM+uk mM+kuk] mM+okuk
pyuk pykuk] pyokuk
nsuk fnykuk] fnyokuk
thuk ftykuk] ftyokuk
bdkbZ 4 % fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
52
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
ewy f}rh;&r`rh; (izsj.kk)
fy[kuk fy[kkuk] fy[kokuk
txuk txkuk] txokuk
lksuk lqykuk] lqyokuk
ihuk fiykuk] fiyokuk
nsuk fnykuk] fnyokuk
;kSfxd fØ;kμnks ;k nks ls vfèkd èkkrqvksa vkSj nwljs 'kCnksa osQ la;ksx ls ;k èkkrqvksa esa izR;; yxkusls tks fØ;k curh gS] mls ;kSfxd fØ;k* dgk tkrk gSA tSlsμpyuk&pykuk] g¡luk&g¡lkuk] pyuk&pynsukA
ukeèkkrq (Nominal Verb)μtks èkkrq laKk ;k fo'ks"k.k ls curh gS] mls ^ukeèkkrq* dgrs gSaA ns[ksaμ
laKk ls μ gkFk μ gfFk;kukA
** μ ckr μ cfr;kukA
fo'ks"k.k ls μ fpduk μ fpdukukA
** μ xje μ xjekukA
jpuk dh n`f"V ls fØ;k osQ HksnμmQij O;qRifÙk dh n`f"V ls fØ;k osQ Hksn fd;s x;sA jpuk dh n`f"V lsfØ;k osQ lkekU;r% nks Hksn gSaμ(1) ldeZd] vkSj (2) vdeZdA
4-2-2 ldeZd fØ;k
^ldeZd fØ;k* mls dgrs gSa] ftldk deZ gks ;k ftlosQ lkFk deZ dh laHkkouk gks] vFkkZr~ ftl fØ;kosQ O;kikj dk lapkyu rks drkZ ls gks] ij ftldk iQy ;k izHkko fdlh nwljs O;fDr ;k oLrq] vFkkZr~ deZij iM+sA mnkgj.kkFkZμ';ke vke [kkrk gSA bl okD; esa ^';ke* drkZ gS] ^[kkus* osQ lkFk mldk dr`Z:i lslacaèk gSA iz'u gksrk gS] D;k [kkrk gS\ mÙkj gS] ^vke*A bl rjg ^vke* dk lhèkk ^[kkus* ls lacaèk gSA vr%^vke* deZdkjd gSA ;gk¡ ';ke osQ [kkus dk iQy vke* ij] vFkkZr~ deZ ij iM+rk gSA blfy,] [kkuk* fØ;kldeZd gSA dHkh&dHkh ldeZd fØ;k dk deZ fNik jgrk gSA tSlsμog xkrk gS_ og i<+rk gSA ;gk¡ ^xhr*vkSj ^iqLrd* tSls deZ fNis gSaA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fØ;k dk ewy ^èkkrq* gSA
4-2-3 vdeZd fØ;k
ftu fØ;kvksa dk O;kikj vkSj iQy drkZ ij gks] os vdeZd* dgykrh gSaA vdeZd fØ;kvksa dk deZ*ugha gksrk] fØ;k dk O;kikj vkSj iQy nwljs ij u iM+dj drkZ ij iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,μ';ke lksrkgSA blesa ^lksuk* fØ;k vdeZd gSA ^';ke* drkZ gS] ^lksus* dh fØ;k mlh osQ }kjk iwjh gksrh gSA vr%] lksusdk iQy Hkh mlh ij iM+rk gSA blfy,] ^lksuk* fØ;k vdeZd gSA
ldeZd vkSj vdeZd fØ;kvksa dh igpku
ldeZd vkSj vdeZd fØ;kvksa dh igpku] ^D;k*] ^fdls* ;k ^fdldks* vkfn iz'u djus ls gksrh gSA ;fnoqQN mÙkj feys] rks le>uk pkfg, fd fØ;k ldeZd gS vkSj ;fn u feys rks vdeZd gksxhA mnkgj.kkFkZ]ekjuk] i<+uk] [kkukμbu fØ;kvksa esa ^D;k* ^fdls* yxkdj iz'u fd, tk,¡ rks buosQ mÙkj bl izdkj gksaxsμ
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 53
uksViz'uμfdls ekjk\mÙkjμfd'kksj dks ekjkA
iz'uμD;k [kk;k\ bu lc mnkgj.kksa esa fØ;k,¡ ldeZd gSaAmÙkjμ[kkuk [kk;kA
iz'uμD;k i<+rk gSAmÙkjμfdrkc i<+rk gSA
oqQN fØ;k,¡ vdeZd vkSj ldeZd nksuksa gksrh gSa vkSj izlax vFkok vFkZ osQ vuqlkj buosQ Hksn dk fu.kZ; fd;ktkrk gSA tSlsμ
vdeZd ldeZd
mldk flj [kqtykrk gSA og viuk flj [kqtykrk gSA
cw¡n&cw¡n ls ?kM+k Hkjrk gSA eSa ?kM+k Hkjrk gw¡A
rqEgkjk th yypkrk gSA ;s phtsa rqEgkjk th yypkrh gSaA
th ?kcjkrk gSA foink eq>s ?kcjkrh gSA
og ytk jgh gSA og rqEgsa ytk jgh gSA
nz"VO;μftu èkkrqvksa dk iz;ksx vdeZd vkSj ldeZd nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gS] mUgsa mHk;foèk èkkrqdgrs gSaA
fØ;k osQ Hksn bl izdkj gSaμ
f}deZd fØ;k
oqQN fØ;k,¡ ,d deZ okyh vkSj nks deZ okyh gksrh gSaA tSlsμjke us jksVh [kk;hA bl okD; esa deZ ,d ghgSμ^jksVh*A ¯drq ^eSa yM+osQ dks osn i<+krk gw¡* esa nks deZ gSaμ^yM+osQ dks* vkSj ^osn*A
4-2-4 la;qDr fØ;k
tks fØ;k nks ;k nks ls vfèkd èkkrqvksa osQ esy ls curh gS] mls la;qDr fØ;k dgrs gSaA tSlsμ?ku';kejks pqdk] fd'kksj jksus yxk] og ?kj igq¡p x;kA bu okD;ksa esa ^jks pqdk*] ^jksus yxk* vkSj ^igq¡p x;k* la;qDrfØ;k,¡ gSaA fofèk vkSj vkKk dks NksM+dj lHkh fØ;kin nks ;k vfèkd fØ;kvksa osQ ;ksx ls curs gSa] drq la;qDrfØ;k,¡ buls fHkUu gSa] D;ksafd tgk¡ ,d vksj lkèkkj.k fØ;kin ^gks*] ^jks*] ^lks*] ^[kk* bR;kfn èkkrqvksa ls cursgSa] ogk¡ nwljh vksj la;qDr fØ;k,¡ gksuk*] vkuk*] tkuk*] jguk*] j[kuk*] mBkuk*] ysuk*] ikuk*] iM+uk*]^Mkyuk*] ^lduk*] ^pqduk*] ^yxuk*] ^djuk*] ^Hkstuk*] ^pkguk* bR;kfn fØ;kvksa osQ ;ksx ls curh gaSA
blosQ vfrfjDr] ldeZd rFkk vdeZd nksuksa izdkj dh la;qDr fØ;k,¡ curh gSaA tSlsμ
vdeZd fØ;k lsμysV tkuk] fxj iM+ukA
ldeZd fØ;k lsμcsp ysuk] dke djuk] cqyk ysuk] ekj nsukA
la;qDr fØ;k dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mldh igyh fØ;k izk;% izèkku gksrh gS vkSj nwljh mlosQ vFkZ esafo'ks"krk mRiUu djrh gSA tSlsμeSa i<+ ldrk gw¡A blesa lduk* fØ;k i<+uk* fØ;k osQ vFkZ esa fo'ks"krk mRiUudjrh gSA ¯gnh esa la;qDr fØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx vfèkd gksrk gSA
la;qDr fØ;k osQ Hksn
vFkZ osQ vuqlkj la;qDr fØ;k osQ 11 eq[; Hksn gSaμ
1- vkjEHkcksèkdμftl la;qDr fØ;k ls fØ;k osQ vkjEHk gksus dk cksèk gksrk gS] mls vkjEHkcksèkdla;qDr fØ;k* dgrs gSaA tSlsμog i<+us yxk] ikuh cjlus yxk] jke [ksyus yxkA
bdkbZ 4 % fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
54
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
2- lekfIrcksèkdμftl la;qDr fØ;k ls eq[; fØ;k dh iw.kZrk] O;kikj dh lekfIr dk cksèk gks]og lekfIrcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k* gSA tSlsμog [kk pqdk gS_ og i<+ pqdk gSA èkkrq osQ vkxs pqduk*tksM+us ls lekfIrcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k,¡ curh gSaA
3- vodk'kcksèkdμftlls fØ;k dks fu"iUu djus osQ fy, vodk'k dk cksèk gks] og^vodk'kcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k* gSA tSlsμog eqf'dy ls lksus ik;k_ tkus u ik;kA
4- vuqefrcksèkdμftlls dk;Z djus dh vuqefr fn, tkus dk cksèk gks] og vuqefrcksèkd la;qDrfØ;k* gSA tSlsμeq>s tkus nks_ eq>s cksyus nksA ;g fØ;k ^nsuk* èkkrq osQ ;ksx ls curh gSA
5- fuR;rkcksèkdμftlls dk;Z dh fuR;rk] mlosQ can u gksus dk Hkko izdV gks] og fuR;rkcksèkdla;qDr fØ;k* gSA tSlsμgok py jgh gS_ isM+ c<+rk x;k_ rksrk i<+rk jgkA eq[; fØ;k osQ vkxs tkuk*;k ^jguk* tksM+us ls fuR;rkcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k curh gSA
6- vko';drkcksèkdμftlls dk;Z dh vko';drk ;k drZO; dk cksèk gks] og vko';drkcksèkdla;qDr fØ;k* gSA tSlsμ;g dke eq>s djuk iM+rk gS_ rqEgsa ;g dke djuk pkfg,A lkèkkj.k fØ;k osQlkFk ^iM+uk*] ^gksuk* ;k ^pkfg,* fØ;kvksa dks tksM+us ls vko';drkcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k,¡ curh gSaA
7- fu'p;cksèkdμftl la;qDr fØ;k ls eq[; fØ;k osQ O;kikj dh fu'p;rk dk cksèk gks] mls^fu'p;cksèkd la;qDr fØ;k* dgrs gSaA tSlsμog chp gh esa cksy mBk_ mlus dgkμeSa ekj cSBw¡xk]og fxj iM+k_ vc ns gh MkyksA bl izdkj dh fØ;kvksa esa iw.kZrk vkSj fuR;rk dk Hkko orZeku gSA
8- bPNkcksèkdμblls fØ;k osQ djus dh bPNk izdV gksrh gSA tSlsμog ?kj vkuk pkgrk gS_ eSa [kkukpkgrk gw¡A fØ;k osQ lkèkkj.k :i esa ^pkguk* fØ;k tksM+us ls bPNkcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k,¡ curh gSaA
9- vH;klcksèkdμblls fØ;k osQ djus osQ vH;kl dk cksèk gksrk gSA lkekU; Hkwrdky dh fØ;k esa^djuk* fØ;k yxkus ls vH;klcksèkd la;qDr fØ;k,¡ curh gSaA tSlsμ;g i<+k djrk gS_ rqe fy[kk djrsgks_ eSa [ksyk djrk gw¡A
10- 'kfDrcksèkdμblls dk;Z djus dh 'kfDr dk cksèk gksrk gSA tSlsμeSa py ldrk gw¡] og cksy ldrkgSA blesa ^lduk* fØ;k tksM+h tkrh gSA
11- iqu:Dr la;qDr fØ;kμtc nks lekukFkZd vFkok leku èofu okyh fØ;kvksa dk la;ksx gksrkgS] rc mUgsa ^iqu#Dr la;qDr fØ;k* dgrs gSaA tSlsμog i<+k&fy[kk djrk gS_ og ;gk¡ izk;%vk;k&tk;k djrk gS_ iM+ksfl;ksa ls cjkcj feyrs&tqyrs jgksA
lgk;d fØ;k
lgk;d fØ;k,¡ eq[; fØ;k osQ :i esa vFkZ dks Li"V vkSj iwjk djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA dHkh ,d fØ;kvkSj dHkh ,d ls vfèkd fØ;k,¡ lgk;d gksrh gSaA ¯gnh esa bu fØ;kvksa dk O;kid iz;ksx gksrk gSA buosQgsj&isQj ls fØ;k dk dky cny tkrk gSA tSlsμ
og [kkrk gSA eSaus i<+k FkkA
rqe txs gq, FksA os lqu jgs FksA
buesa [kkuk] i<+uk] txuk vkSj lquuk eq[; fØ;k,¡ gSa_ D;ksafd ;gk¡ fØ;kvksa osQ vFkZ dh izèkkurk gSA 'ks"k fØ;k,¡tSlsμgS] Fkk] gq, Fks] jgs Fksμlgk;d fØ;k,¡ gSaA ;s eq[; vFkZ dks Li"V vkSj iwjk djrh gSaA
ukecksèkd fØ;k
laKk vFkok fo'ks"k.k osQ lkFk fØ;k tksM+us ls tks la;qDr fØ;k curh gS] mls ukecksèkd fØ;k* dgrsgSaA tSlsμ
laKk+fØ;k—HkLe djukA fo'ks"k.k+fØ;k—nq[kh gksuk] fujk'k gksukA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 55
uksVnz"VO;μukecksèkd fØ;k,¡ la;qDr fØ;k,¡ ugha gSaA la;qDr fØ;k,¡ nks fØ;kvksa osQ ;ksx ls curh gSa vkSjukecksèkd fØ;k,¡ laKk vFkok fo'ks"k.k osQ esy ls curh gSaA nksuksa esa ;gh varj gSA
iwoZdkfyd fØ;k
ifjHkk"kkμtc drkZ ,d fØ;k lekIr dj mlh {k.k nwljh fØ;k esa izo`Ùk gksrk gS rc igyh fØ;k^iwoZdkfyd* dgykrh gSA tSlsμmlus ugkdj Hkkstu fd;kA blesa ^ugkdj* iwoZdkfyd fØ;k gS_ D;ksafdblls ^ugkus* dh fØ;k dh lekfIr osQ lkFk gh Hkkstu djus dh fØ;k dk cksèk gksrk gSA
fØ;kFkZd laKk
tc fØ;k laKk dh rjg O;ogkj esa vk,] rc og fØ;kFkZd laKk* dgykrh gSA tSlsμVgyuk LokLF;osQ fy, vPNk gS_ ns'k osQ fy, ejuk dgha vPNk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- ftu fØ;kvksa dk O;kikj vkSj iQy drkZ ij gks] os ------------------------- dgykrh gSaA
2- tks èkkrq laKk ;k fo'ks"k.k ls curh gS] mls ------------------------------ dgrs gSaA
3- ftl 'kCn ls fdlh dk;Z dk djuk ;k gksuk ik;k tk,] mls -------------------------- dgrs gSaA
4- jpuk dh n`f"V ls fØ;k osQ nks Hksn gSaμvdeZd vkSj --------------------------A
4-3 okP;
fØ;k osQ ml ifjorZu dks ^okP;* dgrs gSa] ftlosQ }kjk bl ckr dk cksèk gksrk gS fd okD; osQvarxZr drkZ] deZ vFkok Hkkoμbuesa ls fdldh izèkkurk gS_ buesa fdlosQ vuqlkj fØ;k osQ iq#"k]opu vkfn vk, gSaA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj okD; esa fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu pkgs rks drkZ osQ vuqlkj gksaxsvFkok deZ osQ vuqlkj vFkok Hkko osQ vuqlkjA
okP; osQ iz;ksx
okD; esa fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu rFkk iqjQ"k dk vè;;u ^iz;ksx* dgykrk gSA ,slk ns[kk tkrk gS fd okD; dhfØ;k dk ¯yx] opu ,oa iqjQ"k dHkh drkZ osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj gksrk gS] rks dHkh deZ osQ¯yx&opu&iqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh okD; dh fØ;k drkZ rFkk deZ osQ vuqlkj u gksdj,dopu] iq¯Yyx rFkk vU;iqjQ"k gksrh gS_ ;s gh iz;ksx gSA vr% ^iz;ksx* rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaμ(d) drZfjiz;ksx] ([k) deZf.k iz;ksx] (x) Hkkos iz;ksxA
(d) drZfj iz;ksxμtc okD; osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k drkZ osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k dh fØ;k osQvuqlkj gksa rc drZfj iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsμeksgu vPNh iqLrosaQ i<+rk gSA
([k) deZf.k iz;ksxμtc okD; dh fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k deZ osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k osQvuqlkj gksa rc deZf.k iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsμlhrk us i=k fy[kkA
(x) Hkkos iz;ksxμtc okD; dh fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k drkZ vFkok deZ osQ ¯yx] opu vkSjiqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj u gksdj ,dopu] iq¯Yyx rFkk vU; iqjQ"k gkas rc Hkkos iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsμeq>lspyk ugha tkrkA
bdkbZ 4 % fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
56
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
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okP; osQ Hksn
mi;ZqDr iz;ksxksa osQ vuqlkj okP; osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ(1) dr`ZokP;] (2) deZokP; vkSj (3) HkkookP;A
dr`ZokP;μfØ;k osQ ml :ikarj dks drZ`okP; dgrs gSa] ftlls okD; esa drkZ dh izèkkurk dk cksèk gksAtSlsμyM+dk [kkrk gS] eSaus iqLrd i<+hA
deZokP;μfØ;k osQ ml :ikarj dks deZokP; dgrs gSa] ftlls okD; esa deZ dh izèkkurk dk cksèk gksAtSlsμiqLrd i<+h tkrh gS_ vke [kk;k tkrk gSA
;gk¡ fØ;k,¡ drkZ osQ vuqlkj :ikarfjr u gksdj deZ osQ vuqlkj ifjofrZr gqbZ gSaA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr;g gS fd vaxzsth dh rjg ¯gnh esa drkZ osQ jgrs gq, deZokP; dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk_ tSlsμ^eSa ikuh ihrk gw¡*osQ LFkku ij ^eq>ls ikuh ih;k tkrk gS* fy[kuk xyr gksxkA gk¡] fu"ksèk osQ vFkZ esa ;g fy[kk tk ldrkgSμeq>ls i=k fy[kk ugha tkrk_ mlls i<+k ugha tkrkA
HkkookP;μfØ;k osQ ml :ikarj dks HkkookP; dgrs gSa] ftlls okD; esa fØ;k vFkok Hkko dh izèkkurk dkcksèk gksA tSlsμ
jke ls Vgyk Hkh ugha tkrkA
eq>ls cSBk ugha tkrkA
èkwi esa pyk ugha tkrkA
bu okD;ksa esa drkZ vkSj deZ osQ LFkku ij fØ;k,¡ gh vfèkd izèkku gks x;h gSaA
fVIi.khμ;gk¡ ;g nz"VO; gS fd drZ`okP; esa fØ;k ldeZd vkSj vdeZd nksuksa gks ldrh gS] ¯drq deZokP;esa osQoy ldeZd vkSj HkkookP; esa vdeZd gksrh gSA
4-4 dky
fØ;k osQ ml :ikUrj dks ^dky* dgrs gSa] ftlls mlosQ dk;Z&O;kikj dk le; vkSj mldh iw.kZvFkok viw.kZ voLFkk dk cksèk gksA
dky osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ(1) orZekudky] (2) Hkwrdky] vkSj (3) Hkfo";r~dky
orZekudky
fØ;kvksa osQ O;kikj dh fujarjrk dks ^orZekudky* dgrs gSaA blesa fØ;k dk vkjaHk gks pqdk gksrk gSAtSlsμog [kkrk gSA ;gk¡ ^[kkus* dk dk;ZO;kikj py jgk gS] lekIr ugha gqvkA
orZekudky osQ HksnμorZekudky osQ ik¡p Hksn gSaμ(1) lkekU; orZeku] (2) rkRdkfyd orZeku] (3) iw.kZorZeku] (4) lafnXèk orZeku] (5) laHkkO; orZekuA
1- lkekU; orZekuμfØ;k dk og :i ftlls fØ;k dk orZekudky esa gksuk ik;k tk,] ^lkekU;orZeku* dgykrk gSA tSlsμog vkrk gS_ og ns[krk gSA
2- rkRdkfyd orZekuμblls ;g irk pyrk gS fd fØ;k orZekudky esa gks jgh gSA tSlsμeSa i<+jgk gw¡_ og tk jgk gSA
3- iw.kZ orZekuμblls orZekudky esa dk;Z dh iw.kZ flf¼ dk cksèk gksrk gSA tSlsμog vk;k gS_yM+osQ us iqLrd i<+h gSA
4- lfUnXèk orZekuμftlls fØ;k osQ gksus esa lansg izdV gks] ij mldh orZekurk esa lansg u gksAtSlsμjke [kkrk gksxk_ og i<+rk gksxkA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 57
uksV5- lEHkkO; orZekuμblls orZekudky esa dke osQ iwjk gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA tSlsμog vk;kgks_ og ykSVk gksA
Hkwrdky
Hkwrdkyμftl fØ;k ls dk;Z dh lekfIr dk cksèk gks] mls Hkwrdky dh fØ;k dgrs gSaA tSlsμyM+dkvk;k Fkk_ og [kk pqdk Fkk_ eSaus xk;kA
Hkwrdky osQ N% Hksn gSaμ
1- lkekU;Hkwr] 2- vklUuHkwr] 3- iw.kZHkwr] 4- viw.kZHkwr] 5- lafnXèkHkwr] 6- gsrqgsrqen~HkwrA
1- lkekU;Hkwrμftlls Hkwrdky dh fØ;k osQ fo'ks"k le; dk Kku u gksA tSlsμeksgu vk;k_ lhrkx;hA
2- vklUuHkwrμblls fØ;k dh lekfIr fudV Hkwr esa ;k rRdky gh lwfpr gksrh gSA tSlsμeSaus vke[kk;k gSA eSa pyk gw¡A
3- iw.kZHkwrμfØ;k osQ ml :i dks iw.kZ Hkwr dgrs gSa] ftlls fØ;k dh lekfIr osQ le; dk Li"Vcksèk gksrk gS fd fØ;k dks lekIr gq, dkiQh le; chrk gSA tSlsμmlus eqjkfj dks ekjk Fkk_ ogvk;k FkkA
4- viw.kZHkwrμblls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fØ;k Hkwrdky esa gks jgh Fkh] drq mldh lekfIr dk irkugha pyrkA tSlsμlqjs'k xhr xk jgk Fkk_ xhrk lks jgh FkhA
5- lafnXèkHkwrμblesa ;g lansg cuk jgrk gS fd Hkwrdky esa dk;Z iwjk gqvk ;k ughaA tSlsμrqeus xk;kgksxk_ rw xk;k gksxkA
6- gsrqgsrqen~Hkwrμblls ;g irk pyrk gS fd fØ;k Hkwrdky esa gksusokyh Fkh] ij fdlh dkj.k ugks ldhA tSlsμeSa vkrk_ rw tkrk_ og [kkrkA
Hkfo";r~dky
Hkfo";r~dkyμHkfo"; esa gksus okyh fØ;k dks Hkfo";r~dky dh fØ;k dgrs gSaA tSlsμog dy ?kjtk,xkA
Hkfo";r~dky osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ
1- lkekU; Hkfo";] 2- laHkkO; Hkfo";] vkSj 3- gsrqgsrqen~Hkfo";A
1- lkekU; Hkfo";μblls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd fØ;k lkekU;r% Hkfo"; esa gksxhA tSlsμeSa i<¡wxk_ ogtk,xkA
2- laHkkO; Hkfo";μftlls Hkfo"; esa fdlh dk;Z osQ gksus dh laHkkouk gksA tSlsμlaHko gS] jes'k dyvk,A
3- gsrqgsrqen~Hkfo";μblesa ,d fØ;k dk gksuk nwljh fØ;k osQ gksus ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSlsμogvk, rks eSa tkm¡Q_ og dek;s rks [kk,A
bdkbZ 4 % fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
58
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh fØ;k dks dgrs gSaμ
(d) Hkfo";r~dky dh fØ;k ([k) Hkwrdky dh fØ;k
(x) orZekudky dh fØ;k (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
6- ftl fØ;k ls dk;Z dh lekfIr dk cksèk gks mls dgrs gSaμ
(d) orZekudky dh fØ;k ([k) Hkwrdky dh fØ;k
(x) Hkfo";r~dky dh fØ;k (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
7- fØ;k dk ewy gSμ
(d) èkkrq ([k) deZ
(x) dky (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
8- tc fØ;k laKk dh rjg O;ogkj esa vk,] rks og -------------------------- dgykrh gSA
(d) fØ;kFkZd laKk ([k) ukecksèkd fØ;k
(x) lgk;d fØ;k (?k) iwoZdkfyd fØ;kA
4-5 fØ;k osQ i{k (:i)
lHkh dkyksa vkSj okP;ksa esa fØ;k osQ fofoèk vkSj O;kid :i gSaA ;gk¡ mudk foLrkj visf{kr ughaA ¯drq uewusosQ rkSj ij uhps ns[kuk* fØ;k ls deZokP; osQ oqQN :i rhuksa dkyksa esa fn;s tk jgs gSaA fo|kFkhZ blh osQ vkèkkjij 'ks"k :i cukus dk vH;kl djsaμ
iq#"k ¯yx lkekU; orZeku lkekU; Hkwr lkekU; Hkfo";r~
1- mÙke iaqú ns[kk tkrk gw¡ ns[kk x;k ns[kk tkm¡Qxk
eSa L=khú ns[kh tkrh gw¡ ns[kh x;h ns[kh tkm¡Qxh
2- eè;e iqaú ns[kk tkrk gS ns[kk x;k ns[kk tk;sxk
rw L=khú ns[kh tkrh gS ns[kh x;h ns[kh tk;sxh
3- vU; iaqú ns[kk tkrk gS ns[kk x;k ns[kk tk;sxk
og L=khú ns[kh tkrh gS ns[kh x;h ns[kh tk;sxh
1- mÙke iaqú ns[ks tkrs gSa ns[ks x;s ns[ks tk;saxs
ge L=khú ns[kh tkrh gSa ns[kh x;ha ns[kh tk;asxh
2- eè;e iqaú ns[ks tkrs gks ns[ks x;s ns[ks tkvksxs
rqe L=khú ns[kh tkrh gks ns[kh x;h ns[kh tkvksxh
3- vU; iaqú ns[ks tkrs gSa ns[ks x;s ns[ks tk;saxs
os L=khú ns[kh tkrh gSa ns[kh x;ha ns[kh tk;saxh
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 59
uksVdky osQ vU; Hksnksa osQ oqQN :i (mnkgj.k) uhps fn, tk jgs gSaμ
lafnXèk orZekuμns[kk tkrk gksxk] ns[kh tkrh gksxh] ns[ks tkrs gksaxsA
laHkkO; orZekuμns[kk tkrk gks] ns[kh tkrh gks] ns[ks tkrs gksaA
vklUuHkwrμns[kk x;k gS] ns[kh x;h gSa] ns[ks x;s gSaA
iw.kZHkwrμns[kk x;k Fkk] ns[kh x;h Fkha] ns[ks x;s FksA
laHkkO;Hkwrμns[kk x;k gks] ns[kh x;h gksa] ns[ks x;s gksaA
lafnXèkHkwrμns[kk x;k gksxk] ns[kh x;ha gksaxh] ns[ks x;s gksaxsA
laHkkO; Hkfo";r~μns[kk tkm¡Qxk] ns[kh tkm¡Qxh] ns[ks tk;saxsA
VkLd ukecksèkd fØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
4-6 fØ;k dk in&ifjp;
fØ;k osQ in&ifjp; esa fØ;k dk izdkj] okP;] iqjQ"k] yx] opu] dky vkSj og 'kCn ftlls fØ;k dk lacaèkgS] bruh ckrsa crkuh pkfg,A
mnkgj.kμeSa tkrk gw¡A
blesa ^tkrk gw¡* fØ;k gSA bldk inkUo; gksxkμ
tkrk gw¡μvdeZd fØ;k] dr`ZokP;] lkekU; orZeku] mÙkeiqjQ"k] iq¯Yyx] ,dopu] ^eSa* bldk drkZA
4-7 lkjka'k (Summary)
ftl 'kCn ls fdlh dke dk djuk ;k gksuk le>k tk,] mls ^fØ;k* dgrs gSaA fØ;k fodkjh 'kCn gS]ftlosQ :i ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj cnyrs gSaA
fØ;k dk ewy èkkrq* gSA èkkrq* fØ;kin osQ ml va'k dks dgrs gSa] tks fdlh fØ;k osQ izk;% lHkh :iksaesa ik;k tkrk gSA
O;qRifÙk vFkok 'kCn&fuekZ.k dh n`f"V ls èkkrq nks izdkj dh gksrh gSμ(1) ewy èkkrq] vkSj (2) ;kSfxdèkkrqA ewy èkkrq Lora=k gksrh gSA ;g fdlh nwljs 'kCn ij vkfJr ugha gksrhA ;kSfxd èkkrq fdlh izR;;osQ ;ksx ls curh gSA
fØ;k osQ ml ifjorZu dks okP;* dgrs gSa] ftlosQ }kjk bl ckr dk cksèk gksrk gS fd okD; osQ varxZrdrkZ] deZ vFkok Hkkoμbuesa ls fdldh izèkkurk gS_ buesa fdlosQ vuqlkj fØ;k osQ iq#"k] opu vkfnvk, gSaA
fØ;k osQ ml :ikUrj dks ^dky* dgrs gSa] ftlls mlosQ dk;Z&O;kikj dk le; vkSj mldh iw.kZvFkok viw.kZ voLFkk dk cksèk gksA dky osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ(1) orZekudky] (2) Hkwrdky] vkSj(3) Hkfo";r~dky
okD; esa fØ;k osQ yx] opu rFkk iqjQ"k dk vè;;u iz;ksx* dgykrk gSA ,slk ns[kk tkrk gS fd okD;dh fØ;k dk ¯yx] opu ,oa iqjQ"k dHkh drkZ osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj gksrk gS] rks dHkhdeZ osQ ¯yx&opu&iqjQ"k osQ vuqlkj] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh okD; dh fØ;k drkZ rFkk deZ osQ vuqlkj
bdkbZ 4 % fØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
60
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
u gksdj ,dopu] iq¯Yyx rFkk vU;iqjQ"k gksrh gS_ ;s gh iz;ksx gSA iz;ksx* rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaμ(d)drZfj iz;ksx] ([k) deZf.k iz;ksx] (x) Hkkos iz;ksxA
4-8 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
dky μ le;
fu"iUu μ HkyhHkk¡fr iwjk fd;k gqvk
Hkwrdky μ chrk gqvk le;
4-9 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ldeZd vkSj vdeZd fØ;k esa D;k varj gS\ Li"V dhft,A
2- fØ;k osQ :iksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3- la;qDr fØ;k osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ mYys[k dhft,A
4- okP; osQ rhu Hksnksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- vdeZd 2- ukeèkkrq 3- fØ;k 4- ldeZd
5- (d) 6- ([k) 7- (d) 8- (d)A
4-10 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vk/qfud ¯gnh O;kdj.k ,oa jpukμMkW- oklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ¯gnh O;kdj.kμc`tfd'kksj izlkn ¯lg] ueu izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμMkW- ehuk{kh vxzoky] jk/kÑ".k izdk'kuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 61
uksV
bdkbZμ5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
5-1 fØ;kfo'ks"k.k
5-2 fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp;
5-3 fØ;k osQ :ikarj vFkok fodkj
5-3-1 fyax
5-3-2 opu
5-3-3 iq#"k
5-3-4 izdkj
5-3-5 okP;
5-3-6 dky
5-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
5-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
5-6 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
5-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp; tkuus esaA
● fØ;k osQ fodkj tkuus esaA
● ¯yx] opu] dky vkfn tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
ftl 'kCn ls fØ;k] fo'ks"k.k rFkk nwljs fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh fo'ks"krk izdV gksrh gS] mls fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaAtSlsμ,dne BaMh gok cgqr rst py jgh FkhA ;gk¡ ^rst* fØ;k dh fo'ks"krk izdV dj jgk gSA ^rst* dhfo'ks"krk izdV gks jgh gSS ^cgqr* lsA ^BaMh* fo'ks"krk dh fo'ks"krk izdV gks jgh gS ^,dne* lsA vr% ^rst*]^cgqr* vkSj ^,dne* fØ;kfo'ks"k.k gq,A
5-1 fØ;kfo'ks"k.k
fØ;kfo'ks"k.k vfodkjh gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ buosQ :i] ¯yx] opu] iq#"k vkSj okD; osQ dkj.k dHkh ugha cnyrsAnwljs 'kCnksa esa] fØ;k] fo'ks"k.k] vO;; (Under-linable) 'kCn gksrs gSaA
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa HksnVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
62
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
fØ;kfo'ks"k.k osQ eq[; pkj Hksn gSa % (1) dkyokpd] (2) LFkkuokpd] (3) ifjek.kokpd](4) jhfrokpdA
1- dkyokpd
ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ls fØ;k osQ le; rFkk vofèk dk cksèk gks mls ^dkyokpd* fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaAtSlsμvc] dc] tc] rc] vkt] dy] ijlksa] vHkh&dHkh] yxh] fiQj] fujarj] yxkrkj] lk;a] izkr%] fnuHkj]jkrHkj] izfrfnu] izfrekl] izfro"kZ] igys] ihNs] ?kM+h&?kM+h] vc rd] dHkh&dHkh] dc rd] fuR;] cgqèkk]vktUe] vgfeZ'k] vkej.k] vkthou bR;kfnA
2- LFkkuokpd
ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ls fØ;k osQ LFkku vFkok fn'kk dk cksèk gks] mls LFkkuokpd fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaAtSlsμbèkj&mèkj] ftèkj&fdèkj] mQij&uhps] ;gk¡&ogk¡] vkxs&ihNs] cká] loZK] lkFk] ikl] nwj] lkeus] fudV]vkj&ikj bR;kfnA
3- ifjek.kokpd
ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ls fØ;k osQ ifjek.k dk cksèk gks mls ifjek.kokpd fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaaA blosQ ik¡p HksngSa %
(i) vfèkdrkcksèkd % Hkkjh] cM+k] cgqr] [kwc] fujk] vfr] loZFkk] vR;ar] fcyoqQy] gYdk] vfrØe.k]cgqrk;rA
(ii) U;wurkcksèkd % oqQN FkksM+k] rfud] yxHkx] tjk] Vqd] ¯dfpr] izk;% vkfnA
(iii) i;kZIrokpd % Bhd] dkiQh] ;Fks"B] i;kZIr] osQoy] cl] bfr] cjkcj] vLrq vkfnA
(iv) rqyukokpd % bruk] mruk] ftruk] fdruk] vfèkd vkSj c<+dj] T;knk] vis{kk vkfnA
(v) Js.khokpd % FkksM+k] fry&fry] ;FkkØe] Øeokj] Øe&Øe ls] ,d&,d djosQ] ckjh&ckjh ls vkfnA
uksV~l ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ls fØ;k osQ le; rFkk vofèk dk cksèk gks] mls dkyokpd fØ;kfo'ks"k.kdgrs gSaA
4- jhfrokpd
ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ls fØ;k osQ djus vFkok gksus dh jhfr dk cksèk gks] mls jhfrokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA
jhfrokpd fØ;kfo'ks"k.k izk;% uhps fy[ks vFkks± esa vkrs gSaμ
fØ;k cukus osQ fu;eμèkhjs&èkhjs] tYnh&tYnh] è;kuiwoZd] ,dk,d] ljek] lq[kiwoZd] jksrk gqvk] g¡lrkgqvk] èkM+kèkM+] >ViV] vkigh&vkiA
(i) fu'p;lwpdμBhd] xyr] vko';d] lpeqp] okLro esaA
(ii) vfu'p;lwpdμ'kk;n] laHkor%] dnkfprA
(iii) LohÑfrlwpdμth gk¡] gk¡ th] cs'kdA
(iv) fu"ksèklwpdμu] ugha] erA
(v) gsrqμblfy,] vr,oA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 63
uksV:i dh n`f"V ls fØ;kfo'ks"k.k osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ
(d) ewy fØ;kfo'ks"k.kμtks fØ;kfo'ks"k.k fdlh nwljs 'kCn ;k izR;; osQ esy ls ugha curk gSA mls ewyfØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsμBhd] nwj] fudV vkfnA
([k) ;kSfxd fØ;kfo'ks"k.kμtks fØ;kfo'ks"k.k izR;; ;k nwljs 'kCnksa osQ ;ksx ls curk gS] mls ;kSfxdfØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsμeu ls] Hkwy ls] ;gk¡ rd] lq[kiwoZd vkfnA
(x) LFkkuh; fØ;kfo'ks"k.kμfcuk ^:ikarj* osQ fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku esa vkus okys fo'ks"k.k dks LFkkuh;fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsμ
laKkμog viuk ^flj* i<s+xkA rw ^[kkd* dek,xkA
loZukeμckcw lkgc ^og pys* vk jgs gSaA os yksx ^rq>s* D;k dgsaxsA
fo'ks"k.kμmlus ^[kwc* xk;kA rqe laqnj fy[krs gksA
iwoZdkfydk Ñnarμpksj ^mB* HkkxkA og nhokj iQk¡ndj fudy HkkxkA
iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls fØ;kfo'ks"k.k osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ
1- lkèkkj.k fØ;kfo'ks"k.kμokD; esa Lora=k :i ls iz;qDr gksus okys fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dks lkèkkj.kfØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsμog ^de* cksyrk gSA yM+dk bèkj vk;kA
2- la;kstd fØ;kfo'ks"k.kμftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk lacaèk fdlh miokD; ls jgrk gS mls la;kstufØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsμtc izfr"Bk gh gkFk ls fudy x;h] rc jgk D;kA
3- vuqc¼ fØ;kfo'ks"k.kμvoèkkj.k osQ fy, ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk fdlh Hkh 'kCn&Hksn osQ lkFk iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gS] mls vuqc¼ fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA tSlsμeSaus ;g ^lquk rd* u FkkA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fØ;kfo'ks"k.k vfodkjh gksrs gSaA
fo'ks"kμ
1- ifjek.kokpd ;k izdkjokpd fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ftl fo'ks"k.k dh fo'ks"krk izdV djrk gS mlosQ fo'ks";osQ vuqlkj mlesa fodkl gksrk gSA tSlsμtks ftrus èkuh gksrs gSa] mudh ykylk mruh gh cM+h gksrh gSA'kjhj mlosQ tSlk c<+k gqvk Fkk] 'kfDr Hkh mlesa oSlh gh FkhA
2- vdeZd fØ;kvksa osQ drZfj iz;ksx esa vkdkjkar fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk drkZ osQ ¯yx vkSj opu osQ vuqlkjfodkl gksrk gSA tSlsμnhokj ikuh ls bruh Hkhx x;h Fkh fd vpkud fxj iM+hA
3- ldeZd fØ;k osQ drZfj vkSj deZf.k iz;ksxksa esa fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk :ikarj deZ osQ ¯yx vkSj opu osQvuqlkj gksrk gSA tSlsμmlus NM+h lhèkh dhA
4- ldeZd fØ;k osQ vdeZd dh rjg iz;qDr gksus ij fØ;kfo'ks"k.k drkZ osQ vuqlkj u gksdj lnkvfoÑr vFkkZr~ iq¯Yyx vkSj ,dopu esa jgrk gSA tSlsμiwue vPNk xkrh gSA og bruh cdrh gS] ijvki pw¡ rd ugha djrsA
fØ;kfo'ks"k.k cukus osQ fu;eμ
oqQN fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ewy fØ;kfo'ks"k.k gSa] tks nwljs 'kCnksa esa izR;; yxkus ls ugha cursA tSlsμnwj] fiQj] ughabR;kfnA ¯drq izk;% fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ;kSfxd gSa tks nwljs 'kCnksa esa izR;; yxkus ls curs gSaA
1- laKk lsμ{k.kek=k] {k.kHkj] iszeiwoZd] è;kuiwoZd] Øe'k%] fnuHkj] jkrHkj] eghus rd] o"kks±A
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
64
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
2- fØ;k lsμlksrs&tkxrs] vkrs&tkrs] mBrs&cSBrs] [kMs+&[kMs+] pkgsA
3- loZuke lsμvc] dc] rc] bèkj] mèkj] ;gk¡&ogk¡] fdruk] ftruk] ;ksa] ;w¡] D;ksa] dHkh] ogh] tc] vHkh]rc] rHkh bR;kfnA
4- fo'ks"k.k lsμèkhjs] pqiosQ] igys] nwljs] rhljs] tSls] oSQls] ,sls] oSls bR;kfnA
5- vO;;ksa osQ esy lsμmQij dks] iQV ls] ;gk¡ rd] ogk¡ rdA
6- 'kCnksa dh f}#fDr lsμfnu&fnu] lkiQ&lkiQ] èkhjs&èkhjs] rM+k&rM+] èkM+k&èkM+] tgk¡&rgk¡] gkFkksa&gkFk],dk,d] ?kj&?kj] }kj&}kj] dkuksaaA
7- fHkUu&fHkUu 'kCnksa osQ esy lsμtSlsμ'kke&losjs] ;FkklaHko] fnu&jkr] tokuh] cq<+kik] vktdy]gj&?kM+h] ;Fkk'kfDr] vkB igj] ?kj&ckgj] 6 ekg] ns'k&fons'k] tc rd] vaèkkèkaqèkA
5-2 fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp;
fØ;kfo'ks"k.kksa dk in&ifjp; nsrs gq, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk o.kZu vko';d gksrk gSA
1- fØ;kfo'ks"k.kksa dk Hksn
2- ftl fØ;k dh og fo'ks"krk izdV djs bR;kfnA
mnkgj.kμ
dy tc eSa pqipki ?kj dks tk jgk Fkk fd brus esa Hkkxrs gq, ,d yM+osQ us eq>s i=k fn;k ftls i<+rsgh eSa izlUu gqvkA
dyμfØ;kfo'ks"k.k] dkyokpd] ^tk jgk Fkk* dk fo'ks"k.kA
pqipkiμfØ;kfo'ks"k.k] izdkjokpd ^tk jgk Fkk* dk fo'ks"k.kA
Hkkxrk gqvkμfØ;kfo'ks"k.k] izdkjokpd ^tk jgk Fkk* dk fo'ks"k.kA
cgqrμfØ;kfo'ks"k.k] ifjek.kokpd] ^izlUu gqvk* dk fo'ks"k.kA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- ftl fØ;kfo'ks"k.k ls fØ;k osQ ifjek.k dk cksèk gks] mls ------------------------- fØ;k fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA
2- iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls ------------------------------ osQ rhu Hksn gSaA
3- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k -------------------------- gksrs gSaA
4- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k osQ eq[; -------------------------- Hksn gSaA
5-3 fØ;k osQ :ikarj vFkok fodkj
fØ;kin osQ fuekZ.k esa dky] i{k vkSj o`fÙk loZizFke fopkj.kh; gS vkSj mlosQ ckn ¯yx] opu] iq#"k okP;bR;kfnA mnkgj.k osQ fy,μ
(i) dky vkSj i{kμi<+] i<+rk] i<+k] i<s+xk] gS] gks] gw¡ ;k gksxkA
(ii) o`fÙkμi<+] i<+uk] i<+ks] if<+,] if<+,xk] i<+s] i<+sa] i<¡™+A
fØ;kvksa esa fodkj osQ mi;qZDr dkj.k gksus osQ vfrfjDr vU; dkj.k Hkh gSa tks fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
(i) ¯yx_ (ii) opu_ (iii) iq#"k_ (iv) izdkj_ (v) okP; vkSj_ (vi) dkyA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 65
uksV5-3-1 ¯yx (Gender)
laKkvksa osQ leku fØ;k osQ nks ¯yx gksrs gSaμiq¯Yyx vkSj L=kh¯yxA
iq¯Yyxμvfouk'k ns[krk gSA
L=kh¯yxμekyk ns[krh gSA
5-3-2 opu (Number)
laKkvksa osQ leku fØ;k osQ Hkh nks opu gksrs gSaμ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA
,dopuμpwgk nkSM+rk gSA
cgqopuμpwgs nkSM+rs gSaA
5-3-3 iq#"k (Person)
fØ;k osQ rhu iq#"k gksrs gSaμmÙke iq#"k] eè;e iq#"k vkSj vU; iq#"kA
mÙke iq#"k (First Person)μeSa [ksyrk gw¡] ge [ksyrs gSaA
eè;e iq#"k (Second Person)μrw [ksyrk gS] rqe [ksyrs gksA
vU; iq#"k (Third Person)μog [ksyrk gS] os [ksyrs gSaA
fo'ks"kμfØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iq#"k lHkh drkZ osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSa] dHkh deZ osQ vuqlkj vkSj dHkh bunksuksa esa ls fdlh osQ Hkh vuqlkj ugha gksrs gSaA bl izdkj iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls fØ;k osQ rhu izdkj gq,μ
1- drZiz;ksxμftuesa fØ;k osQ ¯yx opu vkSj iq#"k drkZ osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSaA
2- deZiz;ksxμftlesa fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iq#"k deZ osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSaA
3- Hkkoiz;ksxμftlesa fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iq#"k drkZ] deZ esa ls fdlh osQ vuqlkj ugha gksrs gSaA
5-3-4 izdkj (Mood)
fØ;k osQ ml :i dk uke ^izdkj* gS ftlls mlosQ foèkku dh jhfr dk cksèk gksrk gSA ¯gnh Hkk"kk esa fØ;kosQ foèkku dh rhu jhfr;k¡ vFkok izdkj gSaμ
1- fu'p;kFkZμfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ gksus dk fu'p; gksrk gS mls fu'p;kFkZ dgrs gSaA blh dkslkèkkj.k izdkj Hkh dgrs gSaA tSlsμuhps fy[kh fØ;k,¡ bl :i osQ varxZr gSaA
lkekU; orZekuμeuksgj fy[krk gSA
viw.kZ orZekuμeuksgj fy[krk FkkA
viw.kZHkwrμeuksgj fy[k jgk FkkA
lkekU; Hkfo";r~μeuksgj fy[ksxkA
2- laHkkoukFkZμfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fdlh fØ;k osQ gksus dh laHkkouk] vuqeku] bPNk] vfu'p;] drZO;vFkok lansg izdV gksA tSlsμuhps fy[kh fØ;k,¡ bl :i osQ varxZr gSaA
(d) lafnXèk orZekuμeuksgj fy[krk gSA
([k) lafnXèk Hkwrμeuksgj fy[ksA
(x) lkekU; Hkfo";r~μeuksgj fy[krk gksxkA
(?k) laHkkoukμohj vkrk gh gksxkA
(Ä) vuqekuμvk'kk gS fd og vk x;k gksxkA
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
(p) bPNkμrqEgkjk dk;Z liQy gksA
(N) vfu'p;μ;fn esjh ekrk vk tk,A
(t) drZO;μns'k dh j{kk djuk esjk drZO; gSA
(>) lansgμckyd i<+ jgk gksxkA
3- izorZukFkZdμfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fdlh dke esa izo`fÙk dk cksèk gks mls izorZukFkZd vFkok foè;FkZdizdkj dgrs gSaA vkKk] izkFkZuk] vuqefr] iz'u] mins'k vkSj vknj izdV djus okys fØ;k osQ lHkh :iblh izdkj osQ varxZr gSaA tSlsμ
(i) vkKkμyM+dksa! viuk ikB i<+ksA
(ii) izkFkZukμizHkks! eq>s vlR; ekxZ ls cpkvksA
(iii) vuqefrμcsVk! vc lks yks fiQj i<+ ysukA
(iv) mins'kμfdlh dks xkyh er nks] dHkh vlR; er cksyksA
(v) vknjμviuh o`Qik dk gkFk lnk ge ij jf[k,xkA
5-3-5 okP; (Voice)
cksyrs le; okD; dk iz;ksx rhu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA bldk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSμ
1- drZ`okP; (Active Voice)
2- deZokP; (Passive Voice)
3- HkkookP; (Impersonal Voice)
okP; lacaèkh iz;ksx djrs le; Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk vo'; è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
1- deZokP; ;k HkkookP; esa drkZ osQ ckn ^ls* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ,sls okD; izk;% udkjkRed gksrs gSa_ldkjkRed ughaA os drkZ dh vleFkZrk osQ Hkko dks izdV djrs gSaA vr% eq>ls diM+s ugha èkks, tkrs*vkSj ^eq>ls pyk ugha tkrk* okD; rks Bhd gS] ysfdu ^eq>ls diM+s èkks, tkrs gSa* vkSj ^eq>ls pyktkrk gS* okD;ksa esa HkkookP; dk iz;ksx Bhd ugha gSA
2- deZokP; esa lkekU;r% fØ;k osQ djus okys O;fDr dk laosQr vko';d ugha gksrk gS_ tSlsμ
(i) caxky esa pkoy [kk;k tkrk gSA
(ii) ;gk¡ ¯gnh cksyh tkrh gSA
3- HkkookP; osQoy vdeZd fØ;kvksa esa gh laHko gS] D;ksafd blesa deZ dh fLFkfr ugha gksrhA HkkookP;esa fØ;k lnSo ,d opu] vU; iq#"k] iq¯Yyx] vkdkjkar :i esa jgrh gSA tSlsμmlls pyk ugha tkrkA
4- deZokP; dk iz;ksx izk;% iz'kklu] foKku] lkekftd foKku vkfn {ks=kksa esa gksrk gSA ^esjs }kjk* tSlkiz;ksx ¯gnh dh izÑfr osQ vuqowQy ugha gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- cksyrs le; okD; dk iz;ksx ------------------------- ls fd;k tkrk gSA
(d) rhu izdkj ([k) pkj izdkj (x) nks izdkj (?k) Ng izdkjA
6- fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ gksus dk fu'p; gksrk gS] mls ------------------------- dgrs gSaA
(d) fu'p;kFkZ ([k) laHkkoukFkZ (x) izorZukFkZd (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 67
uksV7- fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ cgqr le; igys lekIr gksus dk cksèk gks] mls ------------------ dgrs gSaA
(d) lkekU;Hkwr ([k) iw.kZHkwr (x) vklUuHkwr (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
8- dky osQ eq[; :i ls ------------------------- Hksn gksrs gSaA
(d) nks ([k) rhu (x) pkj (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
5-3-6 dky (Tense)
fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus ;k djus osQ le; dk cksèk gks] mls ^dky* dgrs gSaA
dky osQ eq[; Hksn
1- Hkwrdky (Past Tense)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ vrhr&dky esa gksus dk cksèk gks] mls Hkwrdkydgrs gSaA tSlsμ'kkafr oqQekj lks;kA
2- orZekudky (Present Tense)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ chrs gq, le; esa ;k orZeku esa gksusdk cksèk gks] mls orZeku dky dgrs gSaA
3- Hkfo";r~ dky (Future Tense)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ vkus okys le; esa gksus dk cksèkgksrk gks] mls Hkfo";r~ dky dgrs gSaA tSlsμ'kkafr oqQekj lks,xkA
1- Hkwrdky (Past Tense)
Hkwrdky osQ Hksn
1- lkekU;Hkwr (Past Indefinite)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ Hkwrdky esa gksus dk fu'p; rks gks¯drq fdlh fo'ks"k le; dk fu'p; u gksA tSlsμjke x;kA bl okD; esaa x;k* fØ;k ls osQoy lkekU;Hkwr dk Kku gksrk gS vFkkZr~ bl ckr dk Kku ugha gksrk fd tkus dh fØ;k vHkh&vHkh lekIr gqbZ FkhA
2- vklUuHkwrμfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ fudV Hkwr esa lekIr gksus dk cksèk gks mls vklUuHkwrdgrs gSaA tSlsμjke x;k gSA bl okD; esa ^x;k gS* fØ;k ls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd jke vHkh&vHkhx;k gSA
3- iw.kZHkwr (Past Perfect)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ cgqr le; igys (iwjs Hkwr) esa lekIr(iw.kZ) gksus dk cksèk gks] mls iw.kZHkwr dgrs gSaA tSlsμjke x;k FkkA bl okD; esa x;k Fkk* fØ;k ls izdVgksrk gS fd jke cgqr le; igys pyk x;k FkkA
4- viw.kZHkwr (Past Continuous)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ Hkwrdky esa tkjh jgus ;k lekIru gksus dk cksèk gks mls viw.kZHkwr dgrs gSaA tSlsμ^jke tkrk Fkk* vFkok tk jgk FkkA
5- lafnXèkHkwr (Past Imperfect)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ Hkwrdky esa gksus dk lansg ik;ktk;s] mls lafnXèk Hkwr dgrs gSaA tSlsμjke x;k gksxkA bl okD; esa x;k gksxk fØ;k ls jke osQ Hkwrdkyesa tkus dk lansg gSA
6- gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr (Continuous Past)μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g Kkr gks fd fØ;k dk Hkwrdkyesa gksuk rks laHko FkkA ijarq dkj.ko'k gks ugha ldk] mls gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr (Conditional Past) dgrsgSaA tSlsμ;fn jke vk tkrk rks dke vo'; gks tkrkA bl okD; esa ^vk tkrk* fØ;k ls Kkr gksrk gSfd dke gksuk rks laHko Fkk] ijarq jke osQ u vkus ls ugha gks ldkA
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
68
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
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2- orZekudky (Present Tense)
orZeku osQ HksnμblosQ rhu Hksn gSaA
1- lkekU; orZekuμfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ orZeku le; esa gksus dk cksèk gks] mls lkekU;orZeku dgrs gSaA tSlsμ^jke tkrk gS*A bl okD; esa ^tkrk gS* fØ;k ls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd jke tkusdk O;kikj (dk;Z) orZeku le; esas gh dj jgk gSA
2- lafnXèk orZekuμfØ;k dk og :i ftlls fØ;k osQ orZeku dky esa gksus dk lansg gks] mls lafnXèkorZeku dgrs gSaaA tSlsμjke tkrk gksxkA bl okD; esa tkrk gksxk* fØ;k ls jke osQ orZeku dky esa tkusdk lansg gSA
3- viw.kZ orZekuμfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ orZeku dky esa tkjh jgus vFkok lekIr u gksus dkcksèk gks] mls viw.kZ orZeku dgrs gSaA tSlsμjke tk jgk gS bl okD; esa ^tk jgk gS* fØ;k ls jke osQorZeku dky esa tkus osQ dk;Z (O;kikj) dks tkjh j[kus dk cksèk gksrk gSA
3- Hkfo";r~ dky (Future Tense)
Hkfo";r~ dky osQ HksnμblosQ nks Hksn gSaA
1- lkekU; Hkfo";r~μfØ;k dk og :i ftlls fØ;k osQ vkus okys le; esa gksus dk cksèk gks] mlslkekU; Hkfo";r~ dgrs gSaA tSlsμjke tk;sxkA bl okD; esa ^tk,xk* fØ;k ls jke osQ Hkfo";r~ dky esatkus dk cksèk gksrk gSA
2- laHkkO; Hkfo";r~μfØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k osQ Hkfo";r~ dky esa gksus dh laHkkouk vFkok bPNkikbZ tk;s_ tSlsμ^jke dydÙkk tk,*A bl okD; esa ^tk,* fØ;k ls jke osQ Hkfo";r~ dky esa dydÙkktkus dh bPNk rFkk laHkkouk dk cksèk gksrk gSA
fo'ks"kμizorZukFkZd (Imperative) fØ;k] ftls fofèk Hkh dgrs gSa] blosQ nks Hksn gSaμ(1) izR;{k_(2) ijks{kA
izR;{k fofèkμizR;{k fofèk osQ rhu Hksn gSaμ
1- lkèkkj.kμcksy] py] HkkxA
2- vknjμcksfy,] pfy,] Hkkfx,A
3- fo'ks"kknjμcksfy,xk] pfy,xk] Hkkfx,xkA
dkypØdky
Hkwr orZeku Hkfo";r~
lkekU; lafnXèk iw.kZ
lkekU;Hkwr vklUuHkwr iw.kZHkwr viw.kZHkwr lafnXèkHkwr gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr
lkekU; Hkfo";r~ lEHkkO; Hkfo";r~
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 69
uksV2- ijks{k fofèkμblesa ^b;s* osQ LFkku esa ^b;ks* izR;; yxrk gS_ tSlsμfyf[k;ks] cksfy;ks] if<+;ksA blosQfy, fØ;k dk lkekU; :i Hkh iz;qDr gksrk gS_ tSlsμi=k vo'; fy[kuk] ogk¡ tkuk] ;gk¡ vkukA
VkLd okP; lacaèkh iz;ksx djrs le; Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,\
fØ;kvksa dh fo'ks"krk
lwpukμmnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d ldeZd vkSj ,d vdeZd èkkrq dh :ikoyh nh tkrh gSA
'ks"k èkkrqvksa dh :ikoyh bl izdkj tkuuh pkfg,A
vdeZd ^i<+* èkkrqdrZ`okP; (Active Voice)Hkwrdky % (d) lkekU;Hkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+k geus i<+k
eè;e iq- rw us i<+k rqeus i<+k
vU; iq- mlus i<+k mUgksaus i<+k
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+h geus i<+h
eè;e iq- rw us i<+h rqeus i<+h
vU; iq- mlus i<+h mUgksaus i<+h
([k) vklUuHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+k gSS geus i<+k gS
eè;e iq- rw us i<+k gS rqeus i<+k gS
vU; iq- mlus i<+k gS mUgksaus i<+k gS
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+h gS geus i<+h gS
eè;e iq- rwus i<+h gS rqeus i<+h gS
vU; iq- mlus i<+h gS mUgksaus i<+h gS
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
70
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
(x) iw.kZHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+k Fkk geus i<+k Fkk
eè;e iq- rwus i<+k Fkk rqeus i<+k Fkk
vU; iq- mlus i<+k Fkk mUgksaus i<+k Fkk
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+h Fkh geus i<+h Fkh
eè;e iq- rwus i<+h Fkh rqeus i<+h Fkh
vU; iq- mlus i<+h Fkh mUgksaus i<+h Fkh
(?k) viw.kZHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rk Fkk ge i<+rs Fks
eè;e iq- rw i<+rk Fkk rqe i<+rs Fks
vU; iq- og i<+rk Fkk os i<+rs Fks
lwpukμi<+ jgk Fkk Hkh Bhd gSA
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rh Fkh ge i<+rh Fkha
eè;e iq- rw i<+rh Fkh rqe i<+rh Fkha
vU; iq- og i<+rh Fkh os i<+rh Fkha
(Ä) lafnXèkHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+k gksxk geus i<+k gksxk
eè;e iq- rwus i<+k gksxk rqeus i<+k gksxk
vU; iq- mlus i<+k gksxk mUgksaus i<+k gksxk
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+h gksxh geus i<+h gksxh
eè;e iq- rwus i<+h gksxh rqeus i<+h gksxh
vU; iq- mlus i<+h gksxh mUgksaus i<+h gksxh
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 71
uksV(Ä) lafnXèkHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+k gksxk geus i<+k gksxk
eè;e iq- rwus i<+k gksxk rqeus i<+k gksxk
vU; iq- mlus i<+k gksxk mUgksaus i<+k gksxk
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSaus i<+h gksxh geus i<+h gksxh
eè;e iq- rwus i<+h gksxh rqeus i<+h gksxh
vU; iq- mlus i<+h gksxh mUgksaus i<+h gksxh
(p) gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rk ge i<+rs
eè;e iq- rw i<+rk rqe i<+rs
vU; iq- og i<+rk os i<+rs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rh ge i<+rha
eè;e iq- rw i<+rh rqe i<+rha
vU; iq- og i<+rh os i<+rha
orZeku dky
(d) lkekU; orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rk gw¡ ge i<+rs gSa
eè;e iq- rw i<+rk gS rqe i<+rs gks
vU; iq- og i<+rk gS os i<+rs gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rh gw¡ ge i<+rh gSa
eè;e iq- rw i<+rh gS rqe i<+rh gks
vU; iq- og i<+rh gS os i<+rh gSa
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
72
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
([k) lafnXèk orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rk gw¡xk ge i<+rs gksaxs
eè;e iq- rw i<+rk gksxk rqe i<+rs gksaxs
vU; iq- og i<+rk gksxk os i<+rs gksaxs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+rh gw¡xh ge i<+rh gkasxh
eè;e iq- rw i<+rh gksxh rqe i<+rh gksaxh
vU; iq- og i<+rh gksxh os i<+rh gksaxh
(x) viw.kZ orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+ jgk gw¡ ge i<+ jgs gSa
eè;e iq- rw i<+ jgk gS rqe i<+ jgs gks
vU; iq- og i<+rk jgk gS os i<+ jgs gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+ jgh gw¡ ge i<+ jgh gSa
eè;e iq- rw i<+ jgh gS rqe i<+ jgh gks
vU; iq- og i<+ jgh gS os i<+ jgh gSa
Hkfo";r~ dky
(d) lkekU; Hkfo";r~
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+™¡xk ge i<+asxs
eè;e iq- rw i<+sxk rqe i<+ksxs
vU; iq- og i<+sxk os i<+saxs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+™¡xh ge i<+asxh
eè;e iq- rw i<+sxh rqe i<+ksxh
vU; iq- og i<+sxh os i<+saxh
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 73
uksV([k) lEHkkO; Hkfo";r~
iq¯Yyx RkFkk L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa i<+™¡ ge i<+sa
eè;e iq- rw i<+s rqe i<+ks
vU; iq- og i<+s os i<sa+
lwpukμizorZuk izR;{k lkèkkj.k osQ :i esa lkekU; Hkfo";r~ osQ leku gh gksrs gSaA
vknj fofèkμif<+,A
ijks{k fofèkμi<+uk] if<+;ksA
iwoZdkfyd fØ;kμi<+dj] i<+ osQA
vdeZd ^cSB* èkkrqdr`ZokP; (Active Voice)
Hkwrdky
(d) lkekU;Hkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBk ge cSBs
eè;e iq- rw cSBk rqe cSBs
vU; iq- og cSBk os cSBs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBh ge cSBha
eè;e iq- rw cSBh rqe cSBh
vU; iq- og cSBh os cSBha
([k) vklUuHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBk gw¡ ge cSBs gSa
eè;e iq- rw cSBk gS rqe cSBs gks
vU; iq- og cSBk gS os cSBs gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBh gw¡ ge cSBh gSa
eè;e iq- rw cSBh gS rqe cSBh gks
vU; iq- og cSBh gS os cSBh gSa
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
74
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
(x) iw.kZHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBk Fkk ge cSBs Fks
eè;e iq- rw cSBk Fkk rqe cSBs Fks
vU; iq- og cSBk Fkk os cSBs Fks
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBh Fkh ge cSBh Fkha
eè;e iq- rw cSBh Fkh rqe cSBh Fkha
vU; iq- og cSBh Fkh os cSBh Fkha
(?k) viw.kZHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrk Fkk ge cSBrs Fks
eè;e iq- rw cSBrk Fkk rqe cSBrs Fks
vU; iq- og cSBrk Fkk os cSBrs Fks
lwpukμ^og cSB jgk Fkk* Hkh Bhd gSA
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrh Fkh ge cSBrh Fkha
eè;e iq- rw cSBrh Fkh rqe cSBrh Fkha
vU; iq- og cSBrh Fkh os cSBrh Fkha
(Ä) lafnXèkHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBk gw¡xk ge cSBs gksaxs
eè;e iq- rw cSBk gksxk rqe cSBs gksxs
vU; iq- og cSBk gksxk os cSBs gksaxs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBh gw¡xh ge cSBh gksaxh
eè;e iq- rw cSBh gksxh rqe cSBh gksxh
vU; iq- og cSBh gksxh os cSBh gksaxh
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uksV(p) gsrqgsrqen~Hkwriq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrk ge cSBrs
eè;e iq- rw cSBrk rqe cSBrs
vU; iq- og cSBrk os cSBrs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrh ge cSBrh
eè;e iq- rw cSBrh rqe cSBrh
vU; iq- og cSBrh os cSBrh
orZeku dky
(d) lkekU; orZekuiq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrk gw¡ ge cSBrs gSa
eè;e iq- rw cSBrk gS rqe cSBrs gks
vU; iq- og cSBrk gS os cSBrs gSa
L=kh¯yxiq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrh gw¡ ge cSBrh gSa
eè;e iq- rw cSBrh gS rqe cSBrh gks
vU; iq- og cSBrh gS os cSBrh gSa
([k) lafnXèk orZekuiq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrk gw¡xk ge cSBs gksaxs
eè;e iq- rw cSBrk gksxk rqe cSBrs gksxs
vU; iq- og cSBrk gksxk os cSBrs gksaxs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBrh gw¡xh ge cSBrh gksaxh
eè;e iq- rw cSBrh gksxh rqe cSBrh gksxh
vU; iq- og cSBrh gksxh os cSBrh gksaxh
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
76
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
(x) viw.kZ orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBk jgk gw¡ ge cSB jgs gSa
eè;e iq- rw cSB jgk gS rqe cSB jgs gks
vU; iq- og cSB jgk gS os cSB jgs gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSB jgh gw¡ ge cSB jgh gSa
eè;e iq- rw cSB jgh gS rqe cSB jgh gks
vU; iq- og cSB jgh gS os cSB jgh gSa
Hkfo";r~ dky
(d) lkekU; Hkfo";r~
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBw¡xk ge cSBsaxs
eè;e iq- rw cSBsxk rqe cSBksxs
vU; iq- og cSBsxk os cSBsa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa cSBw¡xh ge cSBsaxh
eè;e iq- rw cSBsxh rqe cSBksxh
vU; iq- og cSBsxh os cSBsaxh
([k) laHkkO; Hkfo";r~ èkkrq ^[ksy*
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa [ksyw¡ ge [ksysa
eè;e iq- rw [ksys rqe [ksyks
vU; iq- og [ksys os [ksysa
lwpuk&izorZuk izR;{k lkèkkj.k iq#"k ,dopu esa ^rw [ksy* :i curk gSA 'ks"k lkjs :i lkekU; Hkfo";r~ osQleku gh gSaA
vknjlwpdμvki cSfB,A
fo'ks"k vknjlwpdμvki cSfB,xkA
ijks{k fofèkμvki cSBuk vFkok cSfB;ksA
iwoZdkfyd fØ;kμcSBdj] cSB osQA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 77
uksVldeZd ^fy[k* èkkrq
deZokP; (Passive)
;s :i deZokP; osQ gSaA vr% oqQN fofp=k ls izrhr gksrs gSaA drZ`okP; esa gh buosQ :i lkèkkj.kr;k izpfyrgSa_ tSlsμeSaus fy[kk] geus fy[kk] mlus fy[kk vkfnA
Hkwrdky
(d) lkekU;Hkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk x;k ge fy[ks x,
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk x;k rqe fy[ks x,
vU; iq- og fy[kk x;k os fy[ks x,
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh xbZ ge fy[kh xb±
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh xbZ rqe fy[kh xb±
vU; iq- og fy[kh xbZ os fy[kh xb±
([k) vklUuHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk x;k gw¡ ge fy[ks x, gSa
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk x;k gS rqe fy[ks x, gks
vU; iq- og fy[kk x;k gS os fy[ks x, gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh xbZ gw¡ ge fy[kh xb± gSa
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh xbZ gS rqe fy[kh xb± gks
vU; iq- og fy[kh xbZ gS os fy[kh xb± gSa
(x) iw.kZHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk x;k Fkk ge fy[ks x, Fks
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk x;k Fkk rqe fy[ks x, Fks
vU; iq- og fy[kk x;k Fkk os fy[ks x, Fks
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
78
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh xbZ Fkh ge fy[kh xb± Fkha
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh xbZ Fkh rqe fy[kh xb± Fkha
vU; iq- og fy[kh xbZ Fkh os fy[kh xb± Fkha
(?k) viw.kZHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkrk Fkk ge fy[ks tkrs Fks
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tkrk Fkk rqe fy[ks tkrs Fks
vU; iq- og fy[kk tkrk Fkk os fy[ks tkrs Fks
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkrh Fkh ge fy[kh tkrh Fkha
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tkrh Fkh rqe fy[kh tkrh Fkha
vU; iq- og fy[kh tkrh Fkh os fy[kh tkrh Fkha
(Ä) lafnXèkHkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk x;k gw¡xk ge fy[ks x, gksaxs
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk x;k gksxk rqe fy[ks x, gksaxs
vU; iq- og fy[kk x;k gksxk os fy[ks x, gksaxs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh xbZ gw¡xh ge fy[kh xb± gksaxh
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh xbZ gksxh rqe fy[kh xb± gksaxh
vU; iq- og fy[kh xbZ gksxh os fy[kh xb± gksaxh
(p) gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk x;k gksrk ge fy[ks x, gksrs
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk x;k gksrk rqe fy[ks x, gksrs
vU; iq- og fy[kk x;k gksrk os fy[ks x, gksrs
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 79
uksVL=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh xbZ gksrh ge fy[kh xb± gksrha
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh xbZ gksrh rqe fy[kh xb± gksrha
vU; iq- og fy[kh xbZ gksrh os fy[kh xb± gksrha
(N) gsrqgsrqen~Hkwr viw.kZ
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkrk ge fy[ks tkrs
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tkrk rqe fy[ks tkrs
vU; iq- og fy[kk tkrk os fy[ks tkrs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkrh ge fy[kh tkrha
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tkrh rqe fy[kh tkrha
vU; iq- og fy[kh tkrh os fy[kh tkrha
orZeku dky
(d) lkekU; orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkrk gw¡ ge fy[ks tkrs gSa
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tkrk gS rqe fy[ks tkrs gks
vU; iq- og fy[kk tkrk gS os fy[ks tkrs gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkrh gw¡ ge fy[kh tkrh gSa
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tkrh gS rqe fy[kh tkrh gks
vU; iq- og fy[kh tkrh gS os fy[kh tkrh gSa
([k) lafnXèk orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkrk gw¡xk ge fy[ks tkrs gksaxs
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tkrk gksxk rqe fy[ks tkrs gksxs
vU; iq- og fy[kk tkrk gksxk os fy[ks tkrs gksaxs
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
80
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkrh gw¡xh ge fy[kh tkrh gksaxh
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tkrh gksxh rqe fy[kh tkrh gksaxh
vU; iq- og fy[kh tkrh gksxh os fy[kh tkrh gksaxh
(x) viw.kZ orZeku
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tk jgk gw¡ ge fy[ks tk jgs gSa
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tk jgk gS rqe fy[ks tk jgs gks
vU; iq- og fy[kk tk jgk gS os fy[ks tk jgs gSa
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tk jgh gw¡ ge fy[kh tk jgh gSa
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tk jgh gS rqe fy[kh tk jgh gks
vU; iq- og fy[kh tk jgh gS os fy[kh tk jgh gSa
Hkfo";r~
(d) lkekU; Hkfo";r~
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkm¡Qxk ge fy[ks tk,¡xs
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tk,xk rqe fy[ks tkvksxs
vU; iq- og fy[kk tk,xk os fy[ks tk,¡xs
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkm¡Qxh ge fy[kh tk,¡xh
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tk,xh rqe fy[kh tkvksxh
vU; iq- og fy[kh tk,xh os fy[kh tk,¡xh
([k) laHkkO; Hkfo";r~
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkrk gw¡xk ge fy[ks tkrs gksaxs
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tkrk gksxk rqe fy[ks tkrs gksaxs
vU; iq- og fy[kk tkrk gksxk os fy[ks tkrs gksaxs
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 81
uksVL=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkrh gw¡xh ge fy[kh tkrha gksaxh
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tkrh gksxh rqe fy[kh tkrha gksaxh
vU; iq- og fy[kh tkrh gksxh os fy[kh tkrha gksaxh
izorZu izR;{k lkèkkj.k
iq Yyx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kk tkm¡Q ge fy[ks tk,¡
eè;e iq- rw fy[kk tk, rqe fy[ks tkvks
vU; iq- og fy[kk tk, os fy[ks tk,¡
L=kh¯yx
iq#"k ,dopu cgqopu
mÙke iq- eSa fy[kh tkm¡Q ge fy[kh tkm¡Q
eè;e iq- rw fy[kh tk, rqe fy[kh tkvks
vU; iq- og fy[kh tk, os fy[kh tk,¡
vknj fofèkμ fy[ks tkb, (iq¯Yyx)
fy[kh tkb, (L=kh¯yx)
fo'ks"k vknjμ fy[ks tkb,] fy[kh tkb,xk
ijks{k fofèkμ fy[ks tkuk (iq¯Yyx)
fy[kh tkuk (L=kh¯yx)
fy[ks tkb,xk] fy[ks tkb;ks] fy[kh tkb;ksA
blh izdkj vU; fØ;kvksa osQ :i gksrs gSaA
^gks* èkkrq
^gks* èkkrq osQ nks vFkZ fudyrs gSaμfo|ekurk vkSj mRifÙkA tkyaèkj esa fo}ku cgqr gSa (fo|ekurk)] gksf'k;kjiqjesa vke cgqr gksrs gSa (mRifÙk)A
vdeZd ^gks* èkkrq (mRifÙk vFkZ esa) dh :ikoyh
Hkwrdky
1- lkekU;Hkwrμgqvk] gq,A
2- vklUuHkwrμgqvk gS] gq, gSaA
3- iw.kZHkwrμgqvk Fkk] gq, FksA
4- viw.kZHkwrμgqvk Fkk] gksrs FksA
5- lafnXèkHkwrμgqvk gksxk] gq, gksaxsA
6- gsrqgsrqen~Hkwrμgqvk gksrk] gq, gksrsA
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
82
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
orZeku dky
1- lkekU; orZekuμgksrk gS] gksrs gSaA
2- lafnXèk orZekuμgksrk gksxk] gksrs gksaxsA
3- viw.kZ orZekuμgks jgk gS] gks jgs gSaA
Hkfo";r~ dky
1- lkekU; Hkfo";r~μgksxk] gksaxsA
2- laHkkO; Hkfo";r~μgksos] gksosaA
3- vknj fofèkμgksb,A
4- ijks{k fofèkμgksukA
vdeZd ^gks* èkkrq (^fo|ekurk* osQ vFkZ esa) dh :ikoyh
1- lkekU;HkwrμFkk] FksA
2- lkekU; orZekuμgS] gSaA
'ks"k lc :i mRifÙk vFkZ ^gks* èkkrq osQ leku gSaA
fØ;k dk in&ifjp;
fØ;k osQ in&ifjp; osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk o.kZu vko';d gksrk gSμ(1) Hksn ldeZd vFkokvdeZd] (2) okP;] (3) dky] (4) izdkj] (5) yx] (6) opu] (7) iq#"k] (8) okD; ls mldk lacaèkvkfnA
mnkgj.kμ
;g ckr lqudj jke us dgk ;fn os vk,¡ rks mudk Lokxr fd;k tk,xkA
lqudjμiwoZdkfyd fØ;k] ldeZd] drZ`okP; ^;g ckr* bldk deZA
dgkμfØ;k] lkekU;Hkwr] ,dopu] iq¯Yyx] izFke iq#"k] ,dopuA
mlμbldk drkZ gSA
vk,¡μfØ;k] vdeZd] dr`ZokP;] Hkfo";r~] vU; iq#"k] cgqopuA ^os* bldk drkZ gSA
fd;k tk,xkμfØ;k] ldeZd] deZokP;] lkekU; Hkfo";r~] iq¯Yyx] vU; iq#"k] ,dopuA
5-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
ftl 'kCn ls fØ;k] fo'ks"k.k rFkk nwljs fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh fo'ks"krk izdV gksrh gS] mls fØ;kfo'ks"k.kdgrs gSaA
fØ;kfo'ks"k.k vfodkjh gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ buosQ :i] ¯yx] opu] iq#"k vkSj okD; osQ dkj.k dHkh ughacnyrsA fØ;kfo'ks"k.k osQ eq[; pkj Hksn gSa % (1) dkyokpd] (2) LFkkuokpd] (3) ifjek.kokpd](4) jhfrokpdA
fØ;kin osQ fuekZ.k esa dky] i{k vkSj o`fÙk loZizFke fopkj.kh; gS vkSj mlosQ ckn ¯yx] opu] iq#"kokP; bR;kfnA
laKkvksa osQ leku fØ;k osQ nks ¯yx gksrs gSaμiq¯Yyx vkSj L=kh¯yxA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 83
uksVcksyrs le; okD; dk iz;ksx rhu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA tks fuEufyf[kr gSaμ
1- drZ`okP; 2- deZokP; 3- HkkookP;A
fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ gksus ;k djus osQ le; dk cksèk gks] mls ^dky* dgrs gSaA dky osQ rhuHksn gksrs gSaμ
1- Hkwrdky 2- orZekudky 3- Hkfo";r~ dkyA
5-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
vdeZd μ deZ ls jfgr
ldeZd μ deZ lfgr
cksèk μ Kku
5-6 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dk in&ifjp; nhft,A
2- ^fØ;k osQ fodkj* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ Li"V dhft,A
3- jhfrokpd fo'ks"k.k fdls dgrs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A
4- dky osQ eq[; Hksnksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
5- okP; fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- ifjek.kokpd 2- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k 3- vfodkjh 4- pkj
5- (d) 6- (d) 7- ([k) 8- ([k)A
5-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- ljy ¯gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpukμoklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ifj"Ñr ¯gnh O;kdj.kμcnzhukFk diwj] izHkkr izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
bdkbZ 5 % fØ;kfo'ks"k.k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa Hksn
84
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZμ6 % foijhr 'kCn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
6-1 foykse 'kCn ;k foijhrkFkZd 'kCn
6-2 lkjka'k (Summary)
6-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
6-4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
6-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● foykse 'kCn dk vFkZ tkuus esaA
● foykse 'kCnksa dk vè;;u djus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
^foykse* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμmYVk ;k foijhrA vr% fdlh 'kCn dk mYVk vFkZ O;Dr djus okyk 'kCnfoyksekFkZd 'kCn dgykrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ fnu&jkrA ;gk¡ jkr 'kCn] fnu* 'kCn dk Bhd mYVk (foijhr) vFkZO;Dr dj jgk gS_ vr% ;g foykse 'kCn gSA foyksekFkZd 'kCnksa dks foi;kZ;okph] foijhrkFkZd]izfryksekFkZd vkSj foykse 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA
Hkk"kk esa Hkkoksa&fopkjksa dh Li"Vrk osQ fy, foykse 'kCn dk Kku mi;ksxh gksrk gS_ tSlsμvojksg 'kCn dk^iru* uhps fxjuk* dh vis{kk vkjksg 'kCn vFkkZr~ mYVk dgus ls vFkZ dh izrhfr vkSj Hkh Li"Vrk ls gks tkrhgSA bl izdkj foykse 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;fDr 'kfDr c<+ tkrh gSA
6-1 foykse 'kCn ;k foijhrkFkZd 'kCn
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vè;;u gsrq foyksekFkZd 'kCnksa dh lwph izLrqr gSμ
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
(v)
var vkfn voaQVd oaQVfdr
varjax cfgjax v{kr fo{kr
var}ZU} cfg}ZU} v{ke l{ke
vareqZ[kh cfgeqZ[kh vn`'; n`';
Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 85
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
vanj ckgj vfLrRo vufLrRo
vaèkdkj izdk'k vgZrk vugZrk
vdeZd ldeZd vfHkeq[k izfreq[k
vdky lqdky vfHkizsr vufHkizsr
vxz i'p vfèkewY;u voewY;u
vxyk fiNyk vèkhu Lora=k
voj izoj vèke mÙke
vuqnkj izfrfØ;k'khy vè;olk; vuè;olk;
voufr mUufr vèkkseq[kh mQèoZeq[kh
vpy lpy vèkksxkeh mQèoZxkeh
viZ.k xzg.k vfr vYi
vfHkK vufHkK vFk bfr
vuqowQy izfrowQy vfèkÑr vufèkÑr
viZ.k xzg.k vFkkg fNNyk
vfuok;Z oSdfYid vukFk lukFk
vP;qr P;qr vfopy <qyeqy
vLr mn; vfoLej.kh; foLej.kh;
vofu vacj vuqjkx fojkx
vour mUur vxzt vuqt
vuqykse izfrykse vofu vacj
vfer ifjfer vL=khdj.k fujL=khdj.k
vYiK cgqK vfLrRo vufLrRo
v'kDr l'kDr viuk ijk;k
vlhe lhfer vis{kk mis{kk
vijkèkh fujijkèkh vR;fèkd LoYi
vfHklj.k vilj.k vuqjfDr fojfDr
voko~Q loko~Q vtZu [kpZ
vfXu ty vodk'k vuodk'k
v{kj {kj v¯glk ¯glk
vej eR;Z vokZphu izkphu
vFkZ vuFkZ vYier cgqer
vxe lqxe vieku lEeku
vfXu ty vK foK
ve`r fo"k vyH; yH;vH;kl vuH;kl vPNk cqjk
vekoL;k iwf.kZek vèkqukru iqjkru
vuqxzg foxzg v'ku vu'ku
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
86
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
vlaHko laHko vokZphu izkphu
vH;Lr vuH;Lr vfèkd de
vuqer vuuqer vozwQj ozwQj
vehj xjhc vfro`f"V vuko`f"V
vUo; vuUo; vYi izpqj
vuqfØ;k izfrfØ;k
uksV~l ^foykse* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμmYVk ;k foijhrA
(vk)vkdk'k ikrky vkd"kZ.k fod"kZ.k
vkgkj fujkgkj vkØe.k izfrj{k.k
vkxr vukxr vkfLrd ukfLrd
vkxkeh foxr vkReh; vukReh;
vkpkj vukpkj vkRefo'okl vkRela'k;
vknj vuknj vkyksd frfej
vkrqj vukrqj vko';d vuko';d
vkfJr vukfJr vkjksgh vojksgh
vkè;kfRed HkkSfrd vk; O;;
vkfoHkkZo frjksHkko vk;kr fu;kZr
vkjksg.k vojksg.k vk?kkr vuk?kkr
vkxzg nqjkxzg vkàku foltZu
vkèkkj fujkèkkj vkdh.kZ fodh.kZ
vkx ikuh vkdfLed lkef;d
vk'kk fujk'kk vkpkj vukpkj
vk'kkoknh fujk'kkoknh vkfe"k fujkfe"k
vk'kh"k vfHk'kki vkxeu izLFkkuvkuane; fo"kkniw.kZ vkoaqQpu izlkj.k
vklDr vuklDr vk"kZ vuk"kZ
vkgr vukgr vkjkè; nqjkè;
vkLFkk vukLFkk vkorZd vukorZd
vk:<+ vuk:<+ vk| vaR;
vktknh xqykeh vkKkikyu voKk
vkH;arj cká vkjaHk var
vknj fujknj vkylh deZB
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 87
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
vkfn"V fuf"k¼ vkgwr vukgwr
vk;Z vuk;Z vknZz 'kq"d
vkfn var vkeaf=kr vukeaf=kr
vkgk;Z vukgk;Z vko`r vuko`r
vkMacj lknxh vk'p;Z vuk'p;Z
(b)bPNqd vfuPNqd bTtr csbTtrh
b"V vfu"V bèkj mèkj
bPNk vfuPNk bgyksd ijyksd
(bZ)bZgk vuhgk bZ'k vuh'k
bZ'oj vuh'oj bZfIlr vuhfIlr
bZekunkj csbZeku
D;k vki tkurs gSa foykse 'kCnksa dks foijhrkFkZd Hkh dgrs gSaA
(m)mÙke vèke mPp fuEu
mn; vLr mi;qDr vuqi;qDr
mieku O;frjsd mikns; vuqikns;
mÙkj nf{k.k mYykl fo"kkn
mRFkku iru mUeq[k foeq[k
mn~?kkVu lekiu mTToy èkwfey
mRifÙk fouk'k mfpr vuqfpr
mUu;u iyk;u mLrkn psyk
moZjk catj mRÑ"V fuÑ"V
mfpr vuqfpr mDr vuqDr
mUur vour mÙkh.kZ vuqÙkh.kZ
mn~xe foy; mn~Hko volku
m¼r four mnkÙk vuqnkÙk
m"kk laè;k mnkj Ñi.k
mnkj vuqnkj mfPN"V vuqfPN"V
mRlkg vuqRlkg mfnr vLr
m".k 'khry m}sx fujQ}sx
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
88
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
mies; vuqies; mÙkstu iz'keu
mRd"kZ vid"kZ milxZ izR;;
mUewyu jksi.k mifLFkr vuqifLFkr
mèkkj udn mYya?ku vuqYya?ku
mxz lkSE; mikftZr vuqikftZr
mn;kpy vLrkpy mnxz vuqnxz
m|eh fujQ|e mUer vuqUeÙk
mi;ksx vuqi;ksx
(mQ)mQ"ek 'khryrk m¡Qp uhp
(Í)Ítq oØ Í.kh mÎ.k
Ír vu`r Íf¼ foiUurk
(,),d=k fodh.kZ ,d vusd,dkfèkdkj lokZfèkdkj ,M+h pksVh,osQ'ojokn cgqnsookn ,dkxz papy,dkFkZd vusdkFkZd ,drk vusdrk,dkxzfpr vU;euLd ,"k.kk vuS"k.kk,di{kh; cgqi{kh; ,dkaxh vusdkaxh
(,s),sfgd ikjykSfdd ,sfrgkfld vuSfrgkfld,sfPNd vuSfPNd
(vks)vkstLoh fuLrst vksNk xaHkhj
vksrizksr foghu vksg okg
(vkS)vkSjr enZ vkSjl nÙkd
vkSipkfjd vukSipkfjd vkS"kfèk vukS"kfèk
vkSfpR; vukSfpR; vkSnk;Z vukSnk;Z
(d)doZQ'k eèkqj dkiqjQ"k iqjQ"kkFkhZ
dyafdr fu"dyad dlwj csdlwj
dfu"B T;s"B dkuwuh xSjdkuwuh
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 89
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
dkV~; vdkV~; dksykgy 'kkafr
Ø; foØ; oqQfVy ljy
dkeh vdke deZB fudEek
oqaQfBr voqaQfBr oqQ:i lq:i
oqQiFk lqiFk o`Q".k 'kqDy
oqQekjh fookfgrk dky vdkydYiukrhr dYiuh; oqQ'ky voqQ'kyoqQO;oLFkk lqO;oLFkk oqQ"B rh{.k
o`Qi.k nkrk oqQyhu voqQyhu
o`Qik vÑik deh ckgqY;
Ñr vÑr dk;Z vdk;Z
oqQiQy lqiQy d#.k fu"Bqj
o`Q'k iq"V dVq eèkqj
oqQ[;kr fo[;kr dM+k eqyk;e
oqQcqf¼ lqcqf¼ diV fu"diV
oqQÑfr lqÑfr dy;qx lr;qx
oqQyVk ifrozrk oQiwr liwr
Øe O;frØe ÑrK Ñr?u
dM+ok ehBk dksey dBksj
dhfrZ vidhfrZ ozQksèk {kek
dksi Ñik dfeZ"Brk vdfeZ"Brk
dY;k.k vdY;k.k deZ.; vdeZ.;
dk;j lkglh dkj.k vdkj.k
oqQfVy ljy Ñi.k fiQtwy[kphZ
Ñ".k 'osr d"kZ.k fod"kZ.k
ozwQj fouez oqQynhi oqQykaxj
Ñf=ke izÑr oqQlqe otz
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- foykse 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk esa ------------------------- 'kfDr c<+ tkrh gSA
2- foyksekFkZd 'kCnksa dks ------------------------------ Hkh dgrs gSaA
3- ^vkfLrd* dk foykse 'kCn gS -------------------------- A
4- ^ÑrK* dk foijhrkFkZd gS -------------------------- A
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
90
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
([k)[kaMu eaMu [ksn izlUurk
f[kyuk eqj>kuk [kkyh Hkjk
[kxksy Hkwxksy [kq'kfdLer cnfdLer
[kjhnuk cspuk [kq'kfetkt cnfetkt
[kx e`x [kwclwjr cnlwjr
[kq'k uk[kq'k [kkl vke
[kqyk can [kh>uk jh>uk
[ky lkèkq] lTtu [;kr oqQ[;kr
[kk| v[kk| [kspj Hkwpj
[kpZ vkenuh [kjk [kksVk
(x)x.kra=k jktra=k xgu fojy
xeu vkxeu xqIr izdV
xaHkhj okpky xeZ BaMk
xxu i`Foh xgjk fNNyk
xzg.k R;kx xfr vojksèk
xw<+ vxw<+ x| i|
xqukgxkj csxqukg x`gh R;kxh
xE; vxE; x`ghr R;Dr
xhyk lw[kk xzke uxj
xksjh lk¡oyh xzLr eqDr
xgjk mFkyk xzfFkr fodh.kZ
xk<+k iryk xzh"e 'khr
xkSjo yk?ko xqjQ y?kq
x`gLFk laU;klh xq.k nks"k
xjy lqèkk xqjQRo y?kqRo
xw<+ izdV xfjek yf?kek
xhr vxhr xr vkxr
xkSj{kd xkSHk{kd xkspj vxkspj
xs; vxs; xzkeh.k uxjh;
(?k)?kj ckgj ?k`.kk izse
?kVuk c<+uk ?kkVk ykHk
?kVkuk c<+kuk ?kksf"kr v?kksf"kr
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 91
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
?kVd leqnk; ?kuk fNrjk
?kkr izfr?kkr ?kfVr v?kfVr
?kksf"kr v?kksf"kr ?kjsyw ckgjh
?kks"k fu?kkZs"k] v?kks"k
(p)pj vpj psru vpsru
prqj ew<+ fpduk [kqjnjk
p<+ko mrkj pksj lkgwdkj
py vpy pkgk vupkgk
pfpZr vpfpZr pSu cspSuh
pkVqdkj LokfHkekuh pj vpj
pkjQ vpkjQ ps"Vk fu'ps"V
fp=k fofp=k fpjk;q vYik;q
fpj vfpj py vpy
fpjaru u'oj pksj lkèkq
¯pR; v¯pR; pksVh ,M+hfpjLFkk;h vYiLFkk;h ¯pfrr fu¯'pr
(N)Ny lkjY; Nwr vNwr
Nyh fu'Ny NksVk cM+k
Nknu izdk'ku Nksjk Nksjh
Nk;k vkri NqVdkjk caèku
Nk=k Nk=kk Nk¡g èkwi
fNUu layXu
(t)tM+ psru tkM+k xehZ
ty LFky thou ej.k
tfVy ljy tkxj.k funzk
tUe e`R;q tkxuk lksuk
taxe LFkkoj T;s"B dfu"B
t; ijkt; Tokj HkkVk
tkfr fotkfr T;ksfr re
tkx`r lqIr ts; vts;
thr gkj th.kZ vth.kZ
tM+rk psrurk tkrh; fotkrh;
ty Fky tkfye jgefny
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
92
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
tokuh cq<+kik tkyh vlyh
tkjt vkSjl
(>)>xM+k 'kkafr >wB lp
>aÑr fuLrCèk >ksaiM+h egy
>a>k rwiQku
(V)Vy vVy Vhdk Hkk";
Vdlkyh lkekU; VwVuk tqM+uk
(B)Bgjuk tkuk Bhd xyr
BaMk xeZ Bksl rjy
(M)Mj fuMj Mky iÙkh
(<)<ax oqQ<ax@cs<ax <k<l =kkl
<juk jQduk <ky ryokj
<kyw lery <hB fouez
(r)rjy Bksl frfej izdk'k
rjQ.k o`¼ rIr 'khry
rV e>èkkj r`"kk r`fIr
ry vry rktk cklh
rUoh LFkwy rh{.k oqaQfBr
ranzk tkxj.k rhoz ean
r`".kk for`".kk rqyuh; vrqyuh;
roZQiw.kZ oqQroZQiw.kZ rqPN egÙoiw.kZ
r`Ir vr`Ir rst èkhek
O;Dr xzghr rstLoh fuLrst
(Fk)FkdkoV LiwQfrZ Fkksd iqQVdj
FkksM+k cgqr
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 93
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
(n)n;kyq funZ;h nqjkpkjh lnkpkjh
n`'; vn`'; n{k vn{k
n`<+ vn`<+ nqxZfr lqxfr
nf{k.k mÙkj nq"dj lqoqQj
nfjnz laiUu }Sr v}Sr
nkuh Ñi.k nqyZHk lqyHk
fnok jkf=k }s"k ln~Hkkouk
nh?kkZ;q vYik;q ns'kHkDr ns'knzksgh
nh?kZ y?kq nq"izkI; lqizkI;
nqcZy lcy nkf[ky [kkfjt
nsunkj ysunkj naM iqjLdkj
nq"V lTtu nSR; nso
nqjkpkj lnkpkj nkrk lwe
nsg fonsg }a} fu}±}
nso nkuo nqtZu lTtu
ns; vns; nq"V Hkyk
nsu ysu nwf"kr LoPN
nsj losj fnO; vfnO;
(èk)èkjk xxu èkzqo vfLFkj
èkoy ';ke èkS;Z vèkS;Z
èkuh fuèkZu èkeZ vèkeZ
èkukRed Í.kkRed èoal fuekZ.k
èkhj vèkhj èkhjrk vèkhjrk
èk`"V fouhr ;k fouez
(u)uxn mèkkj U;k; vU;k;
u'oj vu'oj U;wu vfèkd
u[k f'k[k ukxfjd xzkeh.k
uohu izkphu uj ukjh
u;k iqjkuk fuxZq.k lxq.k
fuf"k¼ fofgr fujk'kk vk'kk
fu'py papy fujksxh jksxh
fudV nwj fu%'kqYd l'kqYd
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
94
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
fujFkZd lkFkZd fuHkZ; Hk;Hkhr
fu"dke ldke funkZs"k lnks"k
fueZy efyu uwru iqjkru
ur mUur fuekZ.k fouk'k
fuj{kj lk{kj fujkfe"k lkfe"k
fuMj dk;j fu;fer vfu;ferfuèkZurk èkuk<~;rk fu;af=kr vfu;af=kr
fuank Lrqfr fuHkhZd Hk;Hkhrfuf'pr vfuf'pr fuyZTt lyTt
fuR; vfuR; fu"Bk vfu"Bk
funZ; ln; U;k;h vU;k;huhjQtrk jQX.krk uhfr vuhfrusdh cnh U;wu vfèkd
uSfrd vuSfrd uhjl ljluSlfxZd vuSlfxZd fufnZ"V vfufnZ"V
(i)iafMr ew[kZ ijQ"k dksey
ifjfpr vifjfpr ijra=k Lora=k
izdV xqIr ifjJe foJke
izos'k fudkl ikfjrks"k naM
ijekFkZ LokFkZ ijk vijk
ijkFkZ LokFkZ is; vis;
i{kikrh fu"i{k iwjk vèkwjk
ilan ukilan iSuk HkksFkjk
izlkj.k laoqQpu iwoZorhZ ijorhZ
iziqQYy Eyku ifjgk;Z vifjgk;Z
izxfr vèkksxfr ijkFkZ LokFkZ
iDdk dPpk iVq viVq
ijks{k izR;{k iru mRFkku
izksRlkfgr grksRlkfgr ifj"Ñr vifj"Ñr
izèkku xkS.k ikfFkZo vikfFkZo
iz'kalk fuank ikd ukikd
izR;; vizR;; ikih fu"iki
izHkq Hk`R; iwr viwr
ifo=k vifo=k iw.kZ viw.kZ
iqjksxkeh i'pxkeh izxYHk vizxYHk
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 95
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
ifjfer vifjfer izfr"Bk vizfr"Bk
ifj.kr vifj.kr izk;% cgqèkk
ijks{k vijks{k izhfr }s"k
ikP; vikP; izkS<+ vizkS<+
ifBr vifBr izfriUu vizfriUu
ifjxzgh vifjxzgh izkÑfrd vizkÑfrd
iksf"kr viksf"kr i{k foi{k
i`Fko~Q la;qDr ik=k oqQik=k
iztkra=k jktra=k izkphu vkèkqfud
inksUur inkour ikou vikou
izos'k fuxZe ikB~; vikB~;
izdk'k vaèkdkj ikyd ?kkrd
izrhph izkph ikjn'kZd vikjn'kZd
izxfr'khy vizxfr'khy firk ekrk
izkoSfxd LFkSfrd iqjLdkj naM
iw.kZ viw.kZ iz'kLr viz'kLr
iw.kZrk vHkko izf'kf{kr vizf'kf{kr
iwoZ if'pe izy; l`f"VikSf"Vd vikSf"Vd izPNUu vizPNUu
iwoZ (igyk) mÙkj (ckn dk) izÑr vizÑr
iwf.kZek vekoL;k izfrc¼ vizfrc¼
ikSjLr; ik'pkR; izR;kf'kr vizR;kf'kr
(iQ)iQy viQy iwQy dk¡Vk
iQkVd gkVd iqQYy Eyku
iSQyuk floqQM+uk fiQjuk fLFkj
iQk;nk uqdlku
(c)cyoku cyghu caèku eks{k
cfy"B nqcZy c`gr y?kq
cpiu ;kSou cfg"dkj Lohdkj
cM+k NksVk cfgjax varjax
cgqr FkksM+k caè;k Lohdkj
cf<+;k ?kfV;k cksè; vcksè;
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
96
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
ccZj lH; csMkSy lqMkSy
cgqrk;r deh fcac izfrfcac
csesy laxr cq<+kik tokuh
ckfèkr vckfèkr cqf¼eku ew[kZ
caèkqRo 'k=kqrk cqjkbZ HkykbZ
ck<+ lw[kk cksèk vcksèk
ckgj Hkhrj
(Hk)Hkxoku Hkxorh Hkksyk pkykd
Hk; lkgl Hkh"k.k lkSE;
HkO; vHkO; HkXu vHkXu
Hknz vHknz Hkaxqj vHkaxqj
Hk{; vHk{; HkksX; vHkksX;
Hkatd ;kstd HkDr vHkDr
Hkkjh gYdk HkykbZ cqjkbZ
HkkX; nqHkkZX; fHkUu vfHkUu
Hkko vHkko Hkwr Hkfo";
Hk;Hkhr fuHkZ; Hkwxksy [kxksy
HkhM+ NhM+ Hkksxh ;ksxh
Hkzkar fuHkzkar HkksT; vHkksT;
Hkw"k.k nw"k.k HkkSfrd vkè;kfRed
Hkkoh vrhr HkkbZ cfgu
(e)egkRek nqjkRek euqt nuqt
ean Rofjr ekSf[kd fyf[kr
eèkq frDr fer vifjfer
euksje vlqanj eèkq dVqeqlhcr vkjke eerk fueZerk
eq[k i`"B ekuo nkuo
ekftZr vekftZr ekuoh; vekuoh;
ew<+ Kkuh ekuork nkuork] u`'kalrkequkiQk uqdlku ekfyd ukSdj
e`nqy dBksj feyu fojg
feF;k lR; eghu eksVk
eS=kh veS=kh er foer
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 97
uksV'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
fefJr vfefJr eÏ.k jQ{k
ewrZ vewrZ esgeku estcku
fe=k 'k=kq ferO;f;rk vferO;f;rk
ewy fueZwy ehBk dM+okewY;oku ewY;ghu eqfnr f[kUu
ekSu eq[kj eqlhcr vkjke
eks{k caèku ewd okpky
(;);'k vi;'k ;ksX;rk v;ksX;rk
;fr x`gLFk ;kSou cq<+kik
;FkkFkZ dfYir ;ksX; v;ksX;
;kn Hkwy ;ksx fo;ksx
;q¼ 'kkafr ;kpd v;kpd
;ksxh Hkksxh
(j)jr fojr :f<+c¼ :f<+eqDr
j{kd Hk{kd :{k e`nq
jpuk èoal jkSnz vjkSnz
jkx fojkx jn~n cgky
jktk jad@iztk jhrk ([kkyh) Hkjk
jk{kl nsork :nu gkL;
jko jad jksxh uhjksxh
jgefny csjge jkgr izdksi
jktra=k tura=k fjDr iw.kZ
jkxh fojkxh :i oqQ:i
(y)y{; vy{; ykSfdd ikjykSfdd
y?kq nh?kZ yfyr oqQ:i
yphyk@ypdhyk dBksj yk?ko xkSjo
yackbZ pkSM+kbZ yqIr O;Dr
ykHk gkfu yksfgr vyksfgr
fyIr fufyZIr ykijokg lkoèkku
fyf[kr ekSf[kd yqHkkouk f?kukSuk
ysu nsu yf{kr vyf{kr
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
98
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
(o)
orZeku Hkwr ou ejQ
oa| fua| fo'ys"k.k la'ys"k.k
O;Lr vO;Lr O;kl lekl
O;fDrxr lkoZHkkSe ouLFky ejQLFky
okn izfrokn fojr fujr
fodkjh vfodkjh fo'kkydk; {kh.kdk;
foiqy LoYi fonXèk vfonXèk
fot; ijkt; fopkfjr vfopkfjr
fodkl ßkl focqèk vfocqèk
fo'kky {kqnz foÑr vfoÑr
fo'ks"k lkèkkj.k olar ir>M+
four míaM fody vfody
foHko ijkHko fo|eku vfo|eku
oj oèkw o.;Z vo.;Z
foèkok lèkok@lqgkfxu foHkDr vfoHkDr
foiUu laiUu fofgr vfofgr
fonkbZ Lokxr oSfnd voSfnd
O;f"V lef"V fo'oluh; vfo'oluh;
fopfyr vfopfyr foyac vfoyac
foK vfoK fouhr èk`"V
foin lin foLrkj.k la{ksi.k
fojy lqyHk fo'okl vfo'okl
fojkV {kqnz foLej.k Lej.k
O;kIr vO;kIr fo"kkn g"kZ
O;xz vO;xz fof'k"V lkekU;
oSeuL; lkSeuL; ohj dk;j
fo'oLr vfo'oLr fofèk fu"ksèk
foLrh.kZ vfoLrh.kZ fo}ku ew[kZ
O;oâr vO;oâr osnuk ijekuan
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 99
uksVLo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- ^rjiQ* dk foykse gS
(d) Bksl ([k) Bhd (x) dkjd (?k) nzO;
6- ^O;f"V* dk foijhrkFkZd gS
(d) laiUu ([k) lef"V (x) lekl (?k) la'ys"k.k
7- ^vkjksg* dk mYVk vFkZ O;Dr djus okyk 'kCn gS
(d) vojksg ([k) vO;Lr (x) O;kl (?k) fojksg
8- ^g"kZ* dk foykse gS
(d) [kq'kh ([k) fo"kkn (x) vkuan (?k) ijekuan
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
('k)'koqqQu vi'koqQu 'k;u tkxj.k
'kCn fu%'kCn 'kkafr v'kkafr
'kfDr {kh.krk 'kk;n vo';
'kj.k v'kj.k 'kkld 'kkflr
'k=kqrk fe=krk 'kkyhu èk`"V
'kL=k vL=k f'k[k u[k
f'k"V vf'k"V 'kks"kd iks"kd
f'kf{kr vf'kf{kr 'kksHkuh; v'kksHkuh;
f'k{kk vf'k{kk f'k"V vf'k"V
f'k[kj ry 'kh"kZ ry
f'k"; xqjQ 'kki ojnku
'khry mQ".k 'yhy v'yhy
'kqHk v'kqHk 'keZnkj cs'keZ
'kqf¼ v'kqf¼ 'kq"d ljl
'kqDy Ñ".k 'kwj HkhjQ
'kqYd fu%'kqYd 'yk?kk fuank
'kqfp v'kqfp 'okl mPN~okl
'ks"k v'ks"k 'kksgjr cnukeh
'kksHku v'kksHku 'kksfèkr v'kksfèkr
(l)laxr vlaxr lg;ksxh izfr;ksxh
lain~ foin~ Losn'k fons'k
ladksp fu%ladksp lTtu nqtZu
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
100
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
la;ksx fo;ksx lRdeZ nq"deZ
laf'y"V fof'y"V LFkkoj taxe
lar vlar lxq.k fuxZq.k
lafèk foxzg l`tu fouk'k
liwr diwr lr vlr
l{ke v{ke LFkwy lw{e
lH; vlH; Lokeh lsod
laiUu foiUu LokFkhZ ijkFkhZ
lRdkj frjLdkj LoxZ ujd
lcy nqcZy Li"V vLi"V
lekos'k vukos'k ladYi fodYi
lukFk vukFk Lotkfr fotkfr
lukruh izxfroknh LohÑfr vLohÑfr
llhe vlhe lkef;d vlkef;d
lnkpkj nqjkpkj lkfe"k fujkfe"k
ljy dfBu lkgl Hk;
lo.kZ vlo.kZ lkfRod rkefld
lewy fueZwy lk{kj fuj{kj
lR; vlR;@>wB lkgp;Z i`FkDdj.k
fLFkj papy lfUufo"Vu fuLrkj.k
flr vflr lkrR; vlkrR;
lqÑfr oqQÑfr Lons'kh fons'kh
lqnwj fudV lquke nqukZe
lqekxZ oqQekxZ lqeq[k nqeqZ[k
lqiFk oqQiFk lsfor vlsfor
lqanj vlqanj LrCèk vLrCèk
lqik=k oqQik=k lqlkè; nq%lkè;
lq'khy nq%'khy lqlaxfr oqQlaxfr
lqxaèk nqx±èk L[kfyr vL[kfyr
lqèkk xjy fLFkjfpÙk vfLFkjfpÙk
lqle; oqQle; lqyHk nqyZHklqy{k.k oqQy{k.k lkSE; mxz
lqdky nq"dky lpsr vpsr
lqxfr nqxZfr lty futZy
lqèkk;Z vlqèkk;Z lqjhfr oqQjhfrlS¼kafrd vlS¼kafrd LièkkZ lg;ksx
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 101
uksV
bdkbZ 6 % foijhr 'kCn
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
Li`'; vLi`'; Lej.kh; foLej.kh;
lqcksèk nqckZsèk LokHkkfod vLokHkkfod
lkSHkkX; nqHkkZX; LokFkZ ijekFkZ
fLFkj vfLFkj lq[kkar nq[kkar
lqefr oqQefr lqiQy oqQiQy
lqj vlqj L;kg lisQn
lqizcaèk oqQizcaèk fLuXèk vfLuXèk
lekos'ku vukos'ku LFkS;Z vLFkS;Z
LoxZ uoZQ Lokoyach ijkoyach
larks"k vlarks"k
VkLd foykse 'kCn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
(g)g"kZ fo"kkn gennZ csnnZ
gekjk rqEgkjk gr vgr
g¡luk jksuk ¯glk v¯glk
ßLo nh?kZ gkl #nu
fgr vfgr ßkl o`f¼
gs; xzkg~; gkj thr
gksuh vugksuh gkfu ykHk
({k){kj v{kj {kfr ykHk
{kek naM {kf.kd 'kk'or
(=k)f=kdks.k "kV~dks.k f=koqQVh Hk`oqQVh
(K)Kku vKku Kkuh vKkuh@ew[kZ
Ks; vKs; Kkr vKkr
(J)Jki vk'khokZn Jksrk oDrk
J¼k vJ¼k Jo.k n'kZu
Jheku Jherh
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6-2 lkjka'k (Summary)
^foykse* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμmYVk ;k foijhrA vr% fdlh 'kCn dk mYVk vFkZ O;Dr djus okyk 'kCnfoyksekFkZd 'kCn dgykrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ fnu&jkrA foyksekFkZd 'kCnksa dks foi;kZ;okph] foijhrkFkZd]izfryksekFkZd vkSj foykse 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA
6-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
foyksekFkZd μ foijhr vFkZ nsus okyk
vkjaHk μ 'kq:
vknj μ lEeku
6-4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ^foykse* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ Li"V dhft,A
2- foyksekFkZd 'kCnksa dks fdl&fdl uke ls tkurs gSa\
3- foykse 'kCnksa dk Kku mi;ksxh D;ksa gS\ Li"V dhft,A
mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer : Self Assessment)
1- vfHkO;fDr 2- foi;kZ;okph 3- ukfLrd 4- Ñr?u
5- (d) 6- ([k) 7- (d) 8- ([k)A
6-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
2- eqX/cks/ ¯gnh O;kdj.kμÑ".k ukjk;.k izlkn ekx/A
3- ¯gnh O;kdj.k dh vH;kl iqfLrdkμth-ih- 'kekZ] vksfj,aV CySd LokuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 103
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bdkbZμ7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
7-1 i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonymous Word)
7-2 lkjka'k (Summary)
7-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
7-4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
7-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● i;kZ;okph 'kCn dk vFkZ tkuus esaA● Hkk"kk esa i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh vfuok;Zrk tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
i;kZ; dk vFkZ gSμlekuA vr% leku vFkZ O;Dr djus okys 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonymswords) dgrs gSaA bUgsa izfr'kCn ;k lekukFkZd 'kCn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA O;ogkj esa i;kZ; ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCngh vfèkd izpfyr gSaA vaxzsth O;kdj.kdkj Nesfield us fy[kk gSμ
“Those Words having the same or nearly the same meaning as another.”
vFkkZr~ os 'kCn] ftuls leku vFkok yxHkx leku vFkZ dk cksèk gksrk gS] i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
i;kZ;okph 'kCn fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh lcyrk osQ izrhd gSa] ftl Hkk"kk esa ftrus vfèkd i;kZ;okph 'kCn gksaxs]og mruh gh lcy o l'kDr Hkk"kk gksxhA bl n`f"V ls laLÑr lokZfèkd laiUu Hkk"kk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd laLÑresa ^jktk* 'kCn osQ ,d gtkj ls Hkh vfèkd i;kZ;okph gSaA blh izdkj ^lkjax* 'kCn osQ ipkl ls mQij 'kCncu ldrs gSaA Hkk"kk esa bu 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr dh {kerk vkrh gS] lkFk gh Hkk"kk esa og vkd"kZ.kvkSj ykfyR; vk tkrk gS tks fd oDrk vkSj Jksrk] nksuksa osQ fy, gh vfuok;Z gSA ftl Hkk"kk esa lekukFkZd 'kCnksadk vHkko gksxk] mlesa vfHkO;fDr dk lkSan;Z ugha gksxk vkSj u og iqu#fDr nks"k ls eqDr gks ik,xhA
uksV~l i;kZ; dk vFkZ gSμlekuA vr% leku vFkZ O;Dr djus okys 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrsgSaA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCnReeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
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7-1 i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonymous Word)
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vè;;u osQ fy, i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh lwph izLrqr gSμ
vad μ la[;k] fxurh] Øekad] fu'kku] fpÉ] NkiA
vadeky μ vadokj] fxurh] vk¯yxu] iszek¯yxuA
vaoqQj μ dksaiy] v¡[kqok] dYyk] uoksn~fHkn~] dfydk] xkHk] dyh] vaoqQM+kA
vaoqQ'k μ izfrcaèk] jksd] ncko] #dkoV] fu;a=k.kA
vax μ vo;o] va'k] dyk] fgLlk] Hkkx] [kaM] mika'k] ?kVd] VqdM+kA
vxkèk μ vFkkg] xaHkhj] xgu] xgjk] vlhe] vikjA
vfXu μ vkx] vuy] ikod] tkrosn] Ñ'kkuq] oS'okuj] gqrk'ku] jksfgrk'o] ok;qlq[k] gO;okguA
vapy μ iYyw] Nksj] {ks=k] var] izns'k] vk¡py] fdukjkA
vpkud μ vdLekr~] vuk;kl] ,dk,d] nSo;ksxA
vPNk μ mfpr] mi;qDr] Bhd] lgh] cf<+;k] pks[kk] csgrjA
vtuch μ vifjfpr] vutku] vKkr] xSj] ukokfdiQ] vufHkKA
vVy μ vfMx] fLFkj] iDdk] n`<+] vpy] fu'pyA
vB[ksyh μ dkSrqd] ØhM+k] [ksyowQn] pqycqykiu] mNy&owQn] g¡lh&etkdA
ve`r μ vfe;] ih;w"k] veh] eèkq] lkse] lqèkk] lqjHkksxA
v;ksX; μ O;FkZ] csdkj] vugZ] ;ksX;rkghu] ukyk;dA
vFkZ μ vfHkizk;] iz;ksstu] èku] fufeÙk] izdkj] iQy] vfHkyk"kkA
v#.k μ x#M+] yky jax] rM+dk] ethBA
vtqZu μ Hkkjr] xqMkosQ'k] ikFkZ] 'osr] dusj] lgÏktqZu] èkuU;kA
vylsV μ foyac] nsj] f<ykbZ] fo?u] èkks[kkèkM+h] vM+pu] gsjkisQjhA
vYgM+ μ voqQ'ky] vuqHkoghu] mtM~M] m¼r] x¡okj] vukM+hA
voKk μ vuknj] frjLdkj] voekuuk] vieku] nwrdA
v'o μ ?kksM+k] rqjax] g;] ckft] lSaèko] ?kksVd] cNsM+kA
vlqj μ jtuhpj] fu'kkpj] nkuo] nSR;] jk{kl] nuqt] ;krqèkkuA
vM~Mk μ fuokl] Msjk] os';ky;] jgus dk LFkkuA
vMa+xk μ #dkoV] fo?u] vojksèk] O;oèkkuA
vfrfFk μ esgeku] ikgq¡uk] vH;kxr] vkxarqdA
vrhr μ iwoZdky] Hkwrdky] foxr] xrA
vukt μ vUu] 'kL;] èkkU;] xYyk] [kk|kUuA
vukM+h μ ukSflf[k;k] vutku] vufHkK] vKkuh] voqQ'ky] vn{k] viVq] ew[kZ] vYiKA
vukj μ lquhy] oYdiQy] ef.kcht] chnkukA
vfu"V μ cqjk] vidkj] vfgr] uqdlku] gkfu] veaxyA
vuqoaQik μ n;k] Ñik] esgjckuhA
vuqeku μ vankt] vVdy] d;klA
vuqjDr μ eXu] O;Lr] rYyhu] vklDrA
vuqie μ lqanj] vrqy] viwoZ] vf}rh;] vuks[kk] vizfre] vn~Hkqr] vuwBkA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 105
uksVvuq"Bku μ ri] ;ksx] riL;k] ;ksxkH;kl] lkèkuk] dk;kZjaHkA
vuqlj.k μ udy] vuqÑr] vuqxeuA
vieku μ vuknj] fujknj] csbTtrhA
vIljk μ ijh] nsodU;k] v#.kfiz;k] lq[kofurk] nsokaxuk] LoosZ';kA
vckèk μ vfuokfjr] fufoZ?u] ckèkkjfgr] vikj] vlhe] fujaoqQ'kA
vHk; μ fuMj] lkglh] fuHkhZd] fuHkZ;] fu¯'prA
vHkkxk μ cnulhc] HkkX;ghu] cnfdLer] deZghuA
vHkko μ deh] raxh] U;wurk] viwfrZA
vfHktkr μ oqQyhu] lqtkr] [kkunkuhA
vfHkizk; μ iz;kstu] vk'k;] rkRi;Z] eryc] vFkZ] earO;] fopkjA
vfHkK μ tkudkj] foK] ifjfpr] KkrkA
vfHkeku μ xkSjo] xoZ] ukt] ?keaM] niZ] LokfHkekuA
vfHk;ksx μ nks"kkjksi.k] dlwj] vijkèk] xyrhA
vfHkyk"kk μ dkeuk] euksjFk] bPNk] vkdka{kk] bZgk] bZIlk] pkg] ykylk] euksdkeukA
vfHkoknu μ ueLrs] ueLdkj] iz.kke] naMor] jke&jkeA
vH;kl μ fj;kt] iqujko`fÙk] nksgjkuk] e'dA
vej μ e`R;qat;] vfouk'kh] vu'oj] v{kj] v{k;A
vehj μ èkuh] èkuk<~;] laiUu] èkuoku] iSlsokykA
v'kksd μ rkeziYyo] gseiq"id] d.kZiwjd] fiaMiq"id] jDriYyo] v¡xukfiz;A
vuar μ vla[;] vifjfer] vxf.kr] cs'kqekjA
vKkuh μ vufHkK] vutku] ew[kZ] ew<+A
vxqvk μ vxz.kh] ljnkj] eqf[k;k] izèkku] uk;dA
vèkj μ jnu] Nn] jniqV] gksaB] vks"BA
vè;kid μ vkpk;Z] f'k{kd] xq#] O;k[;kr] vocksèkdA
vaèkdkj μ re] frfej] èokarA
vuy μ èkweosQrq] ikod] o`Q'kkuq] gqrk'kuA
v?kkuk μ Nduk] r`Ir gksuk] larq"V gksuk] isV HkjukA
vuq:i μ vuqowQy] laxr] vuqlkj] eqvkfiQdA
vidkj μ vfu"V] veaxy] vfgrA
vkrqj μ cspSu] vèkhj] mf}Xu] vkoqQyA
vfèkdkj μ lkeF;Z] vgZrk] {kerk] ;ksX;rkA
vuks[kk μ foy{k.k] vuks[kk] vn~Hkqr] vuwBk] fofp=kA
var%iqj μ jfuokl] Hkksxiqj] tuku[kkukA
vn`'; μ varèkkZu] frjksfgr] vks>y] yqIrA
vdky μ Hkq[kejh] dky] oqQdky] nq"dky] nqfHkZ{kA
v'kq¼ μ nwf"kr] xank] vifo=k] v'kqfpA
vlH; μ vHknz] vfouhr] vf'k"V] x¡okj] mtM~MA
vfHkizk; μ vk'k;] rkRi;Z] mn~ns';] ea'kkA
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D;k vki tkurs gSa ftl Hkk"kk esa lekukFkZd 'kCnksa dk vHkko gksxk] mlesa vfHkO;fDr dk lkSan;Z ughagksxkA
vuqie μ vrqy] viwoZ] vizfre] fu:ie] vf}rh;] cstksM+A
vèke μ uhp] fuÑ"V] ifrrA
voKk μ frjLdkj] vogsyuk] voekuuk] rkSghuA
vrhr μ foxr] O;rhr] xr] xqtjk gqvk] chrk gqvkA
vfuf'pr μ Hkzked] lafnXèk] vfu.khZr] HkzkedA
vidhfrZ μ vi;'k] cnukeh] ¯unk] vdhfrZ
vè;;u μ vuq'khyu] ikjk;.k] iBuikBuA
vuqjksèk μ vH;FkZuk] izkFkZuk] fourh] ;kpuk] fuosnuA
v[kaM μ iw.kZ] leLr] laiw.kZ] vfoHkDr] lewpk] iwjkA
vijkèkh μ eqtfje] nks"kh] dlwjokj] lnks"kA
vèkhu μ vkfJr] ekrgr] fuHkZj] ijkfJr] ijkèkhuA
vuqfpr μ uktk;t] xSjokftc] cstk] vuqi;qDr] v;qrA
vUos"k.k μ vuqlaèkku] xos"k.k] [kkst] tk¡pA
vucu μ fookn] >xM+k] rdjkj] c[ksM+kA
vewY; μ vueksy] cgqewY;] ewY;oku] cs'kdherhA
voufr μ vid"kZ] fxjko] ?kVko] ßklA
v'yhy μ vHknz] vfèkHkz"V] cs'keZ] vlH;A
vkoqQy μ O;xz] cspSu] {kqCèk] csdyA
vk{ksi μ vfHk;ksx] vkjksi] nks"kkjksi.k] bYtkeA
vkÑfr μ vkdkj] psgjk&eksgjk] uSu&uD'k] Mhy&MkSyA
vkn'kZ μ izfr:i] izfreku] LVSaMMZ] ekudA
vkylh μ Byqvk] lqLr] fudEek] dkfgyA
vk;q"eku μ fpjk;q] nh?kkZ;q] 'krk;q] nh?kZthohA
vkKk μ vkns'k] funs'k] iQjeku] gqDeA
vkJ; μ lgkjk] vkèkkj] Hkjkslk] voyac] izJ;A
vk[;ku μ dgkuh] o`Ùkkar] dFkk] fdLlkA
vkpk;Z μ izkè;kid] ¯izlhiy] xq#] iafMr] izksisQljA
vkèkqfud μ vokZphu] uwru] uO;] orZekudkyhuA
vkosx μ rsth] LiwQfrZ] tks'k] Rojk] piyrkA
vkykspuk μ leh{kk] Vhdk] fVIi.kh] uqDrkphuhA
vkjaHk μ Jhx.ks'k] 'kq#vkr] lw=kikr] miØeA
vkjke μ foJke] foJkafr] lq[k] pSu] djkjA
vko';d μ vfuok;Z] vifjgk;Z] t:jh] ckè;dkjhA
vkfn μ igyk] izFke] vkjafHkd] vkfneA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 107
uksVvkpj.k μ pkypyu] O;ogkj] cjrko] lnkpkj] f'k"Vkpkj] pfj=k] vknrA
vkifÙk μ foink] eqlhcr] vkink] foifÙkA
vj.; μ taxy] dkarkj] fofiu] ou] dkuuA
vkdk'k μ uHk] vacj] varfj{k] vkleku] O;kse] xxu] fno] |kS] iq"dj] 'kwU;A
vkMacj μ ik[kaM] <dkslyk] <ksax] iziap] fn[kkokA
vk¡[k μ vf{k] u;u] us=k] ykspu] n`x] p{kq] vf{kA
vk¡xu μ izkax.k] cxj] ck[kj] vftj] v¡xuk] lguA
vke μ jlky] vkez] iQyjkt] fidcaèkq] lgdkj] ve`riQyA
vkuan μ vkeksn] izeksn] fouksn] mYykl] izlUurk] g"kZ] lq[kA
vkjke μ foJke] pSu] jkgr] foJkfUr] 'kkfUrA
vk'kk μ mEehn] roDdk] vklA
vk'khokZn μ vk'kh"k] nqvk] 'kqHkk'kh"kA
vk'p;Z μ vpaHkk] vpjt] foLe;] rkTtqcA
vkgkj μ Hkkstu] [kqjkd] [kkuk] Hk{;A
vkLFkk μ eku] dnj] egÙo] vknjA
bafnjk μ y{eh] jek] Jh] deykA
bPNk μ ykylk] dkeuk] pkg] euksjFk] bZgk] bZIlk] vkdka{kk] vfHkyk"kk] euksdkeukA
banz μ egsanz] lqjsanz] lqjs'k] iqjanj] nsojkt] eèkok] ikdfjiq] ikd'kklu] iqjgwrA
banzk.kh μ 'kph] banzoèkw] egsanzh] banzk] ikSyksehA
bBykuk μ brjkuk] vdM+uk] ,saBuk] 'kku fn[kkuk] V'ku fn[kkukA
bUdkj μ vLohÑfr] fu"ksèk] izR;k[;kuA
bPNqd μ vfHkyk"kh] ykykf;r] mRoaQfBr] vkrqjA
b'kkjk μ laosQr] bafxr] funsZ'kA
banzèkuq"k μ lqjpki] banzèkuq] 'kØpki] lIro.kZèkuqA
bZ[k μ xUuk] mQ[k] jlMaM] jlky] isaMh] jlnA
bZekunkj μ lPpk] fu"diV] lR;fu"B] lR;ijk;.kA
bZ'oj μ ijekRek] ijes'oj] bZ'k] vks¿e] czã] vy[k] vukfn] vt] vxkspj] txnh'kA
bZ";kZ μ eRlj] Mkg] tyu] oqQ<+uA
mfpr μ Bhd] lE;o~Q] lgh] mi;qDrA
mRd"kZ μ mUufr] mRFkku] vH;qn;] mUes"kA
mRifÙk μ iSnkb'k] mn~Hko] tUeA
mRikr μ naxk] minzo] iQlkn] gqM+nax] xM+cM+A
mRlo μ lekjksg] vk;kstu] ioZA
mRlkg μ tks'k] meax] gkSlyk] mÙkstukA
mRlqd μ vkrqj] mRoaQfBr] O;xz] mRd.kZ] #fp] #>kuA
mnkj μ ln;] mnkÙk] lân;A
mnkl μ mUeu] foeuLd] f[kUuA
mnkgj.k μ felky] uewuk] n`"VkarA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
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mís'; μ iz;kstu] è;s;] y{;A
m|r μ rS;kj] izLrqr] rRijA
mUewyu μ fujlu] var] mRlknuA
midkj μ (i) ijksidkj] vPNkbZ] HkykbZ] usdhA (ii) fgr] m¼kj] dY;k.kA
mifLFkr μ fo|eku] gkftj] izLrqrA
mRÑ"V μ mÙke] Js"B] izÑ"V] izojA
mRFkku μ mRd"kZ] mBku] mRØe.k] p<+ko] vkjksgA
mYykl μ g"kZ] vkuan] izeksn] vkÈknA
miek μ rqyuk] feyku] lkn`';] lekurkA
mikluk μ iwtk] vkjkèkuk] vpZuk] lsokA
mnklhu μ fojDr] fufyZIr] vuklDr] ohrjkxA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- i;kZ; dk vFkZ gS -------------------------A
2- i;kZ;okph dks izfr'kCn ;k ------------------------------ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
3- i;kZ;okph 'kCn fdlh Hkk"kk dh -------------------------- osQ izrhd gSaA
4- i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ls Hkk"kk esa vkd"kZ.k vkSj -------------------------- vk tkrk gSA
m|e μ ifjJe] iq#"kkFkZ] Je] esgurA
mtkyk μ izdk'k] vkyksd] izHkk] T;ksfrA
m¼kj μ eqfDr] fuLrkj] viekspu] NqVdkjkA
my>u μ vleatl] nqfoèkk] vfu'p;] laHkezA
mik; μ ;qfDr] <ax] rjdhc] rjhdkA
mi;qDr μ mfpr] Bhd] okftc] equkflc] okaNuh;A
mis{kk μ mnklhurk] fojfDr] vuklfDr] fojkxA
myVk μ izfrowQy] foykse] foijhr] fo#¼A
mtkM+ μ futZu] ohjku] lqulku] fc;kokuA
mxz μ rst] izcy] izpaMA
mQlj μ vuqoZj] lL;ghu] vuqitkmQA
mQ"ek μ m".krk] riu] rki] xehZA
migkj μ HksaV] lkSxkr] rksgiQkA
mikyaHk μ mykguk] f'kdok] f'kdk;rA
mYya?ku μ frjLdkj] mis{kk] voKkA
mYyw μ mywd] y{ehokgu] dkSf'kdA
m¡Qpk μ mPp] 'kh"kZLFk] mUur] mrqaxA
mQtkZ μ vkst] LiwQfrZ] 'kfDrA
½f"k μ eqfu] euh"kh] egkRek] lkèkq] larA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 109
uksV,drk μ ,dk] lgefr] ,dRoA
,glku μ vkHkkj] ÑrKrk] vuqxzgA
,s'k μ foykl] ,sÕ;k'kh] lq[k&pSuA
,s'o;Z μ oSHko] laiUurk] le`f¼A
,sfPNd μ LosPNkÑr] oSdfYid] vf[r;kjhA
vkst μ ne] tksj] ijkØe] cyA
vks>y μ varèkkZu] frjksfgr] vn`';A
vkSj μ (i) vU;] nwljk] brj] fHkUuA (ii) vfèkd] T;knkA (iii) ,oa] rFkkA
vkS"kèk μ nok] nokbZ] Hks"kt] vkS"kfèkA
dtawl μ lwe] vuqnkj] Ñi.k] eD[khpwlA
diM+k μ phj] oL=k] olu] vacj] iV] pSy] nqowQyA
dikV μ iV] fdokM+] }kj] njoktkA
dey μ ljkst] ljks#g] tyt] iadt] uhjt] okfjt] vacqt] vackst] vCt] lrny] vjfoan]oqQoy;] vaHkks:gA
d.kZ μ vadjkt] lw;Zlqr] voZQuanu] jkèks;] lwriq=k] jfolqr] vkfnR;uanuA
dyh μ eqoqQy] tkyd] rkeziYyo] dfydk] oqQMey] dksjd] uoiYyo] v¡[kqok] dksiyA
dYio`{k μ dYir#] dYi'kky] dYinzqe] dYiikniA
dU;k μ oqQekfjdk] ckfydk] fd'kksjh] ckykA
dfBu μ nqcksZèk] tfVy] nq:gA
oaQxky μ fuèkZu] xjhc] v¯dpu] nfjnzA
oaQpu μ lksuk] Lo.kZ] lqo.kZA
ÑrkFkZ μ miÑr] vkHkkjh] èkU;A
detksj μ nqcZy] fucZy] v'kDr] {kh.kA
dkeuk μ vfHkyk"kk] vkdka{kk] euksjFk] pkgA
oqQfVy μ Nyh] diVh] èkks[ksckt] pkycktA
Ñik μ vuqoaQik] vuqxzg] n;k] esgjckuhA
dkeqdrk μ O;fHkpkfjrk] HkksxklfDr] fo"k;klfDr] bafnz;yksyqirkA
dkd μ dkx] dk.k] ok;l] fi'kqu] djB] dkSvkA
oqQÙkk μ oqQoqQj] 'oku] 'kqudA
dcwrj μ diksr] jDrykspu] gkjhr] ikjkorA
Ñf=ke μ vokLrfod] udyh] >wBk] fn[kkoVhA
dY;k.k μ eaxy] ;ksx{kse] 'kqHk] fgr] HkykbZA
dBksj μ dM+k] doZQ'k] i#"k] fu"BqjA
dyg μ fookn] >xM+k] c[ksM+kA
owQy μ fdukjk] rV] rhjA
Ñ"kd μ fdlku] dk'rdkj] gyèkj] tksrdkj] [ksfrgjA
fDy"V μ nq:g] laoqQy] dfBuA
dk;j μ cqtfny] HkhjQ] Mjiksd] dkrjA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
110
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
dkS'ky μ dyk] gquj] iQuA
deZ μ dk;Z] ÑR;] fØ;k] dke] dktA
dfydk μ dyh] eqoqQy] ia[kqM+h] dksjdA
dkeh μ fo"k;h] dkeklDr] dkeqdA
dM+ok μ dVq] rh[kk] rh{.k] rstA
dLrwjh μ e`xen] e`xukfHk] enyrkA
oaQnjk μ xqgk] xqiQk] [kksg] njh
dFku μ fopkj] oDrO;] er] c;kuA
dVk{k μ vk{ksi] O;aX;] rkuk] NhaVkd'khA
oqQ:i μ Hkn~nk] csMkSy] cnlwjr] vlqanjA
dyad μ nks"k] nkx] èkCck] ykaNuA
osQoV μ ek¡>h] ukfod] eYykg] èkhojA
dksey μ e`nqy] lqoqQekj] uktqd] ueZA
fdj.k μ jf'e] osQrq] va'kq] djA
oqQ'ky μ n{k] izoh.k] fuiq.k] prqjA
dld μ ihM+k] nnZ] Vhl] nq%[kA
dks;y μ dksfdy] ';kek] fid] enu'kykdkA
dkYifud μ eux<+ar] dfYirA
dk;jrk μ Hkh#rk] vikS#"k] ikejrk] lkglghurkA
oaQVd μ dk¡Vk] 'kwy] [kkjA
{ks=k μ izns'k] bykdk] HkwHkkx] Hkw[kaMA
{k.kHkaxqj μ vfLFkj] vfuR;] u'oj] {kf.kdA
{k; μ risfnd] ;{ek] jktjksxA
{kqCèk μ O;koqQy] fody] mf}XuA
{kerk μ 'kfDr] lkeF;Z] cy] rkdrA
{kh.k μ nqcZy] detksj] cyghu] Ñ'kA
dkenso μ eukst] oaQniZ] vkReHkw] vuax] vruq] dke] edjosQrq] iq"ipki] Lej] eUeFkA
dkfrZosQ; μ oqQekj] ikoZrhuanu] 'kjHko] LoaQèk] "kMkuu] xqg] e;wjokgu] f'kolqr] "kM~onuA
fdj.k μ jf'e] ejhfp] va'k] dj] e;w[k] iqatA
fdyk μ nqxZ] dksV] x<+] f'kfojA
foaQfpr~ μ (i) dfri;] oqQN ,d] dbZ ,d (ii) oqQN] vYi] tjkA
foaQrq μ ysfdu] ijarq] exj] D;ksafd] ijA
fdrkc μ iqLrd] xzaFk] iksFkhA
fdukjk μ (i) rV] eqgkuk] rhj] iqfyu] owQyA (ii) vapy] Nksj] fljk] i;±rA
dher μ ewY;] nke] ykxrA
oqQcsj μ jktjkt] fdUujs'k] èkukfèki] èkus'k] ;{kjkt] èkunA
oqQeqnuh μ ufyuh] oSQjo] oqQeqn] banqdey] panzfiz;kA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 111
uksVÑ".k μ uanuanu] eèkqlwnu] tuknZu] ekèko] eqjkfj] dUgS;k] }kjdkèkh'k] xksiky] osQ'ko] uanoqQekj]uanfd'kksj] fcgkjhA
ÑrK μ vkHkkjh] miÑr] vuqx`ghr] ½.kh] ÑrkFkZA
osQyk μ jaHkk] dnyh] okj.k] v'kqeRiQyk] dk"BhykA
Øksèk μ xqLlk] ve"kZ] jks"k] dksi] vkØks'k] xehZ] rkoA
d#.kk μ n;k] rjl] jgeA
dgkuh μ nkLrku] xkFkk] dFkk] fdLlk] vk[;kf;dkA
dk;j μ Mjiksd] cqtfny] Hkh#A
[kx μ i{kh] fpfM+;k] i[ks:] f}t] iaNh] fogax] 'koqQfuA
[katu μ uhyoaQB] lkjax] dyoaQBA
[kcj μ tkudkjh] lwpuk] lekpkj] lans'kA
[ky μ 'kB] nq"V] èkwrZ] nqtZu] oqQfVy] ukyk;d] vèkeA
[kqyk μ Li"V] izR;{k] tkfgjA
[kq'kh μ mYykl] vkuan] g"kZ] izlUurkA
[kwclwjr μ lqanj] euksK] :iokuA
[kkst μ vUos"k.k] vkfo"dkj] 'kksèk] vuqlaèkkuA
[kwu μ #fèkj] ygw] jDr] 'kksf.krA
f[kM+dh μ >jks[kk] xok{k] okrk;u] var}kjA
[kaHkk μ [kaHk] Lrwi] LraHkA
[krjk μ vans'kk] Hk;] Mj] vk'kadkA
[kr μ fpV~Bh] i=k] ikrhA
[kjk μ 'kq¼] fueZy] LoPN] lkiQA
[kkeks'k μ uhjo] 'kkar] pqi] ekSuA
[kksVk μ >wBk] udyh] Ñf=keA
[kjkch μ nks"k] cqjkbZ] voxq.k] fodkjA
[kh> μ >q¡>ykgV] >YykgV] [kh>uk] fp<+ukA
x#M+ μ [kxs'oj] lqi.kZ] oSrus;] ukxkardA
xoZ μ ?keaM] niZ] vdM+] naHk] vfHkekuA
xkSjo μ eku] lEeku] egÙo] cM+IiuA
xq# μ f'k{kd] vkpk;Z] vè;kidA
xgu μ vHksn] nqxZe] vPNsnA
xaHkhj μ xgjk] vFkkg] vryA
xjhc μ fuèkZu] v¯dpu] nhu] oaQxkyA
xhnM+ μ Ük`xky] fl;kj] tacqdA
xqIr μ fuHk`r] vizdV] xw<+] vKkrA
xfr μ pky] jÝrkjA
xfr μ gky] n'kk] voLFkk] fLFkfrA
xqLlk μ Øksèk] jks"k] {kksHk] dksiA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
112
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
xaxk μ HkkxhjFkh] nsolfjrk] eankfduh] fo".kqinh] f=kiFkxk] nsokixk] lqjlfj] ikiNkfydkA
x.ks'k μ yacksnj] ew"kdokgu] Hkokuhuanu] fouk;d] xtkuu] eksndfiz;] txoa|] gsjacA
xt μ gLrh] ¯lèkqj] ekrax] oqaQHkh] ukx] gkFkh] forqaM] oqaQtj] djh] f}iA
xèkk μ xngk] [kj] èkwlj] xnZHk] pØhokgu] jklHk] yacd.kZ] cS'kk[kuanuA
xk; μ èksuq] lwjfHk] ekrk] dY;k.kh] i;fLouh] xkSA
xyuk μ nzohHkwr gksuk] nzfor gksuk] fi?kyuk] u"V gksukA
xgu μ vxkg] vFkkg] vxkèk] xgjkA
xqykc μ lqeuk] 'kri=k] LFkydey] ikVy] o`ariq"iA
xqaMk μ yksiQj] 'kjkjrh] uaxk] cnek'k] yiaQxk] míaMA
xqukg μ xyrh] vèkeZ] iki] vijkèk] [krk] =kqfV] oqQdeZA
xksnke μ eky[kkuk] HkaMkj] dksBk] xksMkmuA
?kV μ dy'k] ?kM+k] oaqQHk] xkxj] fui] xxjh] oqqqQVA
?kj μ egy] lnu] fuosQru] Hkou] x`g] xsg] vksd] gosyh] lnu] ykt] fuokl] oqQVh] edku]vkokl] vky;A
?kwl μ pk¡nh dk twrk] mRdksp] fj'orA
?kh μ ?k`r] gfo] ve`rA
?kkVk μ gkfu] uoqQlku] VksVkA
?ku μ tyèkj] okfjn] vacqèkj] cknyA
?k`.kk μ tqxqIlk] v#fp] f?ku] ohHkRlA
panu μ eaxY;] ey;t] Jh[kaMA
pk¡nh μ jtr] :ik] jkSI;] :idA
piyrk μ papyrk] vèkhjrk] pqycqykiuA
pfj=k μ vkpkj] lnkpkj] 'khy] vkpj.kA
psruk μ gks'k] ,glkl] Kku] lqèkcqèkA
¯prk μ fizQd] lksp] mQgkiksgA
pkSdhnkj μ igjsnkj] izgjh] xkjnA
pksVh μ Üka`x] rqax] f'k[kj] ijdksfVA
fpDdu μ fpduk] eÏ.k] fLuXèk] LusfgyA
pØ μ ifg;k] pkd] pDdkA
ped μ dkafr] vkHkk] |qfr] nhfIrA
fpfdRlk μ mipkj] bykt] noknk:A
prqj μ oqQ'ky] ukxj] izoh.k] n{k] fuiq.k] ;ksX;] gksf'k;kj] pkykd] l;kuk] foKA
panz μ lkse] jkosQ'k] jtuh'k] jkdkifr] pk¡n] fu'kkdj] fgeka'kq] e;ad] lqèkka'kq] e`xkad] panzek]dyk&fufèk] vks"kèkh'kA
pk¡nuh μ pafnzdk] T;ksRLuk] dkSeqnh] oqQeqndyk] tqUgkbZ] ve`rof"kZ.kh] panzkri] panzejhfpA
piyk μ fo|qr] fctyh] papyk] nkfeuh] rfM+rA
p'ek μ ,sud] mius=k] lgus=k] miu;uA
pkVqdkjh μ [kq'kken] pkiywlh] feF;k] iz'kalk] fpjkSjh] pepkfxjhA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 113
uksVfpÉ μ izrhd] fu'kku] y{k.k] igpku] laosQrA
pksj μ jtuhpj] nL;q] lkgfld] dfHkt] [kud] eks"kd] rLdjA
Nk=k μ fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kkFkhZ] f'k";A
Nk;k μ lk;k] izfrfcac] ijNkb±] Nk¡oA
Ny μ iziap] >k¡lk] iQjsc] diVA
NVk μ vkHkk] dkafr] pedA
Nkuchu μ tk¡p&iM+rky] iwNrkN] tk¡p] rgdhdkrA
Nsn μ fNnz] lwjk[k] jaèkzA
Nyh μ Bx] Nn~eh] diVh] oSQro] èkwrZ] ek;kohA
Nykax μ mNky] iQk¡n] pkSdM+h] mNyowQnA
Nkrh μ mj] o{k] o{kLFky] lhukA
tqxuw μ izHkkdhV] [k|ksr] iVchtukA
tuuh μ ek¡] ekrk] vack] vEekA
tfVy μ nqcksZèk] nq:g] isphnk] fDy"VA
toku μ ;qok] ;qod] fd'kksj] r#.kA
thfodk μ vkthfodk] o`fÙk] jksVh] jksthA
ftn~nh μ gBh] nqjkxzgh] gBhyk] nqnk±rA
tks'k μ vkos'k] miQku] mckyA
tho μ izk.kh] nsgèkkjh] thoèkkjhA
tkudkjh μ Kku] cksèk] foKrkA
ftKklk μ mRlqdrk] mRoaQBk] oqQrwgyA
T;ksfr"kh μ nSoK x.kd] Hkfo";oDrkA
tax μ ;q¼] j.k] lej] yM+kbZ] laxzkeA
tx μ nqfu;k] lalkj] fo'o] Hkqou] e`R;qyksdA
ty μ lfyy] mnd] rks;] vacq] ikuh] uhj] okfj] i;] ve`r] thod] jl] viA
tgkt μ ty;ku] ok;q;ku] foeku] iksr] tyokguA
tkudh μ tudlqrk] oSnsgh] eSfFkyh] lhrk] jkefiz;k] tudnqykjh] tuduafnuhA
tqVkuk μ cVksjuk] laxzg djuk] tqxkM+ djuk] ,d=k djuk] tek djuk] lap; djukA
tks'k μ vkos'k] lkgl] mRlkg] meax] gkSlykA
>aMk μ èotk] osQrq] irkdk] fulkuA
>juk μ Ïksrk] Ïksr] mRl] fu>Zj] tyizikrA
>sai μ loqQpkgV] ladksp] rdYyqiQ] f[klh] g;kA
>xM+k μ dyg] VaVk] rdjkj] foraMkA
>ksaiM+h μ oqQVh] oqQfV;k] i.kZoqQVh] oaqQtA
>aqM μ tRFkk] lewg] eaMyh] iaqtA
>qdko μ #>ku] izo`fÙk] izo.krk] mUeq[krkA
Vhdk μ Hkk";] o`fÙk] foo`fÙk O;k[;kA
VDdj μ fHkM+ar] la?kV~V] lek?kkr] BksdjA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
114
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Vksy μ lewg] eaMyh] tRFkk] >aqM] pVlky] ikB'kkykA
Vhl μ lky] dld] 'kwy] 'kwDr] pld] nnZ] ihM+kA
Vs<+k μ (i) cad] oqQfVy] frjNk] oØ] (ii) dfBu] isphnk] eqf'dy] nqxZeA
BaM μ 'khr] fBBqju] lnhZ] tkM+k] BaMdA
Bsl μ vk?kkr] pksV] Bksdj] èkDdkA
BkSj μ fBdkuk] LFky] txgA
Bx μ tkylk”k] izoapd] oapd] izrkjdA
BkB μ vkMacj] ltkoV] oSHkoA
Mxj μ ckV] ekxZ] jkg] jkLrk] iFk] iaFkA
Mj μ =kkl] Hkhfr] ng'kr] vkrad] Hk;] [kkSiQ
Msjk μ iM+ko] [ksek] f'kfojA
Mksj μ Mksjh] jTtq] rkar] jLlh] ixgk] rarqA
MoSQr μ MkowQ] yqVsjk] cVekjA
Mkg μ bZ";kZ] oqQ<+u] tyuA
<hB μ èkz"V] izxYHk] vfouhr] xqLrk[kA
<ksax μ Lok¡x] ik[kaM] diV] NyA
<ax μ i¼fr] fofèk] rjhdk] jhfr] iz.kkyh] djhukA
<sj μ jkf'k] lewg] vackj] ?kkSn] >aqMA
ru μ 'kjhj] dk;k] ftLe] nsg] oiqA
riL;k μ lkèkuk] ri] ;ksx] vuq"BkuA
rjax μ fgyksj] ygj] mQfeZ] ekSt] ohfpA
rjdl μ rw.k] rw.khj] ekFkk] =kks.k] fu"kaxA
r# μ o`{k] isM+] foVi] ikni] nzqeA
ryokj μ vfl] [kM~x] fljksgh] panzgkl] Ñik.k] 'ke'khj] djoky] djkSyhA
rLohj μ fp=k] iQksVks] izfrfcac] izfrÑfr] vkÑfrA
rkykc μ tyk'k;] ljksoj] rky] lj] rM+kx] tyèkj] ljlh] in~ekdj] iq"djA
rkjh[k μ fnukad] ferh] frfFkA
rkjhiQ μ cM+kbZ] iz'kalk] ljkguk] iz'kfLr] xq.kxkuA
rhj μ ukjp] ck.k] f'kyheq[k] 'kj] lk;dA
rqjar μ rRdky] rR{k.k] lRoj] vfoyac] tYnhA
rksrk μ lqok] 'kqd] nkfMefiz;A
rkduk μ ns[kuk] fugkjuk] >k¡duk] fuj[kukA
rRij μ rS;kj] dfVc¼] m|r] lUu¼A
rUe; μ eXu] rYyhu] yhu] è;kueXuA
rkyesy μ leUo;] laxfr] lkeatL;A
rks"k μ r`fIr] larks"k] rqf"VA
frjLdkj μ vieku] fujknj] mis{kk] voekuukA
rdyhiQ μ jksx] vLoLFkrk] #X.krkA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 115
uksVrjdkjh μ 'kkd] lCth] HkkthA
rwiQku μ >a>kokr] vaèkM+] vk¡èkh] izHkatuA
R;ksgkj μ mRlo] lekjkssg] ioZA
rknkRE; μ rnzwirk] vfHkUurk] lk:I;] ,dkRE;A
=kqfV μ Hkwypwd] xyrhA
Fkdku μ Dykafr] Jkafr] FkdkoV] FkduA
FkksM+k μ de] tjk] vYi] LoYi] U;wuA
Fkkg μ var] Nksj] fljk] lhukA
niZ.k μ 'kh'kk] vkbZuk] eqoqQj] vkjlhA
n;k μ rjl] d#.kk] jge] vuqoaQikA
nkl μ pkdj] ukSdj] lsod] ifjpkjd] ifjpj] ¯ddj] vuqpjA
nq%[k μ Dys'k] [ksn] ihM+k] ;kruk] fo"kkn] ;a=k.kk] {kksHk] d"VA
nwèk μ i;] nqXèk] LrU;] {khj] ve`rA
nsork μ lqj] vkfnR;] vej] nso] olqA
nksLr μ l[kk] fe=k] Lusgh] varjax] fgrS"kh] lgpjA
nzksinh μ ';kek] ikapkyh] Ñ".kk] lSjaèkzh] ;kKlsuh] nqzinlqrk] fuR;;kSoukA
nkSyr μ laifÙk] laink] èku] nzO;] foHkwfr] foÙkA
nklh μ ck¡nh lsfodk] ¯ddjh] ifjpkfjdkA
nSR; μ vlqj] lqjkfj] nuqt] jtuhpjA
nhid μ nhi] iznhi] nh;kA
nzO; μ laifÙk] nkSyr] foHkwfr] laink] èkuA
nqxkZ μ ¯lgokfguh] dkfydk] vtk] Hkokuh] pafMdk] dY;k.kh] lqHknzk] pkeqaMkA
nq"V μ uhp] [ky] nqtZu] fi'kquA
neu μ vojksèk] fuxzg] jksd] fu;a=k.k] o'kA
nh?kZ μ yack] fo'kky] cM+kA
fnO; μ vykSfdd] LofxZd] yksdkrhr] yksdksÙkjA
nqyZHk μ vyaHk] uk;kc] fojy] nq"izkI;A
fnysj μ lkglh] 'kwj] ohj] cgknqjA
n'kk μ voLFkk] fLFkfr] gkyrA
n'kZu μ HksaV] lk{kkRdkj] eqykdkrA
naxk μ minzo] iQlkn] mRikr] mQèkeA
}s"k μ cSj] 'k=kqrk] nq'euh] [kkjA
nwr μ ,yph] jktnwrA
njoktk μ fdokM+] iYyk] dikV] }kjA
nkbZ μ èkk;k] èkk=kh] vEekA
nsoky; μ nsoeafnj] nsoLFkku] eafnjA
n`<+ μ iq"V] etcwr] iDdk] rxM+kA
nqxZe μ vxE;] fodV] dfBu] nqLrjA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
116
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
èkuq"k μ pki] èkuq] 'kjklu] fiukd] dksnaM] deku] fof'k[kkluA
èkhjt μ èkhjrk] èkhjRo] èkS;Z] èkkj.k] èk`frA
èkjrh μ èkjk] èkj.kh] i`Foh] f{kfr] olqèkk] vouh] esfnuhA
èkwi μ vkri] èkksrA
èkuh μ èkuoku] èkuk<~;] nkSyrean] ekynkjA
èkU;okn μ ÑrKrk] 'kqfØ;k] vkHkkj] esgjckuhA
èkoy μ 'osr] lisQn] mtykA
èkaqèk μ oqQgjk] uhgkj] oqQgklkA
èoLr μ u"V] Hkz"V] HkXu] [kafMrA
èkwy μ jt] [ksg] feV~Vh] xnZ] /wfyA
èkzqo μ n`<+] vVy] fLFkj] fuf'prA
è;ku μ ,dkxzrk] euks;ksx] rYyhurk] rUe;rkA
èkke μ x`g] fuosQru] lnu] ?kjA
èkaèkk μ jkstxkj] O;kikj] dkjksckj] O;olk;A
èkuqèkZj μ èkUoh] rhjankt] èkuq"kèkkjh] fu"kaxhA
èkkd μ jksc] ncnck] èkkSalA
unh μ lfjrk] nfj;k] vixk] rfVuh] lfyyk] ÏksrfLouh] dYyksuh] izokfg.khA
ued μ yo.k] yksu] jkejl] uksuA
u;k μ uohu] uO;] uwru] vkèkqfud] vfHkuo] vokZphu] uo] rktkA
uk;d μ vfHkusrk] flrkjk] ik=k] dykdkj] vxqok] izeq[k ik=kA
uk'k μ (i) lekfIr] volku] (ii) fouk'k] lagkj] èoal] u"V&Hkz"VA
fuR; μ ges'kk] jkst] lukru] loZnk] lnk] lnSo] fpjaru] 'kk'orA
fu;e μ fofèk] rjhdk] foèkku] <ax] dkuwu] jhfrA
uhydey μ banhoj] uhykacqt] uhyljkst] mRiy] vflrdey] oqQoy;] lkSxafèkrA
ukSdk μ rfj.kh] Mksaxh] uko] ty;ku] uS;k] rjhA
ukjh μ L=kh] efgyk] je.kh] ofurk] okek] vkSjrA
¯unk μ vi;'k] cnukeh] cqjkbZ] cnxksbZA
fufer μ gsrq] mn~ns';] è;s;] iz;kstuA
ujs'k μ ujsanz] jktk] ujifr] Hkwifr] HkwikyA
fudEek μ fuBYyk] vdeZ.;] fu[kV~Vw] csdkjA
fuHkZ; μ fuMj] fnysj] fu%'kad] csèkM+dA
fu"i{k μ mnklhu] vyx] fujis{k] rVLFkA
fu;fr μ HkkX;] izkjCèk] gksuhA
fudV μ lehi] djhc] vklUuA
uoy μ vn~Hkqr] fofp=k] foy{k.k] vuks[kkA
u{k=k μ rkjk] flrkjk] [k|ksr] rkjdA
uohu μ uo] uwru] vfHkuo] uosykA
ukx μ liZ] fo"kèkj] Hkqtax] O;ky] iQ.khA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 117
uksVux μ Hkwèkj] igkM+] ioZr] 'kSy] fxfjA
ujd μ ;eiqj] ;eyksd] tgUuqe] nks”k[kA
uez μ f'k"V] lq'khy] fouhr] fou;'khyA
fufèk μ dks"k] [ktkuk] HkaMkjA
uXu μ uaxk] fnxacj] fuoZL=k] vuko`rA
fuèkku μ vkJe] vkèkkj] voyacA
uhjl μ jlghu] iQhdk] lw[kk] LoknghuA
uhjo μ ekSu] pqi] 'kkar] [kkeks'kA
fujFkZd μ csekuh] csdkj] vFkZghu] O;FkZA
fu"Bk μ vkLFkk] J¼k] fo'oklA
fu.kZ; μ fu"d"kZ] iSQlyk] ifj.kkeA
fu"Bqj μ funZ;] fueZe] csnnZ] csjgeA
usdh μ midkj] HkykbZ] vPNk] HkykA
VkLd i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ vHkko esa Hkk"kk esa dkSu&lk nks"k vk tkrk gS\
iÙkk μ i.kZ] iYyo] i=k] ikrh] iÙkh] nyA
iRFkj μ ikgu] izLrj] lax] v'e] ik"kk.kA
ifr μ Lokeh] dkar] HkrkZj] cYyHk] HkrkZ] bZ'kA
iRuh μ nqyfgu] vèkk±fxuh] x`fg.kh] f=k;k] nkjk] tks:] x`gy{eh] lgèkfeZ.kh] lgpjhA
ifFkd μ jkgh] cVkmQ] iaFkh] eqlkfiQj] cVksghA
iafMr μ fo}ku] lqèkh] Kkuh] èkhj] dksfon] izkKA
ij'kqjke μ Hk`xqlqr] tkenXU;] HkkxZo] ij'kqèkj] Hk`xquanu] js.kqdkru;A
ioZr μ igkM+] vpy] 'kSy] ux] Hkwèkj] es:] eghèkj] fxfjA
iou μ lehj] vfuy] ek#r] okr] ioeku] ok;q] c;kjA
ifo=k μ iquhr] ikou] 'kq¼] 'kqfp] lkiQ] LoPNA
iku μ rkacwy] i.kZyrk] ukxjcsy] ukxcYyh] lIrf'kyk] ukfxuhi=kA
ikoZrh μ Hkokuh] vafcdk] xkSjh] vHk;k] fxfjtk] mek] lrh] f'kfiz;kA
firk μ tud] cki] rkr] xq#] iQknj] okfynA
iq=k μ ru;] vkRet] lqr] yM+dk] csVk] vkSjl] iwrA
iq=kh μ ru;k] vkRetk] lqrk] yM+dh] csVh] nqfgrkA
i`Foh μ olqèkk] olqaèkjk] esfnuh] egh] Hkw] Hkwfe] byk] mohZ] tehu] f{kfr] èkjrh] èkk=khA
izdk'k μ ped] T;ksfr] |qfr] nhfIr] rst] vkyksdA
izfr"Bk μ xkSjo] egkurk] bTtr] lEeku] vkc:] dhfrZ] ;'kA
izHkkr μ losjk] lqcg] fogku] izkr%dky] Hkksj] m"kkdkyA
izFkk μ izpyu] pyu] jhfr] fjokt] ijaijk] ifjikVh] :f<+A
izcaèk μ bartke] O;oLFkk] cankscLrA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
118
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
izy; μ d;ker] foIyo] dYikar] xtcA
izfl¼ μ e'kgwj] ukeh] [;kr] ukeoj] fo[;kr] iz[;kr] ;'kLohA
izkFkZuk μ fou;] fourh] fuosnu] vuqjksèk] Lrqfr] vH;FkZuk] vpZuk] vuqu;A
fiz;k μ fiz;rek] isz;lh] ltuh] fny#ck] I;kjhA
isze μ izhfr] Lusg] nqykj] ykM+&I;kj] eerk] vuqjkx] iz.k;A
iSj μ ik¡o] ikn] pj.k] xksM+] ix] in] ixq] Vk¡xA
iw.kZ μ fuf[ky] laiw.kZ] v[kaM] lexzA
izHkk μ Nfo] nhfIr] |qfr] vkHkkA
ikyk μ fge] rq"kkj] uhgkj] izkys;A
iaFk μ jkg] Mxj] iFk] ekxZA
ijra=k μ ijkèkhu] ijo'k] ijkfJrA
iafdy μ xanyk] eSyk] efyuA
ifjokj μ oqQy] ?kjkuk] oqQVqac] oqQuckA
ijekFkZ μ HkykbZ] midkj] ijksidkjA
ijNkb± μ izfrPNk;k] lk;k] izfrfcac] Nk;kA
ifjpj μ lsod] ukSdj] Hk`R;] pkdjA
i{kh μ fogx] fugax] [kx] 'koqaQrA
iy μ {k.k] yEgk] neA
i'pkrki μ vuqrki] iNrkok] Xykfu] larkiA
ifj"Ñr μ ifjekftZr] izkaty] 'kq¼A
irkdk μ >aMk] èot] fu'kkuA
izpqj μ i;kZIr] cgqr] ;Fks"VA
ijkØe μ iq#"kkFkZ] rkdr] 'kfDrA
iV μ dikV] njoktkA
iVq μ fuiq.k] izoh.kA
ifjokn μ ¯unk] cqjkbZ] vi;'k] cnukehA
ifjrki μ Dys"k] O;Fkk] nq%[k] ihM+kA
ij[k μ Nkuchu] ijh{k.k] tk¡p] iM+rkyA
ifj.kke μ ifjikd] urhtk] dyA
ijkftr μ ijkHkwr] ijkLr] foftrA
iki μ ikrd] xqukg] videZA
ikxy μ nhokuk] fof{kIr] mUeÙkA
ik[kaM μ vkMacj] <ksax] iziap] Lokax] <dkslykA
ikni μ isM+] o`{k] nzqe] r#A
ikej μ ikih] nq"V] nqjkRek] ikrdhA
ik'k μ tky] caèku] iaQnkA
ihM+k μ nnZ] O;Fkk] osnuk] ;a=k.kkA
iqdkj μ nqgkbZ] xqgkj] iQfj;knA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 119
uksViqjkru μ izkphu] iwoZdkyhu] iqjkukA
iq"V μ cfy"B] â"Viq"V] rxM+kA
iwtk μ vkjkèkuk] vpZuk] miklukA
izFkq μ foLr`r] pkSM+k] foLrh.kZA
izdkaM μ vfr'k;] foiqy] vfèkd] HkkjhA
izxYHk μ vgadkjh] naHkh] xohZyk] vfHkekuhA
izKk μ cqf¼] Kku] esèkk] izfrHkkA
izpaM μ Hkh"k.k] mxz] Hk;adjA
iz.k; μ Lusg] vuqjkx] izhfr] vuqjfDrA
izfFkr μ fo[;kr] izfl¼] iz[;kr] ukeojA
izrki μ izHkko] èkkd] cksyckyk] bdckyA
izfrgkj μ njcku] pkscnkj] }kjiky] }kjj{kdA
izfr¯glk μ izfr'kksèk] cnyk] izfrdkjA
izfrKk μ iz.k] opu] ok;nkA
iz'kLr μ fufoZ?u] fu"oaQVd] funksZ"kA
izkjCèk μ HkkX;] rdnhj] fdLer] ulhcA
izLrkouk μ izkDdFku] Hkwfedk] iqjksopu] vkeq[kA
isz{kkxkj μ ukV~;'kkyk] jax'kkyk] vfHku;'kkyk] izs{kkx`gA
izkS<+ μ vèksM+] izcq¼A
iQlkn μ mRikn] naxk] cyokA
iqQuxh μ dksaiy] eatjh] vaoqQj] fdly;A
iQ.kh μ liZ] lk¡i] iQ.kèkj] ukxA
iQkSju μ rRdky] rR{k.k] rqjarA
iwQy μ lqeu] oqQlqe] xqy] izlwu] iq"i] iqgqiA
iQkSt μ lsuk] y'dj] iYVu] okfguh] lSU;A
cyjke μ gyèkj] cyohj] jsorhje.k] cyHknz] gyh] ';kecaèkqA
ckx μ miou] okfVdk] m|ku] fuoqaQt] iqQyokM+hA
canj μ dfi] okuj] eoZQV] 'kk[kke`x] dh'kA
cV~Vk μ ?kkVk] gkfu] VksVk] uqdlkuA
cfynku μ oqQckZuh] vkReksRlxZ] thounkuA
ccZj μ vlH;] taxyh] vf'k"V] m¼rA
cgsfy;k μ vgsjh] f'kdkjh] O;k?kz] yqCèkdA
catj μ mQlj] ijrh] vuqitkmQ] vuqoZjA
cjkcjh μ leku] ln`'k] rqY;A
cM+Iiu μ cM+kbZ] egÙo] egÙkk] xfjekA
fcxkM+ μ fodkj] nks"k] [kjkchA
cxkor μ foIyo] fonzksg] xnjA
cgknqj μ ohj] lwjek] 'kwj] tok¡enZA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
120
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
fcNksg μ fo;ksx] tqnkbZ] fcNksM+kA
fc;kcku μ futZu] lqulku] ohjku] mtkM+A
cstkssM+ μ vuqie] vf}rh;] vrqyA
czãk μ l`f"VdrkZ] foèkkrk] prqjkuuA
czãk μ fofèk] prqjkuu] deyklu] foèkkrk] fojafp] firkeg] vt] iztkifr] Lo;aHkwA
ckny μ es?k] i;ksèkj] uhjn] okfjn] vacqn] cykgd] tyèkj] ?ku] thewrA
cky μ osQ'k] vyd] oqaQry] jkse] f'kjks:g] fpoqQjA
fctyh μ rfM+r] nkfeuh] fo|qr] lkSnkfeuh] papyk] chtqjhA
Hkkax μ fot;k] Hkax] f'kok] piyk] t;kA
HkkbZ μ Hkzkrk] caèkq] lgksnjA
Hk; μ Mj] =kkl] Hkhfr] [kkSiQA
Hkxoku μ ijes'oj] ijekRek] losZ'oj] izHkq] bZ'ojA
Hkfxuh μ nhnh] thth] cfguA
Hkax μ uk'k] èoal] {k;] fouk'kA
HkkaM μ el[kjk] tksdj] HkkaMA
Hkkjrh μ ljLorh] czkãh] fo|knsoh] 'kkjnk] oh.kkokfnuhA
Hkko μ vk'k;] vfHkizk;] rkRi;Z] vFkZA
Hkky μ yykV] eLrd] ekFkk] dikyA
Hkjkslk μ lgkjk] voyac] vkJ;] izJ;A
HkkLdj μ pedhyk] vkHkke;] nhfIreku] izdk'kokuA
Hkqxrku μ HkjikbZ] vnk;xh] csckdhA
Hkksyk μ lhèkk] ljy] fu"diV] fu'NyA
Hkkstu μ vkgkj] [kk|] lkexzh] [kkukA
Hkqou μ txr] lalkj] fo'o] nqfu;kA
Hkw[kk μ cqHkqf{kr] {kqèkkrqj] {kqèkkyq] {kqèkkrZA
Hk¡ojk μ Hkzej] Hk`ax] e/qdj] eèkqi] vfy] f}jsiQA
HkkbZ μ vxzt] vuqt] lgksnj] rkr] Hkb;k] caèkqA
eNyh μ ehu] eRL;] liQjh] >"k] tythouA
etkd μ fnYyxh] migkl] g¡lh] e[kkSy] el[kjh] O;aX;] NhaVkd'khA
efnjk μ 'kjkc] gkyk] vklo] e|] eèkq] lqjkA
egknso μ 'kadj] 'kaHkq] f'ko] i'kqifr] panz'ks[kj] egs'oj] Hkwrs'k] vk'kqrks"k] fxjh'kA
eaxy μ eghlqr] HkkSe] yksfgrkaxA
eD[ku μ uouhr] nfèklkj] ek[ku] ykSuhA
eV~Bk μ ekBk] NkN] xksjlA
eaMu μ vyadj.k] Ük`axkj] :ilTTkkA
eaxuh μ okXnku] iQynku] lxkbZA
er μ èkkj.kk] lEefr] earO;A
euh"kh μ iafMr] fopkjd] Kkuh] fo}kuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 121
uksVerHksn μ vlgefr] ekr}Sèk] vlEefrA
eq¡g μ eq[k] vkuu] cnuA
fe=k μ l[kk] nksLr] lgpj] lqân;A
eSuk μ lkfjdk] fp=kykspuk] dygfiz;kA
euksgj μ eugj] euksje] yqHkkouk] fpÙkkd"kZdA
eaFku μ fcyksuk] foyksM+u] vkyksM+uA
egd μ ifjey] okl] lqokl] [kq'kcwA
egÙkk μ cM+kbZ] xfjek] egkRE;] xkSjoA
egy μ jktHkou] jktizklkn] jktegy] izklknA
e`R;q μ nsgkolku] nsgkar] iaprRo] fuèkuA
egkRek μ egkiq#"k] egkeuk] egkuqHkko] egk'k;A
ek¡>h μ eYykg] ukfod] osQoVA
ekfeZd μ eek±rd] eeZLi'khZ] ân;Li'khZ] eeZHksnhA
ek;k μ Ny] Nyuk] iziap] izrkj.kkA
ekèkqjh μ ekèkq;Z] feBkl] eèkqjrkA
ekuo μ euqt] euq";] ekuq"k] bulkuA
ekud μ izfreku] vkn'kZ] ekunaMA
eqyk;e μ e`nq] dksey] fLuXèkA
eqfDr μ fuokZ.k] eks{k] ijein] ve`rRoA
eksrh μ lhfit] ekSfDrd] eqDrk] 'kf'kizHkkA
es<d μ nknqj] nnqZj] pkrd] eaMwd] o"kkZfiz;] HksdA
eksj μ e;wj] uhyoaQB] f'k[kh] osQdh] dykihA
eks{k μ eqfDr] fuokZ.k] oSQoY;] ijeèkke] ijein] vioxZ] ln~xfrA
;e μ lw;Ziq=k] èkeZjkt] Jk¼nso] dhuk'k] 'keu] naMèkj] ;equkHkzkrkA
;Ru μ iz;Ru] ps"Vk] m|eA
;'k μ dhfrZ] [;kfr] izflf¼A
;kfeuh μ fu'kk] jtuh] jkdk] foHkkojhA
;qorh μ r#.kh] izenk] je.khA
;ksX; μ oqQ'ky] l{ke] dk;Z{ke] dkfcyA
;k=kk μ Hkze.k] ns'kkVu] i;ZVu] liQj] ?kweukA
;kn μ lqfèk] Le`fr] [;ky] Lej.kA
jDr μ [kwu] ygw] #fèkj] 'kksf.kr] yksfgr] jksfgrA
jr μ fueXu] fyIr] vuqjDr] rYyhuA
jkèkk μ cztjkuh] gfjfiz;k] jkfèkdk] o`"kHkkuqtkA
jkuh μ jkKh] efg"kh] jktiRuhA
jko.k μ yksosQ'k] n'kkuu] n'koaQBA
jkT;iky μ izkarifr] lqcsnkj] xouZjA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
122
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
jk; μ er] lykg] lEefr] ea=k.kk] ijke'kZA
jkspd μ euksgj] yqHkkouk] fnypLiA
:f<+ μ izFkk] nLrwj] jLeA
j{kk μ cpko] laj{k.k] fgiQktr] ns[kjs[kA
jek μ deyk] bafnjk] y{eh] gfjfiz;k] leqnztk] papyk] {khjksnru;k] in~ek] Jh] HkkxZohA
jktk μ ujsanz] ujs'k] u`i] Hkwiky] jko] HkwiA
jkepaæ μ j?kqoj] j?kqukFk] lhrkifr] dkS'kY;kuanu] vferkHk] jk?ko] j?kqjkt] voèks'kA
jkr μ jSu] jtuh] fu'kk] foHkkojh] ;kfeuh] reh] refLouh] 'koZjh] {kik] jkf=kA
fjiq μ cSjh] nq'eu] foi{kh] fojksèkh] izfroknh] vfe=k] 'k=kqA
jksuk μ foyki] jksnu] #nu] ozaQnu] foyiuA
y{e.k μ vuar] y[ku] lkSfe=kA
yXu μ la;qDr] layXu] lac¼] la;qDrA
yTtk μ 'keZ] g;k] ykt] ozhM+kA
ygj μ ygjh] fgyksj] rjax] mfeZA
ykylk μ r`".kk] vfHkyk"kk] fyIlk] ykypA
yqVsjk μ MoSQr] MkowQ] cVekj] vigrkZA
yksyqi μ ykyph] yksHkh] r`".kkyqA
yxkrkj μ lrr~] fujarj] vtÏ] vuojrA
yM+kbZ μ >xM+k] [kViV] vucu] eueqVko] ;q¼] j.k] laxzke] taxA
yrk μ csy] cYyjh] yfrdk] izrku] oh#èk] cYyh] csyhA
o"kkZ μ cjlkr] esg] ckfj'k] ikol] pkSeklkA
o{k μ lhuk] Nkrh] o{kLFky] mnjLFkyA
ou μ vj.;] vVoh] dkuu] fofiuA
oL=k μ ifjèkku] iV] phj] olu] vacjA
oiq μ nsg] dk;k] ru] cnuA
oxZ μ Js.kh] dksfV] leqnk;] laiznk;] lewgA
o"kZ μ lky] cjl] oRljA
fodkj μ foÑfr] nks"k] cqjkbZ] fcxkM+A
foiUu μ O;fFkr] vkrZ] ihfM+r] foifÙkxzLrA
fo"k μ xjy] ekgqj] gykgy] dkyowQVA
foiQy μ O;FkZ] csdkj] fujFkZd] fu"iQyA
foHko μ laifÙk] èku] vFkZ] ,s'o;ZA
fo#n μ iz'kfLr] dhfrZ] ;'kksxku] xq.kxkuA
foy{k.k μ fofp=k] fujkyk] vn~Hkqr] vuwBkA
foLe; μ vpjt] vk'p;Z] gSjkuhA
fofoèk μ ukuk] izdh.kZ] fofHkUuA
foHkksj μ eLr] eqXèk] eXu] yhuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 123
uksVfojfDr μ vuklfDr] fojkx] fufyZIrrkA
foiz μ Hkwnso] czkã.k] eghlqj] iqjksfgrA
foHkk μ izHkk] vkHkk] dkafr] 'kksHkkA
fo'kkjn μ iafMr] Kkuh] fo'ks"kK] lqèkhA
foykl μ vkuan] Hkksx] larqf"V] oklukA
O;lu μ yr] oku] Vsd] vklfDrA
o`{k μ nzqe] ikni] r#] foViA
os';k μ xf.kdk] okjkaxuk] irqfj;k] jaMhA
foospu μ O;k[;k] o.kZu] VhdkA
olar μ eèkqekl] ½rqjkt] ekèko] oqQlqekdj] dkel[kk] eèkq½rqA
fo|k μ Kku] f'k{kk] xq.k] bYe] ljLorhA
fofèk μ 'kSyh] rjhdk] ifo=k] jhfr] i¼fr] iz.kkyh] pkyA
foey μ LoPN] fueZy] ifo=k] ikou] fo'kq¼A
foeku μ ok;q;ku] [kx] mM+u[kVksyk] gokbZtgktA
fo".kq μ ukjk;.k] osQ'ko] xksfoan] ekèko] tuknZu] fo'kaHkj] eqoqaQn] y{ehifr] deykifrA
'kiFk μ dle] izfrKk] lkSxaèk] gyiQ] lkSaA
'kgn μ eèkq] edjan] iq"ijl] iq"ikloA
'kCn μ èofu] ukn] vk'o] ?kks"k] jo] eq[kjA
'kjkc μ gkyk] vezrk] e|] ve`rk] ohjk] efnjkA
'kjhj μ dysoj] nsg] xkr] oiq] ru] HkwrkRekA
'kj.k μ laJ;] vkJ;] =kk.k] j{kkA
f'k"V μ 'kkyhu] Hknz] laHkzkar] lkSE;A
'ksj μ ukgj] osQgfj] oujkt] osQ'kjh] e`xsanzA
'kL; μ iQly] iSnkokj] mitA
f'kjk μ ukM+h] èkeuh] ulA
'kqHk μ eaxy] dY;k.kdkjh] 'kqHkdjA
'kk;n μ dnkfpr] laHkor%] L;kr~A
f'k{kk μ ulhgr] lh[k] rkyhe] izf'k{k.k] mins'k] f'k{k.k KkuA
f'kfodk μ ikydh] Mk¡Mh] MksyhA
'osr μ lisQn] flr] èkoyA
lc μ vf[ky] laiw.kZ] ldy] loZ] leLr] lexz] fuf[kyA
ladYi μ o`r] n`<+fu'p;] izfrKk] iz.kA
lar`Ir μ O;fFkr] Dysf'kr] osnukxzLrA
laxzg μ ladyu] lap;] tekoA
laU;klh μ cSjkxh] naMh] fojr] ifjozktdA
ltx μ lroZQ] pkSdl] pkSdUuk] lkoèkkuA
lagkj μ var] uk'k] lekfIr] èoalA
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
124
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
lrhRo μ ikfrozR;] lrhèkfeZrk] lrhiuA
lUu¼ μ rkij] dfVc¼] rS;kj] izLrqrA
lH;rk μ f'k"Vkpkj] f'k"Vrk] Hknzrk] 'khyoÙkkA
lelkef;d μ ledkfyd] ledkyhu] leo;LdA
lnu μ x`g] ?kj] fuosQru] vkoklA
leh{kk μ foospuk] ehekalk] vkykspuk] fu:i.kA
leqnz μ unh'k] okjh'k] jRukdj] mnfèk] ikjkokjA
l[kh μ lgsyh] lgpjh] lSjaèkzh] ltuhA
lTtu μ Hknz] lkèkq] iqaxo] lH;] oqQyhuA
Lru μ i;ksèkj] Nkrh] oqQp] mjl] mjkstA
lqjfHk μ b"Vxa/] lqxaf/] [kq'kcwnkjA
lqanjh μ yfyrk] lqus=kk] lqu;uk] foykfluh] dkfeuhA
lqcks/ μ lqxe] lqLi"V] ljy] cksèkxE;A
lwph μ rkfydk] isQgfjLr] lkfj.kh] lj.khA
Lo.kZ μ lqo.kZ] lksuk] dud] fgj.;] gseA
LoxZ μ lqjyksd] |qyksd] cSoqqaQB] ijyksd] fnoA
LokfedkfrZosQ; μ f'kf[kokgu] egklsu] ikoZrhuanu] dkfrZosQ;] egklsuA
LoPNan μ fujaoqQ'k] Lora=k] fuc±èkA
Lokoyacu μ vkRekJ;] vkRefuHkZjrk] LokJ;A
Lusg μ isze] izhfr] vuqjkx] I;kj] eksgCcr] b'dA
leqnz μ lkxj] jRukdj] i;ksfèk] unh'k] flaèkq] tyfèk] ikjkokj] okjh'k] v.kZo] vfCèkA
ljLorh μ Hkkjrh] 'kkjnk] oh.kkikf.k] fxjk] ok.kh] egk'osrk] Jh] Hkk"k~] oko~Q] galokfguh]Kkunkf;uhA
lw;Z μ fnudj] fnokdj] HkkLdj] jfo] ukjk;.k] lfork] deycaèkq] vkfnR;] izHkkdj] ekr±MA
laioZQ μ feyu] HksaV] feyki] la;ksx] eqykdkrA
laiw.kZ μ iw.kZ] lexz] lkjk] iwjkA
ln~Hkko μ leUo;] esy&feyki] esytksyA
liZ μ Hkqtax] vfg] fo"kèkj] O;ky] iQ.kh] mjx] lk¡i] ukx] vfgA
lqjiqj μ lqyksd] LoxZyksd] gfjèkke] vejiqj] nsojkT;] LoxZA
lsB μ egktu] lwn[kksj] lkgwdkj] C;ktthoh] iw¡thifr] ekynkj] èkuoku] èkuh] rkYyqdnkjA
gal μ eqDreqd] ejky] ljLorhokguA
g¡lh μ fLefr] eqLdku] gkL;A
n`<+ μ ftn] vM+] Vsd] nqjkxzgA
fgr μ dY;k.k] HkykbZ] Hkyk] midkjA
gfj.k μ e`x] fgju] oqQjax] lkjaxA
gd μ vfèkdkj] LoRo] LokfeRoA
fgeky; μ fgefxfj] fgekfnz] fxfjjkt] 'kSysanzA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 125
uksVguqeku μ ioulqr] egkohj] vkatus;] dih'k] ctzkaxh] ekjQfruanuA
gkFk μ dj] gLr] ikf.k] Hkqtk] ckgq] HkqtkxzA
gkFkh μ xt] oaqQtj] forqaM] erax] ukx] f}jnA
gkj μ (i) ijkt;] ijkHkko] f'kdLr] ekrA] (ii) ekyk] oaQBgkj] eksguekyk] vadekfydkA
fge μ rq"kkj] rqfgu] uhgkj] ciZQA
fgju μ e`x] gfj.k] oqQjax] lkjaxA
gksf'k;kj μ le>nkj] iVq] prqj] cqf¼eku] foosd'khyA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- laLÑr esa ^jktk* 'kCn osQ ------------------------- ls Hkh vfèkd i;kZ;okph gSaA
(d) ,d gtkj ([k) nks gtkj (x) rhu gtkj (?k) pkj gtkj
6- ------------------------- 'kCn osQ ipkl ls mQij 'kCn cu ldrs gSaA
(d) lkjax ([k) v'o (x) xxu (?k) vHk;
7- i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ vHkko ls Hkk"kk esa ------------------------- dk lkSan;Z ugha vkrkA
(d) ykfyR; ([k) vfHkO;fDr (x) vuqjfDr (?k) foHkfDr
8- ^nwèk* 'kCn dk i;kZ;okph 'kCn gS -------------------------A
(d) olq ([k) {khj (x) vYi (?k) lked
7-2 lkjka'k (Summary)
i;kZ; dk vFkZ gSμlekuA vr% leku vFkZ O;Dr djus okys 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonymswords) dgrs gSaA bUgsa izfr'kCn ;k lekukFkZd 'kCn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA O;ogkj esa i;kZ; ;k i;kZ;okph'kCn gh vfèkd izpfyr gSaA vaxzsth O;kdj.kdkj Nesfield us fy[kk gSμ
“Those Words having the same or nearly the same meaning as another.”
i;kZ;okph 'kCn fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh lcyrk osQ izrhd gSa] ftl Hkk"kk esa ftrus vfèkd i;kZ;okph 'kCngksaxs] og mruh gh lcy o l'kDr Hkk"kk gksxhA bl n`f"V ls laLÑr lokZfèkd laiUu Hkk"kk gSA ftl Hkk"kkesa lekukFkZd 'kCnksa dk vHkko gksxk] mlesa vfHkO;fDr dk lkSan;Z ugha gksxk vkSj u og iqu#fDr nks"kls eqDr gks ik,xhA
7-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
nsoky; μ eafnj
fujFkZd μ vFkZghu] csdkj
'kj.k μ vkJ;
7-4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ^i;kZ;okph 'kCn* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ Li"V dhft,A
2- Hkk"kk esa i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh D;k vko';drk gS\ mYys[k dhft,A
3- ^nqxZe* vkSj ^'kgn* osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,A
bdkbZ 7 % i;kZ;okph 'kCn
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mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- leku 2- lekukFkZd 3- lcyrk 4- ykfyR;5- (d) 6- (d) 7- ([k) 8- ([k)
7-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vk/qfud ¯gnh O;kdj.k ,oa jpukμMkW- oklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ¯gnh O;kdj.kμc`tfd'kksj izlkn ¯lg] ueu izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμMkW- ehuk{kh vxzoky] jk/kÑ".k izdk'kuA
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bdkbZμ8 % vusdkFkZd 'kCn
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
8-1 vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dh rkfydk
8-2 lkjka'k (Summary)
8-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
8-4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
8-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● vusdkFkZd 'kCn dk vFkZ tkuus esaA
● fganh lkfgR; esa vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
vusdkFkZd 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμvusd vFkZ okyk] vFkkZr~ ftu 'kCnksa ls ,d ls vfèkd vFkZ&cksèk gksrk gS] mUgsavusdkFkZd (Homonym) dgrs gSaA
¯gnh lkfgR; esa vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vfèkdrj dkO; esa gh feyrk gSA dkO; osQ jlkLoknu osQ fy,budk Kku vko';d gSA bUgha 'kCnksa }kjk dfo;ksa us ;ed vkSj 'ys"k vyadkjksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;k gSAdfooj lsukifr osQ vuqlkj dfo ogh gS] ftldh dfork de&ls&de nks vFkks± dk fuokZg djus okyhgksμ^^lsukifr dfo lksbZ] tkdh }S vjFk dforkbZ fuokZg dhA**
uksV~l vusdkFkZd 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμvusd vFkZ okykA
8-1 vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dh rkfydk
1- vad fxurh osQ vad] xksn] HkkX;] fpÉ] :id osQ nl Hksnksa esa ls ,d] ukVd dk vè;k;A
2- vadksj nksigjh] fj'or] HksaV] xksn] dysokA
3- vax 'kjhj] VqdM+k] vo;o] Hksn] i{k] lgk;d] Hkkx] fgLlkA
bdkbZ 8 % vusdkFkZd 'kCnVinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
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4- vozwQj Ñ".k osQ pkpk] fe=k] dksey LoHkkookykA
5- vpy vVy] igkM+] fu'py] fLFkj] o`{k] ikoZrhA
6- vt cdjk] n'kjFk osQ firk] vtUek] f'ko] czg~ek] es"kjkf'k] tho] vkRek] dkensoA
7- vt;k cdjh] Hkk¡x] fot;kA
8- vP;qr fLFkj] fo".kq] Ñ".k] vifrrA
9- v{kj o.kZ] bZ'oj] vkRek] fLFkj] f'ko] fo".kqA
10- vèkj gksaB] vkdk'k] vukèkkj] uhp] cqjk] papyA
11- vfnfr i`Foh] izÑfr] nsorkvksa dh ekrk] j{kk] nsoyksd] ok.khA
12- ve`r ty] nwèk] vej] vUu] lqèkk] ikjk] fiz;] lqanj] vkRek] f'ko] ?kh] èkuA
13- vCt diwj] vjc dh la[;k] dey] panzek] 'ka[kA
14- vCn ckny] o"kkZ] es?k] vkdk'k] lkyA
15- vis{kk vk'kk] vko';drk] bPNk] vkdka{kk] ykyp] vuqjksèk] Hkjkslk] rqyukA
16- vuar varghu] 'ks"kukx] y{e.k] vkdk'k] fo".kqA
17- vjl vkdk'k] uhjl] vkyL;] egy] jl'kwU;] vukM+h] lqLrhA
18- v#.k lw;Z dk lkjFkh] yky] lw;Z] xjQM+] rM+dk] flanwj] osQljA
19- varj iQoZQ] Hkhrj] varfj{k] le;] O;oèkkuA
20- viokn fdlh fu;e osQ foijhr] dyad] fuank] fojksèk] vkns'k] vkKkA
21- vfrfFk esgeku] vfXu] vifjfpr] laU;klh] vkxarqd] vH;kxrA
22- voZQ lw;Z] lÙo] rk¡ck] fctyh dh ped] LiQfVd] enkj] DokFk (dk<+k)] jfookjA
23- vFkZ èku] iz;kstu] rkRi;Z] dkj.k] fy,] vfHkizk;] fufeÙk] iQy] oLrq] izdkjA
24- vfy l[kh] Hkzej] dks;y] fcPNw] efnjk] dkSok] dks;y] lgsyhA
25- vfo lw;Z] igkM+] ioZr] vkd] cdjh] es"k] ok;q] oaQcyA
26- vfg nq"V] lw;Z] lk¡i] jkgq] i`Foh] ty] cknyA
27- vke lkekU;] ,d iQy] ekewyh] viDo] vkao] dPpkA
28- vkRet iq=k] dkenso] csVkA
29- vku nwljk] {k.k] 'kiFk] Vsd] lhek] cukoV] Hke] yTtk] izfrKk] fopkjA
30- vkrqj mRlqd] mrkoyk] jksxh] detksj] nq%[kh] vkgr] ihfM+r] O;xz] O;koqQyA
31- vkjke foJke] okfVdk] ,d izdkj dk naMd o`Ùk] iqQyokM+h
32- vklqx eu] ok;q] ok.kA
33- brj vU;] uhp] pjl] vaR;t] vo'ks"k] ckdh] lkèkkj.k] nwljkA
34- banq xf.kr esa ,d dh la[;k] panzek] diwjA
35- m# tk¡?k] fo'kky] Js"B] foLrh.kZ] vfèkd ewY;oku] tk¡pA
36- mQfeZ ygj] ihM+k] rjax izdk'k] osx] Hkax] Hkzkafr] HkwyA
37- ,su dLrwjh] ?kj] iw.kZ] vk¡[k] mi;qDr] BhdA
38- vksl xhyk] xksn] èkjksgj] cgkuk] ftehoaQnA
39- oaQt dey] flj osQ cky] ve`r] czã] osQ'kA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 129
uksVLo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- vusdkFkZd 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ------------------------- A
2- ftu 'kCnksa ls ,d ls vfèkd vFkZ dk cksèk gksrk gS] mUgsa ------------------------------ gSA
3- fganh lkfgR; esa vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vfèkdrj -------------------------- esa gh feyrk gSA
4- dkO; osQ ------------------------------ osQ fy, budk Kku vko';d gSA
40- dud lksuk] èkrwjk] xsgw¡] vkVk] [ktwj] ukxosQlj] iyklA
41- dj gkFk] VSDl] lw¡M+] fdj.k] vksyk] fo"k;] Ny] ;qfDr] dkeA
42- dy e'khu] pSu] vkus okyk dy] chrk gqvk dy] 'kkafr] lqanjA
43- oaQn tM+] feljh] ckny] lewg] lwju] xk¡B] 'kksFkA
44- dVk{k vk{ksi] frjNh fprou] O;aX;A
45- d.kZ dku] oqaQrh dk iq=k] ledks.k f=kHkqt osQ lkeus dh HkqtkA
46- dke dk;Z] bPNk] dkeuk] vuqjkx] pkj iqjQ"kkFkks± esa ,d iqjQ"kkFkZ dkeA
47- dky le;] 'k=kq] ;ejkt] volj] vdkyA
48- oqQ'ky prqj] {kse ([kSfj;r)] ;ksX;] oqQ'k ykus okykA
49- Ñ".k Hkxoku Ñ".k] dkyk] osnO;klA
50- osQrq ,d xzg] èotk] iqPNy rkjk] Kku] izdk'kA
51- dkSf'kd fo'okfe=k] banz] lisjk] mYyw] usoykA
52- [kx i{kh] ok.k] xaèkoZ] lw;Z] xzg] panzek] nsork] ok;qA
53- [kj xèkk] nq"V] frudk] xnZHk] [kPpj] dkSvk] jko.k osQ HkkbZ dk ukeA
54- [ky nok owQVus dk ik=k] èkrwjk] nq"VA
55- x.k lewg] Nanksa esa rhu o.kks± dk lewg] f'ko osQ vuqpjA
56- xfr pky] eks{k] gkyr] xeu] ifj.kke] Kku] izek.k] eqfDr] deZiQy] n'kkA
57- xq# f'k{kd] cM+k] ekrk&firk] Hkkjh] Nan esa nh?kZA
58- xksiky xk; ikyusokyk] Ñ".k] Xokyk] fdlh yM+osQ dk ukeA
59- xkSre xkSre cq¼] nzks.kkpk;Z dk lkyk] Hkkj}ktA
60- xkSreh gYnh] xksnkojh unh] xksjkspu] xkSre Íf"k dh iRuh] vgY;k] nqxkZA
61- ?kV 'kjhj] ?kM+k] de] dylk] tyik=k] fiaM] eu] ân;] U;wuA
62- ?ku gFkkSM+k] ckny] cM+k] es?k] lewg] foLrkj] vHkzdA
63- ?kqVuk d"V lguk] lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ] ik¡o dk eè; HkkxA
64- pØ oqQEgkj dk pkd] fo".kq dk vL=k] ifg;k] ok;q dk Hk¡oj] nyA
65- pØh fo".kq] oqQEgkj] xk¡o dk iqjksfgr] pdok i{kh] dkSvkA
66- piyk papy L=kh] y{eh] fctyh] efnjk] thHk] Hkk¡xA
67- pj fopj.k djus okyk] i'kqvksa osQ pjus dk LFkku] tklwlA
68- p'ek Ïksr] ,sud] lksrA
69- pki èkuq"k] ncko] ifjfèk dk ,d Hkkx] èkuq jkf'kA
bdkbZ 8 % vusdkFkZd 'kCn
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D;k vki tkurs gSa fganh lkfgR; esa vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vfèkdrj dkO; esa gh feyrk gSA
70- pkjk i'kqvksa dk Hkkstu] mik;] vkpj.k] ?kkl] ftl oLrq dks calh esa yxkdj eNyh i¡QlkbZtkrh gSA
71- Nan dkO;] cgkuk] Ny] er] ;qfDr] jax&<ax] vfHkizk;] dforkA
72- Nktu NIij] oL=k] vijl] [kijSy dh NokbZ] vkPNknuA
73- tM+ ewy] ew[kZ] gBh] vpsru] LrCèk] ps"Vkghu] ewd] xw¡xkA
74- tj ty] tM+] Toj] tjk] o`¼koLFkkA
75- tyt dey] 'ka[k] lhi] eksrh] lsokjA
76- tkyd >jks[kk] tky] ?kksalyk] xok{kA
77- tho tarq] thfodk] c`gLifr] thokRekA
78- thou ftanxh] ok;q] ty] o`fÙk] izk.kèkkj.k] ikuh] ?kh] eTtkA
79- tksM+ ;ksx] esy] xk¡B] lekurk] ,d izdkj dh nks oLrq,¡A
80- t;k ikoZrh] nqxkZ] gjh nwc] irkdk] =k;ksn'kh] èotk] gM+A
81- Vhdk fryd] O;k[;k] pspd vkfn dk Vhdk] èkCck] cnukeh dk VhdkA
82- BkoqQj tkfr fo'ks"k] Hkxoku] Lokeh] ukbZ] cM+kA
83- <ky j{kd] mrkj] èkkrqvksa dh <ykbZ] <yqok¡ Hkwfe] <kj] izdkj] jhfr] <axA
84- r{kd fo'odekZ] c<+bZ] lw=kèkkj] liZ fo'ks"kA
85- rkjk c`gLifr dh L=kh] u{k=k] ckfy dh L=kh] vk¡[k osQ chp dh dkyh iqryhA
86- rky laxhr dk rky] >hy] rkykc] rkM+ dk o`{kA
87- rhj ck.k] unh dk fdukjk] fdukjk] rV] lehiA
88- rkr iwT;] firk] xqjQ] fe=k] HkkbZA
89- nzks.k nzks.kkpk;Z] dkSvk] nksuk] ukoA
90- ngj NksVk HkkbZ] oqaQM] ujd] NNw¡nj] pwgk] ckydA
91- fnok fnu] nhid] fnol] ckbZl v{kjksa dk ,d o.kZ o`ÙkA
92- èku tksM+] L=kh] laifÙk] ykHk] nzO;] laifÙk] iw¡th] pkSik;ksa dk lewgA
93- èkeZ laiznk;] LoHkko] dÙkZO;] izÑfrA
94- èkkjk larku] lsuk] fu;e] ikuh dk >juk] èkkj] >qaMA
95- ukd LoxZ] bTtr] ,d iQy] ukfldk] varfj{k] vkdkj] eku] izfr"BkA
96- ukx liZ] gkFkh] ckny] ukxcYyh] ,d ioZrA
97- ukxj prqj] ukxjeksFkh] ukxfjd] lksaB] ikSj] lH; O;fDr] ukjaxhA
98- fu'kkpj jk{kl] pksj] mYyw] fl;kj] liZ] fcYyh] izsr] Hkwr] egknsoA
99- ij ia[k] mQij] nwljk] ¯drq] ijk;kA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 131
uksVLo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- ^vt* dk ,d vFkZ gS cdjk] nwljk vFkZ gksxk -------------------------A
(d) f'ko ([k) Hkk¡x (x) Hkkx (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
6- ^dud* dk vFkZ gS lksuk] vU; vFkZ gS ------------------------- A
(d) Ny ([k) èkrwjk (x) yky (?k) jkgq
7- ^dkSf'kd* osQ vusdkFkZ gSaμfo'okfe=k] banz] lsijk] usoyk ------------------------- A
(d) ukbZ ([k) >hy (x) mYyw (?k) rV
8- ^p'ek* 'kCn osQ vusdkFkZd gSa ------------------------- ,sud] lksrkA
(d) ?kM+k ([k) dkO; (x) tM+ (?k) Ïksr
100- i=k iÙkk] fpV~Bh] iUuk] vkoj.kA
101- ikuh bTtr] ty] ped] 'kL=k dh èkkjA
102- ikl fudV] mÙkh.kZ] ilan] ifjp;&i=kA
103- iQy ifj.kke] ykHk] larku] [kkus okyk iQy] gy] pkowQ vkfn dk iQyA
104- cfy firjksa dks fn;k x;k Hkksx] ,d jktk] migkj] U;kSNkoj] cfygkjhA
105- cgkj olar] ,d jkx] vkuanA
106- cy 'kfDr] lsuk] cyjke] ik'oZ] cxy] yisV] ,saBu] floqQM+u] varjA
107- fcac Nk;k] panzeaMy] ck¡ch] ?ksjk] lw;ZA
108- Hkk ped] 'kksHkk] fctyh] fdj.k] izHkk] dkafrA
109- Hkko fopkj] vfHkizk;] euksfodkj] nj] J¼kA
110- Hkwr izsr] iapHkwr] chrk gqvk le;] e`r 'kjhj] rRo] lR;A
111- eèkq 'kgn] olar] ijkx] pSrekl] Írq] 'kjkcA
112- ekèko olar Írq] fo".kq] cSlk[k] eghuk] JhÑ".kA
113- en u'kk] eLrh] gkFkh osQ eLrd dk Ïko] xoZ] dLrwjhA
114- eqnzk flDdk] Nkik] vkÑfr] oqaQMy] fpÉ] v¡xwBhA
115- ewy iw¡th] ,d u{k=k] tM+] oaQn] vkjaHk] ikl] lehiA
116- jax lkrksa jax] vkuan] foykl] ukVd dk izn'kZuA
117- jaHkk os';k] ,d vIljk] osQyk] dnyh] xkSjh] mÙkj fn'kkA
118- jDr [kwu] osQ'kj] yky] oqaQoqQe] rk¡ck] dey] ¯lnwj] jQfèkjA
119- jlky bZ[k] vke] ehBk] jlhyk] dVgy] xsgw¡] veycsarA
120- jkf'k lewg] es"k&o`"k vkfn jkf'k;k¡] <sj] iqat] leqPp;A
121- oax jkaxk] diklA
122- o.kZ jax] v{kj] prqoZ.;Z] Hksn] :iA
123- ou okfVdk] taxy] ikuh] HkouA
124- okj volj] fnu] }kj] jksd] vkØe.kA
125- fo"k; Hkksx] fopkj.kh; Hkko] ckjs esa] foyklA
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126- fofèk jhfr] HkkX;foèkkrk] bZ'oj] dk;ZØe] ;kstuk] izdkj] dkuwu] laxfrA
127- o`r xksy&?ksjk] gky] pfj=kA
128- fogax i{kh] ok.k] ckny] foeku] lw;Z] panzek] nsorkA
129- 'kj ljoaQMk] ok.k] rhj] ujdV] ty] ik¡p dh la[;k] :lA
130- 'kjHk m¡QV] ,d e`x] fVM~Mh] flag] gkFkh dk cPpk] fo".kqA
131- lfj lerk] ekyk] unh] lfjrk] cjkcjh] ln`'kA
132- lkjax fgju] ckny] ikuh] eksj] 'ka[k] iihgk] gkFkh] flag] jktgal] Hkzej] diwj] dkenso]dks;y] èkuq"k] eèkqeD[kh] dey] Hkw"k.kA
133- lkj jl] j{kk] tqvk] ykHk] mÙke] iRuh dk HkkbZ] ryokj] rRoA
134- flrk pk¡nh] pesyh] pk¡nuh] 'kdj] xksjkspu] lisQn nwcA
135- lwj ohj] vaèkk] ,d dfo] lw;Z] voZQ] enkj] vkpk;Z] iafMrA
136- gj gj.k djuk] izR;sd] f'ko] xf.kr esa va'k osQ uhps okyh la[;kA
137- lwr c<+bZ] èkkxk] ikSjkf.kd] lkjFkh] lw=kdkj] lw;Z] ikjkA
138- lSu lsuk] laosQr] ckti{kh] bafxr] y{k.k] fpÉA
139- gfj fo".kq] banz] canj] gok] liZ] ¯lg] vkx] dkenso] gal] es<d] pk¡n] gjk jaxA
140- gkj ijkt;] ekyk] xys dk vkHkw"k.kA
141- ghu uhpk] rqPN] de] jfgr] NksM+k gqvk] vYi] fu"diV] cqjk] 'kwU;A
142- gse lksuk] rq"kkj] bTtr] ihyk jaxA
143- gal vkRek] ;ksxh] 'osr] ?kksM+k] lw;Z] ljksoj dk i{khA
144- {ks=k 'kjhj] rhFkZ] x`g] izÑfr] [ksy] L=khA
VkLd vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa }kjk dfo fdu vyadkjksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx djrs gSa\
8-2 lkjka'k (Summary)
ftu 'kCnksa ls ,d ls vfèkd vFkZ&cksèk gksrk gS] mUgsa vusdkFkZd (Homonym) dgrs gSaA
¯gnh lkfgR; esa vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx vfèkdrj dkO; esa gh feyrk gSA dkO; osQ jlkLoknu osQfy, budk Kku vko';d gSA bUgha 'kCnksa }kjk dfo;ksa us ;ed vkSj 'ys"k vyadkjksa dk Hkjiwj iz;ksxfd;k gSA dfooj lsukifr osQ vuqlkj dfo ogh gS] ftldh dfork de&ls&de nks vFkks± dk fuokZgdjus okyh gksμ^^lsukifr dfo lksbZ] tkdh }S vjFk dforkbZ fuokZg dhA**
8-3 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
mQfeZ μ ygj
oqQ'ky μ prqj
jkf'k μ lewg
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 133
uksV8-4 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- vusdkFkZd 'kCn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ lksnkgj.k Li"V dhft,A
2- fganh lkfgR; esa vusdkFkZd 'kCnksa dk egÙo crkb,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- vusd vFkZokyk 2- vusdkFkZd 3- dkO; 4- jlkLoknu
5- (d) 6- ([k) 7- (x) 8- (?k)A
8-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- ljy ¯gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpukμoklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ifj"Ñr ¯gnh O;kdj.kμcnzhukFk diwj] izHkkr izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
bdkbZ 8 % vusdkFkZd 'kCn
134
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZμ9 % dkO; dk Lo:i ,oa ifjHkk"kk
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
9-1 dfork dk :i
9-2 x|] i|] lwfDr vkSj dfork
9-3 dkO; osQ Hksn
9-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
9-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
9-6 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
9-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● dkO; dk Lo:i ,oa ifjHkk"kk tkuus esaA
● dkO; osQ Hksn tkuus esaA
● ¯gnh osQ egkdkO; dks tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
lqanjrk esa lgt vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh laqnj oLrq dh vksj lc Lor% vuk;kl gh ¯[kp tkrs gSaA cxhpsesa f[kyk iwQy] lqxfBr vkSj yko.; ls Hkjh nsg o eq[kkÑfr] Hkou dh okLrq&oqQ'kyrk] eafnj o laxzgky; esaLFkkfir lqMkSy ewfrZ] fp=k'kkyk esa lqlfTtr fp=k vFkok dksbZ Hkh u;ukfHkjke tho oLrq vkfn ns[kus ij lkSdke NksM+dj fdlh lân; dk mls ns[krs jg tkuk furkar LokHkkfod gSA mls ns[kdj tks ekufld r`fIr feyrhgS] ftl vkuan dk vuqHko gksrk gS] og yk[k ps"Vk djus ij Hkh T;ksa dk R;ksa ;Fkk&vuqHkwr u rks ok.kh ls dgktk ldrk gS vkSj u ys[kuh ls gh izdV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Bhd blh izdkj dk #fpdj vuqHko fdlh euksjatd mfDr ;k ckr dks lquus ,oaa i<+us ij gksrk gSA ge tcdksbZ euksgj jpuk lqurs ;k i<+rs gSa rc gekjk eu mldh vksj vius vki ¯[kp tkrk gSA lkèkkj.kr;k ,dgh ckr iqu%&iqu% lquus ;k i<+us ls eu dks v#fp gks tkrh gS] ijarq fdlh euHkkouh mfDr dks ckj&ckj lquus;k i<+us ls eu Fkdrk ugha] izR;qr mlesa ckj&ckj u;k jl feyrk gSA bl izdkj dh jpuk] pkgs x| esa gks]pkgs i| esa] lqurs ;k i<+rs gh ân; esa ,slk vkuan mRiUu djrh gS tks dgk ugha tk ldrk] o.kZukrhr gksrkgSA ,slh d.kZ&lq[kn] vFkZ&lkS"Bo ls iw.kZ izHkko'kkyh o ân;Li'khZ mfDr gh ^dfork* dgyk ldrh gSAmldk igpkuuk izk;% d"Vlkè; ugha gksrkA fdlh izdkj dh dfBukbZ dk vuqHko fd;s fcuk gh ge tku ;k
Hardeep Kaur, Lovely Professional University
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 135
uksVcrk ldrs gSa fd dksbZ mfDr dforkiw.kZ gS vFkok ughaA ge lc tkurs gSa fd lkSan;Z D;k gS vFkok izse D;kgS] foaQrq budk ;FkkFkZ lE;o~Q vkSj iw.kZ:i ls o.kZu 'kCnksa esa ugha dj ikrsA blh izdkj ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fdlhmfDr dks dfork dgk tk ldrk gS] iw.kZ:i ls vfHkO;Dr ugha dj ldrs fd dfork D;k gS\ mldk loZekU;y{k.k ugha crk ldrsA
fiQj Hkh dfo vkSj dfork osQ eeZK oqQN uis&rqys 'kCnksa esa dfork dk y{k.k crykrs gSaA dksbZ dgrk gS fd^lquus esa fiz; 'kCnksa dk leqnk;* dfork gS] foaQrq 'kCnksa dk vFkZ mis{k.kh; ugha] vfirq izeq[k gSA blls vFkZosQ lfgr 'kCn vFkok ^'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa osQ ;ksx* dks dfork dgk tkrk gSA ;gh ckr vkSj vfèkd vPNss<ax ls ;ksa dgh x;h gSμ^'kCn vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dh je.kh;rk (yksdksÙkj vkuan nsus dh {kerk) ls laiUu mfDrdks dfork dguk pkfg,A bl izdkj dfork osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fdμ(1) mlesa 'kCn (Hkk"kk) dklkS"Bo gksA og lkekU; O;ogkj dh Hkk"kk ls dgha vfèkd laqnj] lqlaLÑr vkSj lqxfBr gks_ (2) lkFk ghmldk vFkZ Hkh je.kh; vkSj eu esa vlkèkkj.k vkuan dk lapkjd gksA bl izdkj dkO;&iq#"k osQ 'kjhj gSaμ'kCnvkSj vFkZA ;g :id jkt'ks[kj us dkO;&ehekalk (vè;k; r`rh;) esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
ijarq oqQN euh"kh ,slh mfDr dks dkO;e;h dgrs gSa tks jlkRed gksA in] okD;] jl vkfn osQ fofoèk nks"kmldk vid"kZ u djrs gksa vkSj xq.k] vyadkj] jhfr vkfn mlosQ lkS"Bo dk mRd"kZ lkèku djrs gksaA bl izdkjdkO;&iq#"k dk :id ;ksa iw.kZ gksrk gSμ'kCn vkSj vFkZ mlosQ 'kjhj gSa] jl mldh vkRek gS] xq.k mlosQ 'kkS;kZfnosQ ln`'k gSa] nks"k mlosQ ,dk{k] xatkiu dh rjg gSa vkSj jhfr vo;oksa osQ leku gSA
9-1 dfork dk :i
;ksa dfork osQoy dkuksa dks lq[kn ;k euksjatd u gks] vFkZ dh euksgjrk ls Hkh ifjiw.kZ gksA bl izdkj funksZ"k]jhfr vkSj xq.k ls iw.kZ] vyaÑr vkSj euksgj vFkZ lefUor okD; dkO; dgk tkrk gSA oqQN yksx ekurs gSa fd;fn mDr fo'ks"krkvksa esa vyaÑfr (ltkoV) u Hkh gks foaQrq 'ks"k lc ckrsa gksa rks Hkh okD; dks dkO; dgktk ldrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd dgha&dgha vyadkj u gksus ij Hkh mfDr osQ 'kCn vkSj vFkZ funksZ"k gksa rks mlesadfoRo gks ldrk gS] ijarq bl y{k.k ls dkO; osQ ml :i dk cksèk ugha gksrk ftllsμ(1) fopkjksa dkifj"dkj gksrk gS vkSj os mnkÙk curs gSa] (2) tks ân; dks vfuoZpZuh; vkuan nsrk gS vkSj (3) ân; esa ,slhHkkouk mRiUu dj lnk cuk;s j[krk gS ftlls mldk l`f"V osQ vU; laiw.kZ psru vkSj vpsru inkFkkss± ls ,dizdkj dk vkfRed lacaèk LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dk ;g er muosQ 'kCnksa esa ;ksa O;Dr gqvkgSμ^dfork euq"; osQ ân; dks O;fDrxr lacaèk osQ laoqQfpr eaMy ls mBkdj lkekU; Hkko&Hkwfe ij ys tkrhgS tgk¡ txr~ osQ ukuk :iksa vkSj O;kikjksa osQ lkFk mlosQ izÑr lacaèk dk lkSan;Z fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA* ;g Hkkoukdfork osQ Jksrk ;k ikBd osQ eu esa rHkh tkx`r gksxh tc og ljy vkSj ljl 'kCnksa esa gks ,oa mlesa:i&lkS"Bo gksA blfy,] laqnj vkSj ljl okD;ksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr ,sls fopkjksa dks dfork dgk tk ldrk gStks Jksrk ;k ikBd osQ ân; esa ogh Hkko mRiUu djus esa leFkZ gks tks jpf;rk osQ ân; esa mBs Fks vkSj ftlosQlgkjs og {kqnz vgaHkko NksM+dj ltho vkSj futhZo lHkh inkFkks± ls ekufld Hkkouk }kjk ,drk dk vuqHkodjsA dkO;&fo"k;d bl èkkj.kk dks la{ksi esa dg ldrs gSaμljy vkSj ljl 'kCnksa esa O;Dr] eu dks eqXèk djusokys ,sls mPp Hkkoksa dks dfork dgrs gSa ftuesa Jksrk ;k ikBd osQ fopkj ns'k ;k dky dh lhek dks yk¡?kdjl`f"V osQ lHkh inkFkks± ls rknkRE; dk vuqHko djus yxsA ftl izdkj vkRek dh eqDrkoLFkk Kku&n'kk dgykrhgS] mlh izdkj ân; dh ;g eqDr n'kk dfork dgykrh gSA*
oqQN euh"kh ekurs gSa fd ,slh yksdksÙkj vkuan ls Hkjiwj mfDr tc rd yksd&eaxy dk lkèku u djs rc rddfork ugha dgh tk ldrh gSA os dgrs gSa fd yksd&dY;k.k Hkxof}"k;d jpuk ls gh gks ldrk gSArqylhnkl osQ 'kCnksa esa ^dhjfr Hkfufr Hkwfr Hky lksbZ] lqjlfj le lc dg¡ fgr dksbZA* vFkkZr~ dhfrZ vkSjfoHkwfr osQ ln`'k dfork dks Hkh xaxk osQ ln`'k lkoZtfud fgr dk lkèku djuk pkfg,A blhfy, xksLokehthus fuEukafdr :id esa dfork dh pk#rk dk mn~?kkVu fd;k gSμ
bdkbZ 9 % dkO; dk Lo:i ,oa ifjHkk"kk
136
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
ân; ¯lèkq efr lhi lekuk] Lokfr lkjnk dg¯g lqtkukAtkSa cj"kb oj ckfj fcpk:] gks¯g dfor eqoqQrkefu pk:A
tqxqfr csfèk iqfu iksfgv¯g jke pfjr oj rkxAifgj¯g lTtu foey mj lksHkk vfr vuqjkxA
(jkepfjrekul 1] 11] 8&11)
vFkkZr~ Lokfr u{k=k esa cjls es?k&ty dks lhi xzg.k dj eksrh mRiUu djrh gS ftUgsa xw¡Fkdj cuh ekyko{kLFky dks lq'kkssfHkr djrh gSA ,sls gh ân; fLFkr efr esa ljLorh fopkj esa dfork mRiUu djrh gS ftlesajkepfjr dks xw¡Fkdj cus dkO; dks lTtu vius ân; dk gkj cukrs gSaA
bl izdkj Hkko osQ vuq:i dksey vFkok iq#"k rFkk ljy ,oa ljl lkfHkizk; inksa esa vfer vFkZ O;Dr djosQyksdksÙkj vkuan ,oa yksd&eaxy djus okyh jpuk dks dfork dguk pkfg,A
uksV~l ^lquus esa fiz; 'kCnksa dk leqnk;* dfork gSA
bl ifjHkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij fofnr gksrk gS fdμ(1) dfork dk fo"k; ,slk gks tks ekuo ân; ijizHkko'kkyh gks vkSj ftlosQ }kjk mlesa ls i'kqRo dk va'k&vgaHkko fudydj mlesa lPps euq";Ro] fo'ocaèkqRodk Hkko izfrf"Br gks tk,] rFkk (2) tks ,sls 'kCnksa esa ,sls <ax ls izdV fd;k tk, fd ekuo&ân; dks viuhvksj [khap losQ] mls eksg losQ vkSj mlesa ,slk vkuan iSnk dj losQ] tks lalkj osQ vU; inkFkks± ls izkIr ugks ldrk gks vkSj tks mls vius jax esa jax nss] vkReyhu djosQ vkRefoLe`r dj nsA
dfork esa o.;Z fo"k;ksa dk foLrkj vifjfer gSA ftu :iksa vkSj O;kikjksa ls euq"; vkfne ;qxksa ls gh ifjfprgS fcu :iksa vkSj O;kikjksa dks lkeus ikdj og uj&thou osQ vkjaHk ls gh yqCèk vkSj {kqCèk gksrk vk jgk gSmudk gekjs Hkkoksa osQ lkFk ewy ;k lhèkk lacaèk gSA bl fo'kky fcac osQ izR;{k ls izR;{k vkSj xw<+ ls xw<+ rF;ksadks Hkkoksa osQ fo"k; ;k vkyacu cukus osQ fy, bUgha ewy :iksa vkSj ewy O;kikjksa esa ifjf.kr djuk iM+rk gS]tc rd os bu ewy ekfeZd :iksa esa ugha yk;s tkrs rc rd mu ij ^dkO;&n`f"V ugha iM+rhA*--- ,sls vkfne:iksa vkSj O;kikjksa esa] oa'kkuqxr okluk dh nh?kZ&ijaijk osQ izHkko ls] Hkkoksa osQ mn~cksèku dh xgjh 'kfDr lafprgSA bl izdkj ^^dkO;&n`f"V dgha rks uj{ks=k osQ Hkhrj jgrh gS] dgha euq";srj cká l`f"V osQ vkSj dgha leLrpjkpj osQA**
9-2 x|] i|] lwfDr vkSj dfork
bu ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fdlh jpukRed okD; dks] pkgs og x| esa gks pkgs i| esa] dkO; dg ldrsgSaA gekjs ns'k esa ;|fi igys Hkh x| esa vius Hkko izdV djosQ mudks xzaFkksa esa jf{kr j[kus dh izFkk Fkh rFkkfiyksx vfèkdrj i| esa gh viuh HkkokfHkO;fDr NksM+ x;s gSaA blh dkj.k izkphu le; esa tgk¡&tgk¡ fdlh mfDrdks dkO; osQ uke ls vfHkfgr djuk iM+k gS] ogk¡ mlosQ fy, i|kRed gksuk vko';d&lk ekuk x;k gSA bèkjxr 'krkCnh ls gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh Hkk¡fr x| esa O;atuk vfèkd dh tkus yxh gSA blls ;fnx|kRed okD; esa dfoRo osQ mDr lc miknku ik;s tk,¡ rks mls x|&dkO; ;k x|eqDrd dgk tkrk gSA gekjs;gk¡ dkO; xzaFk lnk ls i|&c¼ gksrs vk;s gSaA blls lkèkkj.kr;k i| vkSj dfork ,d&nwljs osQ i;kZ;okpdls gks x;s gSa] ijarq lp iwNk tk, rks i|e;h lHkh mfDr;k¡ dfork dgykus dh vfèkdkfj.kh ughaA
Hkkstu cukvks] vc mBks]fut dk;Z lkèkks] lc mBks]rqedks vHk;&nk;d opu eSaus fn;sA (eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr)
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 137
uksV;g i| gh dgk tk;sxkA blesa dksjh rqdcanh gS] Jksrk ;k ikBd osQ ân; esa oDrk osQ Hkko míhIr dj nsusdh 'kfDr ughaA
blh izdkjμdud dud rs lkSxquh ekndrk vfèkdk;A;fg [kk;s ckSjkr gS og ik;s ckSjk;A (fcgkjh)
mDr nksgs esa dud* 'kCn osQ lksuk* vkSj èkrwjk* bu nks vFkks± osQ dkj.k 'kkfCnd peRdkj iznf'kZr fd;k x;kgSA bldks lqudj ge 'kCn osQ iz;ksx dh prqjkbZ ij gh izlUu gksdj jg tk;saxsA mlls varjkRek dk dksbZ vkSjLFkk;h lnk u;k cuk jgus okyk vkuan ik;saxsA bl izdkj osQ okD; dks ^i|* u dgdj ^lwfDr* dgsaxs] ijdfork ughaA
D;k vki tkurs gSa oqQN euh"kh ,slh mfDr dks dkO;e;h dgrs gSa tks jlkRed gksA
ijarq tc jke vkSj y{e.k osQ lkFk ou&;k=kk djrs gq, ;equk ikj djus osQ vuarj xk¡o dh Hkksyh&Hkkyh fL=k;ksaosQ }kjk jke dk ifjp; iwNus ij lhrk jke ls viuk lacaèk crkrh gSμ
cgqfj cnu&fcèkq vapy <k¡dh fi; ru fprS HkkSag dfj ck¡dhA[k¡tu eatq frjhNs uSufu fut ifr frufga dgsam fl; lSufuAA
rc ge osQoy vk;Z&e;kZnk dh izfrfufèk&Lo:ik lhrk dks vius ifr dh mifLFkfr esa muosQ uke dk mPpkj.kdjus ls fojr gh ugha ns[krs] vfirq ifr osQ lehi gksus ls Hkkjrh; yyuk dks tks LokHkkfod yTtk yxrhgS mldks Hkh izR;{k ns[krs gSaA bruk gh ugha] lcosQ lkeus vius ifr dk ifjp; nsus osQ <ax esa lhrk dh prqjrkHkh ân; ij viuk izHkko Mkyrh gSA 'kCnksa dh dkseyrk osQ lkFk bl pkSikbZ esa tks fp=k dfo vafdr djrkgS og ns'k vkSj dky osQ izHkko ls ijs gS] fpjLFkk;h gSA ;fn ;g ckr lhrk us jke osQ lkFk ,dkar esa dh gksrh]rks gnh osQ jhfr&dkyhu dfo;ksa dh dfork dh Hkk¡fr blesa laHkksx& Ük`axkj* dk fp=k ek=k gksrk] dksbZ fo'ks"krku gksrhA ijarq ;gk¡ ckr ,slh ugha gSA xzke&ckykvksa osQ eè; lhrkth dh ;g ps"Vk oqQyoèkw dh e;kZnk dheueksgd O;atuk gSA blh ls ;g pkSikbZ tc Hkh i<+h tkrh gS] rc u;s vkuan dh ygj eu esa mBk nsrh gSAblh izdkj dh mfDr;k¡ okLro esa ^dfork* dgykrh gSaA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- i| vkSj dfork ,d&nwljs osQ ------------------------- gSaA
2- laqnjrk esa lgt ------------------------------ gksrk gSA
3- gekjs ;gk¡ dkO;&xzaFk lnk ls -------------------------- gksrs vk, gSaA
4- dfork esa o.;Z fo"k;ksa dk foLrkj ------------------------------ gSA
9-3 dkO; osQ Hksn
x|] i| vkSj paiw
dkO; osQ varxZr mUgha jpukvksa dh x.kuk gksrh gS ftuesa mQij dgs x;s 'kCn vkSj vFkZ ls ;qDr dfoRo osQewy rRo fo|eku gksaA ,slh jpuk,¡ x| vkSj i| nksuksa esa gks ldrh gSaA egkdfo rqylh dk i|kRed^jkepfjrekul* ;k Jh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dk ^t;nzFk&oèk* dkO; gSa] Jhfo;ksxh gfj&Ñr x|kRed ^rjafx.kh*
bdkbZ 9 % dkO; dk Lo:i ,oa ifjHkk"kk
138
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
;k ^varukZn* vFkok Jh jk;Ñ".knkl&fojfpr ^lkèkuk* vkSj ^Hkkoqd* Hkh dkO; gSa] ijarq izk;% i|kRedjpukvksa dks gh dkO; ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk djus ls vkdkj dksμckgjh <k¡ps dksμizèkkurk fey tkrh gS] vkRekdhμdfork osQ ewy rÙo dhμmis{kk gks tkrh gSA okLro esa dfork osQ fof'k"V xq.kksa ls ;qDr dFku dks] pkgsog i| esa gks] pkgs x| esaμdkO; dguk vfèkd ;qfDriw.kZ gSA oqqQN o.kZu&izèkku jpuk,¡ ,slh Hkh gSa tks x|vkSj i| nksuksa esa gksrh gSaA Jh t;'kadj ^izlkn* osQ ^fp=kkèkkj* esa lax`ghr ^moZ'kh* vkSj ^cHkwzokgu* rFkk Jhvuwi 'kekZÑr ^isQfj fefycks* blh izdkj dh Ñfr;k¡ gSaA ,slh jpukvksa dks ^feJ dkO; ;k paiw* dgrs gSaA
n`'; vkSj JO;
iz;kstu vFkok Lo:i osQ fopkj ls dkO; osQμ(1) n`'; vkSj JO; nks Hksn fd;s tkrs gSaA JO; osQoy lân;osQ eu ij izHkko Mkyrk gS] ijarq n`'; dkO; lkekU; tu osQ ân;&iVy ij Hkh viuh Nki vafdr djrkgSA vfHkusrk blesa mfYyf[kr ik=kksa dk :i cukdj muosQ dFku ,oa dk;ks± dk viuh nsg dh ps"Vkvksa] eqnzkvksa]ok.kh] os"k&Hkw"kk vkSj fofoèk 'kkjhfjd fodkjksaμvJq] g¡lh vkfn lkfRod Hkkoksaμ}kjk vuqdj.k djrs gSaA(1) 'kjhj osQ vaxksa osQ O;kikj dks vkafxd] (2) opu lacaèkh dk;Z dks okfpd] (3) os'kjpuk dks vkgk;Z( Üka`xkj ls izHkkfor) vkSj (4) lkfRod vuqHkkoksa dks lkfRod uked vuqdj.k dgk tkrk gSA bl fØ;k dksvfHku; dgrs gSaA n`'; dkO; dks :id Hkh dgrs gSaA dkj.k] blesa vfHkusrk nwljksa dk :i èkkj.k djosQ viusesa mudk vkjksiu fd;k djrk gSA n'kZdx.k mls FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, gh lgh] ogh O;fDr le> ysrs gSa] ftldkog vfHku; djrk gSA
JO; dkO; osQoy lqus ;k i<s+ tk ldrs gSaA mudk vfHku; ugha gksrkA n`'; dkO; Hkh i<s+ ;k lqus tk ldrsgSa_ foaQrq okLrfod vkuan rHkh vkrk gS tc mudk vfHku; jax'kkyk esa ns[kk tk,A fdlh dh n'kk dk vuqdj.kukV~; dgykrk gSA muesa ykSfdd inkFkZ ls fHkUu vuqdj.k dk izfr¯cc gksrk gSA jktk y{e.k¯lg dk vfHkKku'kkoaqQrye~* dk vuqokn] Hkkjrsanq&gfj'panz Ñr ^lR; gfj'panz*] ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* vkfn vFkok Jh gfjÑ".k^iszseh*&Ñr ^j{kkcaèku*] ^vkgqfr* vkfn] Jh t;'kadj ^izlkn*&fojfpr ^vtkr'k=kq*] ^panzxqIr* ^LoaQnxqIr*bR;kfn ukVdksa dk vkuan i<+us ;k lquus ls Hkh feyrk gS_ ijarq tc vfHkusrkvksa }kjk jaxeap ij budk izn'kZugksrk gS rc budk vkuan lquus ;k i<+us dh vis{kk dbZ xquk c<+ tkrk gSA rc buesa isz{kd yhu gks tkrk gS]jl&eXu gks tkrk gSA
n`'; dkO; osQ varxZr ^:id* vkSj ^mi:id* gSaA laLÑr&okÄ~e; esa dFkkud dh o`fÙk] uk;d vkSj jl osQHksn osQ vkèkkj ij :id osQ nl vkSj mi:id osQ vBkjg Hksn ekus x;s gSaA ¯gnh esa ^ukVd* 'kCn dk iz;ksx^:id* osQ vFkZ esa gksrk gS D;ksafd mlesa ukV~;'kkL=k ls lac¼ lHkh y{k.k ik;s tkrs gSa vkSj lHkh jlksa dklekos'k gks ldrk gSA
:id osQ laLÑr lkfgR; esa ekus x;s ;s nl Hksn gSaμ
1- ukVdμbldh dFkk bfrgkl&izfl¼ gksrh gS] dfo&dfYir ugha gksrhA bldk uk;d dksbZ èkhj&xaHkhj]mnkÙk] izrkih] rstLoh] xq.kh jktk] jktf"kZ vFkok fnO; (nsork) ;k fnO;kfnO; (vorkj) iq#"k gh gksrkgSA LoHkko osQ fopkj ls uk;d pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSaμ(1) èkhjksnkÙk (vkRe'yk?kk ls jfgr] xaHkhj]egkcyoku] fLFkj] fou;'khy] loZxq.klaiUu)] (2) èkhjks¼r (m¼r] vfHkekuh] vkRe'yk?kh)](3) èkhjyfyr (fouksnh] foyklh] lcdk fiz;) vkSj (4) èkhjiz'kkar (ljy)A blesa izèkku jl ohj ;kÜka`xkj gksrk gSA vU; jl buesa fdlh osQ vax gksdj mlosQ lgk;d :i esa gh vkrs gSaA jl dk lapkjlkekftd ;k ukVd osQ nz"Vk osQ ân; esa gksrk gSA og vfHkusrk vkSj mlosQ fofoèk dk;ks±] ps"Vkvksa]mfDr;ksa vkfn ls vius ân;xr Hkkoksa osQ míhIr gksus ij jle; gksrk gSA ukVd esa ik¡p ls ysdj nlrd vad gksrs gSaA (ik¡p ls vfèkd vad okys ukVd dks egkukVd dgrs gSaA blosQ vadksa dk vkdkjØe'k% NksVk gksrs tkuk pkfg,)A
¯gnh osQ lHkh n`'; dkO; ukVd dgs tkrs gSaA laLÑr esa ekU; ukVd osQ mi;qZDr y{k.k mu lc ijykxw ugha gks ldrsA muesa uhps of.kZr ^izdj.k* dk Hkh lekos'k gks tkrk gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 139
uksV2- izdj.kμbldh dFkk ykSfdd ,oa dfYir gksrh gSA blesa izèkku jl Üka`xkj gksrk gSA uk;d èkhj] 'kkarczkã.k] ea=kh vFkok oS'; gksrk gSA og èkeZ] vFkZ vkSj dke esa ikjk;.k gksrk gS rFkk fo?u&ckèkkvksa dklkeuk djrs gq, liQy&euksjFk gksrk gSA blosQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaμ(1) 'kq¼] ftlesa ukf;dk oqQydU;kgksrh gS] (2) foÑr] ftldh ukf;dk os';k vkSj (3) ladh.kZ] ftldh ukf;dk nksuksa gksrh gSaA ladh.kZizdj.k èkwrZ] tqvkjh] foV psVkfn ik=kksa ls ;qDr gksrk gSA izdj.k vU; lHkh ckrksa esa ukVd osQ leku ghgksrk gSA bldk mnkgj.k ^ekyrh&ekèko* gS tks HkoHkwfr&jfpr gS vkSj lR;ukjk;.k dfojRu }kjk ¯gnhesa vuwfnr gSA
3- Hkk.kμblesas vusd voLFkkvksa ls ;qDr èkwrks± dk pfj=k gh fn[kk;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d vad vkSj ,dgh ik=k gksrk gSA og ik=k dksbZ cqf¼eku foV gksrk gSA og jaxeap ij viuh ;k vkSjksa dh vuqHkwfr ckrksadks dFkksidFku osQ :i esa Lo;a gh iwNrk vkSj Lo;a mÙkj nsrk gqvk vkdk'kHkkf"kr* }kjk izdkf'kr djrkgSA bldk dFkkud dfYir gksrk gSA mnkgj.k] oSfnd ¯glk ¯glk u Hkofr (Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz)A
4- izgluμ;g Hkh Hkk.k osQ gh leku gksrk gS] ij blesa gkL; jl dh vfèkdrk jgrh gSA blesa uk;d osQ:i esa laU;klh] riLoh] iqjksfgr] uiqald] oaQpqdh vkfn dh ;kstuk dh tkrh gSA
5- fMeμbldh dFkk iqjk.k ;k bfrgkl izfl¼ pkj vadksa esa iznf'kZr gksrh gSA ;g ek;k] banztky] laxzke]Øksèk] mUeÙk vkfn dh ps"Vk rFkk mijkxksa (lw;Z&panz&xzg.k) vkfn osQ o`Ùkkar ls iw.kZ jgrk gSA blesa jkSnzjl izèkku gksrk gSA 'kkar] gkL; vkSj Üka`xkj osQ vfrfjDr vU; jl mlosQ lgk;d gksrs gSaA blesa pkj vadgksrs gSaA izos'kd ugha gksrsA blesa nsork] xaèkoZ] ;{k] jk{kl] egksjx] Hkwr] iszr] fi'kkp vkfn vR;ar m¼rlksyg izdkj osQ uk;d gksrs gSaA
6- O;k;ksxμbldk Hkh vk[;ku iqjk.k ;k bfrgkl&izfl¼ gksrk gS] ij blesa uk;d èkhjks¼r jktf"kZ vFkokfnO; iq#"k gksrk gSA blesa ik=kksa dh vfèkdrk gksrh gSA os lc iq#"k gksrs gSaA blesa ,d Hkh L=kh ik=k ughagksrkA blesa ;q¼ gksrk gS] foaQrq L=kh osQ dkj.k ughaA blesa ,d gh vad gksrk gS ftlesa ,d gh fnu dko`Ùkkar gksrk gSA
7- leodkjμbldh dFkk bfrgkl dh dksbZ ,slh ?kVuk gksrh gS ftldk lacaèk nsorkvksa vkSj vlqjksa ls gksrkgSA blesa rhu vad gksrs gSa vkSj ckjg nsoklqj uk;dA izR;sd uk;d dk iQy i`Fko~Q gh gksrk gSA mlesaohj jl izèkku gksrk gS_ mldh iqf"V vU; lc jl djrs gSaA
8- ohFkhμbleas ,d gh vad gksrk gS vkSj dksbZ ,d iq#"kμmÙke] eè;e ;k vèkeμuk;d dfYir djfy;k tkrk gSA ^Hkk.k* dh Hkk¡fr blesa Hkh vkdk'kHkkf"kr }kjk mfDr&izR;qfDr gksrh gSA blesa Üka`xkj jldh vfèkdrk jgrh gSA
9- bZgke`xμbldk o`Ùkkar fefJr] vFkkZr~ oqQN ,sfrgkfld vkSj oqQN dfYir gksrk gSA blesa uk;d vkSjizfruk;d izfl¼ èkhjks¼r euq"; ;k nsork gksrs gSaA blesa ,d gh vad gksrk gSA blesa ;q¼ gksrs&gksrsfdlh cgkus jg tkrk gSA
10- vad ;k mRl`f"Vd vadμblesa ,d gh vad gksrk gSA bldk uk;d lkèkkj.k iq#"k rFkk o`Ùkkar iz[;krgksrk gSA dfo mldks foLr`r dj nsrk gSA blesa fL=k;ksa osQ foyki dh izpqjrk jgrh gSA blh ls d#.kjl dh izèkkurk gksrh gSA
mi:id
1- ukfVdkμblesa pkj vad gksrs gSaA ik=kksa esa vfèkd fL=k;k¡ gksrh gSaA uk;d èkhj&yfyr jktk gksrk gSAukf;dk jfuokl ls lac¼ jktoa'k dh dksbZ xk;u&iVq vuqjkxorh dU;k gksrh gSA
2- =kksVdμblesa ik¡p] lkr] vkB ;k ukS vad gksrs gSaA izR;sd vad esa fonw"kd dk O;kikj jgrk gSA Üka`xkjjl izèkku gksrk gSA
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
3- xks"Bhμbleas ,d gh vad gksrk gSA ik¡p&Ng fL=k;ksa vkSj ukS&nl euq";kas dk O;kikj jgrk gSA okluke;(dke) Üka`xkj dh izèkkurk jgrh gSA
4- lV~Vdμbldh jpuk laLÑr eas u gksdj izkÑr esa gksrh gSA blesa vn~Hkqr jl jgrk gSA vadkssa dks^tofudk* dgrs gSaA vU; ckrsa ^ukfVdk* osQ ln`'k gksrh gSaA
5- ukV~;jkldμblesa ,d gh vad gksrk gSA Üka`xkj ls ;qDr gkL; jl izèkku jgrk gSA uk;d mnkÙk]miuk;d ihBenZ rFkk ukf;dk okld&lTtk gksrh gSA
6- izLFkkudμblesa nks vad gksrs gSaA uk;d nkl vkSj miuk;d ghu iq#"k gksrk gSA ukf;dk nklh gksrh gSA
7- mYykI;μblesa ,d vad] fnO; dFkk] èkhjksnkÙk uk;d rFkk gkL; Üka`xkj ,oa d#.k jl gksrs gSaA oqQNyksx blesa rhu vad ekurs gSaA
8- dkO;μblesa ,d vad vkSj gkL; jl gksrk gSA xhrksa dh vfèkdrk gksrh gSA uk;d vkSj ukf;dk nksuksamnkÙk gksrs gSaA
9- jkldμblesa Hkh ,d gh vad gksrk gSA ik¡p ik=k gksrs gSa] lw=kèkkj ugha gksrkA ukf;dk izfl¼ vkSj uk;dew[kZ gksrk gSA blesa mnkÙk&Hkko mÙkjksÙkj iznf'kZr fd;s tkrs gSaA
10- izsÄ~[k.kμblesa Hkh ,d gh vad gksrk gSA uk;d ghu iq#"k gksrk gSA blesa lw=kèkkj ugha gksrkA ukanh rFkkizjkspuk usiF; ls i<+h tkrh gSaA
11- laykidμblesa rhu ;k pkj vad gksrs gSaA uk;d ik[kaMh gksrk gSA Ük`axkj vkSj d#.k jl ugha gksrsA blesauxj osQ ?ksjs] laxzke vkfn dk o.kZu jgrk gSA
12- Jhxfnrμblesa dFkk izfl¼ gksrh gSA ;g ,d vad dk gksrk gSA uk;d èkhjksnkÙk vkSj ukf;dk iz[;krgksrh gSA
13- f'kYidμbuesa pkj vad gksrs gSaA 'kkar vkSj gkL; osQ vfrfjDr vU; jl gksrs gSaA uk;d czkã.k gksrkgSA blesa ej?kV] eqnsZ vkfn dk o.kZu jgrk gSA
14- foykfldkμ;g Üka`xkj&cgqy] ,d vad okyh] fonw"kd foV ihBenZ ls foHkwf"kr] ghuxq.k uk;d ls;qDr] NksVh dFkkoyh gksrh gSA
15- nqefYydkμblesa pkj vad gksrs gSaA igys vad esa foV dh ØhM+k] nwljs esa fonw"kd dk foykl] rhljsesa ihBenZ dk foykl&O;kikj vkSj pkSFks esa ukxfjdksa dh ØhM+k jgrh gSA bu pkjksa vadksa dk O;kikjØe'k% 6] 10] 12 vkSj 20 ?kM+h dk gksrk gSA blesa iq#"k ik=k lc prqj gksrs gSa ij uk;d NksVh tkfrdk gksrk gSA
16- izdjf.kdkμblessa uk;d O;kikjh gksrk gSA ukf;dk mldh ltkrh;k gksrh gSA 'ks"k ckrksa esa ;g izdj.kosQ ln`'k gksrh gSA
17- gYyh'kμblesa ,d gh vad gksrk gSA lkFk esa nl rd fL=k;k¡ gksrh gSa vkSj ,d mnkÙk opu cksyus okykiq#"k jgrk gSA blesa xkus] rky vkSj y; vfèkd gksrs gSaA
18- Hkf.kdkμblesa Hkh ,d vad gksrk gSA uk;d eanefr rFkk ukf;dk mnkÙk vkSj izxYHkk gksrh gSA
bu lc :idksa vkSj mi:idksa dh ewy izÑfr ;|fi ukVd osQ vuqlkj gS rFkkfi buesa vkSfpR; osQ vuqlkjukVd osQ ;FkklaHko vaxksa dk lekos'k gksrk gSA :idksa ;k mi:idksa ls ;qDr lHkh Hksn ¯gnh esa lqyHk ugha gSaAmuesa Hkh tks feyrs gSa mu lHkh dks ^ukVd* gh dgk tkrk gSA vaxzsth osQ ^ou ,sDV Iys* osQ vuqdj.k ij cusNksVs&NksVs ukVd ^,dkadh ukVd* ;k ^,dkadh* dgs tkrs gSaA ¯gnh esa vusd ,dkadh cu pqosQ gSa vkSj fujarjcurs tk jgs gSaaA :idksa esa Hkk.k] O;k;ksx] ohFkh] bZgke`x vkSj vad ;k mRl`f"Vdkad rFkk mi:idksa esa xks"Bh]ukV~;jkld mYYkkI;] dkO;] jkld] izs[k.k] Jhxfnr] foyldk] gYyh'k vkSj Hkf.kdk Hkh ,d vad osQ gh gksrsgSa] foaQrq bu lcdh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA vktdy osQ ,dkadh Hkh ukVd ukeèkkjh gSaA muosQ fo"k;
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 141
uksVo ik=k osQ fopkj ls mDr :idksa rFkk mi:idksa osQ ln`'k fuf'pr fof'k"Vrk ugha gS fd mudk oxhZdj.k laHkogks losQA fiQj Hkh muesa oqQN dks fdlh mi:id osQ varxZr j[kk tk ldrk gSA ,dkadh osQ dFkkud dk ,dgh y{; gksrk gSA blls mlh dh flf¼ djus okys izlax jgrs gSaA blesa dFkksidFku ?kVuk vkfn esa vuko';dfoLrkj ugha gksrkA
oqQN ukVd x|&i| fefJr u gksdj osQoy i|kRed ;k xhrksa esa gksrs gSaA mUgsa ^xhfr&ukV~;* dgk tkrk gSAHkkoksa osQ fofoèk :iksa dk fu:i.k HkkoukV~;* esa gksrk gSA vaxzsth osQ eksuks Mªkek* dks vkn'kZ ekudj vc ,slsNksVs ukVd Hkh cuus yxs gSa ftuesa cgqèkk ,d gh ik=k gksrk gSA lsB xksfcannkl osQ pkj ,dkafd;ksa osQ laxzg^prq"iFk* esa ,slk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k x;k gS ftlesa dksbZ euq"; vkSj mldk ?kksM+k ukVd osQ ik=k gSaA mlosQ varxZr^'kki vkSj oj* esa ,d nairh gh ik=k gSaA bl izdkj ,d ;k nks ik=kksa osQ Hkh ,dkadh cuus yxs gSaA
blosQ vfrfjDr flusek esa iznf'kZr ukVd vkSj jsfM;ks rFkk nwjn'kZu }kjk izlkfjr ukVdksa dh fof'k"V jpuk&'kSyhgksrh gSA jsfM;ks osQ ukVd dk vfHku; n'kZd ugha ns[krk] LVwfM;ks esa gks jgh èofu;ksa] ckrphr vkfn dks lqudjmlosQ n`'; dh dYiuk Hkh djrk pyrk gSA ijarq nwjn'kZu (Vsyhfotu) esa ijns ij mu n`';ksa dk lk{kkRdkjdjus osQ lkFk vfHku;] fØ;kdyki] okrkZyki vkfn ns[k o lqu ldrk gSA
JO; dkO;
'kSyh Hksn ls JO; dkO; dks x| vkSj i| nks foHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA x| dkO; osQ varxZr dFkk]dgkuh] vk[;kf;dk] miU;kl] fucaèk vkfn vkrs gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr ,slh jpuk,¡ Hkh vkrh gSa ftUgsa^i|&dkO;* ;k x|&eqDrd* dgk tkrk gS] ijarq x|&dkO; dks NksM+ x| dh vU; foèkkvksa dh izpfyr lhekosQ Hkhrj ugha j[kk x;kA
izcaèk dh n`f"V ls i| dkO; osQ (1) eqDrd] vkSj (2) izcaèk ;s nks Hksn fd;s tkrs gSaA ^eqDrd* dkO; ,slhjpuk dks dgrs gSa ftlosQ ,d Nan dk Hkko nwljs ls eqDr* ;k fujis{k* gks mlesa fdlh Hkko n'kk ;k fopkjdk iwjk&iwjk mYys[k gks tkrk gSA fcgkjh] rqylh] o`an] jghe] fo;ksxh gfj vkfn dh lrlb;ksa osQ nksgs eqDrddkO; osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
eqDrdksa esa oqQN jpuk,¡ xhr osQ :i esa gksrh gSaA mUgsa ^xhfr dkO;* dgrs gSaA lwjnkl dk lwjlkxj xhrksa esa ghgSA rqylh dh ^fou;if=kdk* vkSj ^xhrkoyh* Hkh xhrksa esa gSA ij buesa izcaèk dk Hkh fuokZg gqvk gSA ehjk dhinkoyh] egknsoh oekZ] fujkyk] iar vkfn dh jpukvksa esa xhfr&dkO; osQ mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA
^izcaèk* esa Øec¼ ;k iwokZij&lac¼ ?kVuk rF; vkfn dk o.kZu gksrk gSA dksbZ dFkkud èkkjkokfgd :i lsof.kZr gksrk gSA mlosQ Nanksa esa dgh x;h ckr ijLij lac¼ gksrh gSA os Nan ,d&nwljs ls vyx ugha fd;s tkldrsA ;fn ,slk fd;k tk, rks mudk Hkko iw.kZr;k Li"V ugha gksrkA ^eqDrd* esa ,d Nan Lor% iw.kZ gksrkgSA ^izcaèk* esa ,slk ugha gksrkA rqylh dk ^jkepfjrekul*] tk;lh dk ^in~ekor*] gfjvkSèk dk ^fiz;&izokl*]eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dk ^lkosQr*] xq#HkDr¯lg dh ^uwjtgk¡*] ';ke ukjk;.k ikaMs; dh ^gYnh?kkVh* vkfn izcaèkdkO; osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
izcaèk&dkO; osQ Hksnμ[kaMdkO; vkSj egkdkO;
izcaèk osQ foLrkj dh n`f"V ls izcaèk dkO; osQ nks Hksn fd;s tkrs gSaμ(1) [kaMdkO;] vkSj (2) egkdkO;A
[kaMdkO;μblesa ekuo&thou osQ fdlh va'k (o`Ùkkar vkfn) dk o.kZu gksrk gS] mldh laiw.kZ O;kidrk dkughaA eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr osQ ^t;nzFk&oèk*] ^iapoVh*] ^fojfg.kh cztkaxuk* vkfn] jkeujs'k f=kikBh osQ ^ifFkd*]^feyu*] vkSj ^LoIu*] fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr dk ^ekS;Z fot;* rFkk gekjh ^vxziwtk* [kaMdkO; gSA egkdkO; esathou dk foLr`r vkSj iw.kZ o.kZu gksrk gSA mlesa [kaMdkO; dh vis{kk vkdkj dh nh?kZrk osQ lkFk o.;Z fo"k;dh O;kidrk Hkh jgrh gSA rqylh dk ^jkepfjrekul*] tk;lh dh ^in~ekor* vkSj jkepfjr mikè;k; dk^jkepfjrfparkef.k* ¯gnh osQ iqjkus vkSj dkek;uh] yksdk;ru vkfn oqQN u;s egkdkO; gSaaA egkdkO; osQ lHkh
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
y{k.kksa ls ;qDr u gksus ij Hkh jpuk mlosQ gh <ax ls fy[kh tkrh gS] og dkO; dgh tkrh gSA;Fkkμ^fiz;&izokl*] ^lkosQr*] ^gYnh?kkVh*A dHkh&dHkh ,slh Ñfr;k¡ Hkh vKku vkSj fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu lsegkdkO; dg nh tkrh gSaA
egkdkO;μi|c¼ ;g jpuk lxks± esa c¡èkh gSA bldk uk;d èkhjksnkÙk xq.kkfUor nsork ;k l}a'k tkr {kf=k; gksrkgSA uk;d ,d gksrk gS] vusd Hkh gksrs gSaA bldk izèkku jl Ük`axkj] ohj ;k 'kkar gksrk gSA vU; jl Hkh jgrsgSa] ij os izèkku jl (vaxh) osQ vax:i gksrs gSaA dFkk] bfrgkl ;k yksd esa izfl¼ lTtu osQ fo"k; dh gksrhgSA èkeZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{kμbuesa dksbZ bldk iQy gksrk gSA vkjaHk esa ueLdkj] vk'khokZn ;k o.;Z oLrq dkfunsZ'k gksrk gSA dgha [kyksa dh fuank vkSj lTtuksa dk xq.k o.kZu gksrk gS_ u cgqr NksVs u cgqr cMs+ vkB lsvfèkd lxZ gksrs gSaA muesa izR;sd esa ,d gh Nan dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] foaQrq izR;sd lxZ dk vafre Nan mllsfHkUu gksrk gSA dgha&dgha ,d gh lxZ esa ukuk Nan iz;qDr gksrs gSaA lxZ osQ var esa vxys lxZ dh dFkk dhlwpuk gksrh gSA blesa izkr%dky] eè;kÉ] laè;k] lw;Z] panzek] jkf=k] iznks"k] vaèkdkj] fnu] e`x;k] ioZr] ½rq]ou] leqnz] la;ksx] fo;ksx] eqfu] LoxZ] ujd] ;K] laxzke] ;k=kk] fookg] ea=k] iq=k] vH;qn; vkfn dk ;FkklaHkolkaxksikax o.kZu gksrk gSA bldk uke dfo] o`fÙk uk;d osQ uke ls vFkok vU; izdkj ls j[kk tkrk gSA lxks±dk uke la[;k] dFkk&izlax osQ vkèkkj ij vFkok vk[;ku&laKd gksrk gSA
vfXuiqjk.k (337@137&39) osQ vuqlkj ftl egkdkO; osQ lxZ esa fofoèk Nanksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS mldks^vkHkklksie 'kfDr* uke fn;k x;k gSA blosQ nks HksnμfeJ vkSj izdh.kZ gksrs gSaA ftl egkdkO; esa JO; vkSjvfHku; nksuksa osQ y{k.k gksa] og ^feJ* dgykrk gS_ n;k ldy (e`nq vkSj ean Loj okyh) mfDr;ksa ls ;qDrdkO; ^izdh.kZ* dgk tkrk gSA feJ vfHku; (ukV~;) egkdkO; esa egkdkO; osQ fy, visf{kr lHkh rRo rksgksrs gSa] lkFk gh izlax ,sls <ax ls izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSa fd mudk vfHku; Hkh gks ldrk gSA ^jkepfjrekul*esa vusd izHkko'kkyh vkSj vPNs ukVdh; izlax laokn n`'; vkfn gSaA jkeyhyk esa rks ekul* dk gh vfèkdrjiz;ksx gksrk gSA jkeuxj (dk'kh) dh jkeyhyk osQ leku dgha&dgha vU;=k Hkh [kqys eSnkuksa esa vkSj jaxeapksa ijHkh mlh dk vkJ; fy;k tkrk gSA vc mldk mi;ksx jsfM;ks ls izlkfjr :idksa esa Hkh gks jgk gSA vr,o mlsblh dksfV dk egkdkO; dgk tkuk pkfg;s] Hkys gh og laLÑr osQ egkdkO; dh 'kSyh esa ugha jpk x;kAmldh in~ekor] jkepafnzdk vkfn dh rFkk ¯gnh osQ vU; izkphu vkSj vusd vkèkqfud egkdkO;kas dh jpuklaLÑr egkdkO; mi;qZDr lHkh y{k.kksa osQ vuq:i ugha gqbZ gSA
VkLd JO;dkO; ij laf{kIr izdk'k MkysaA
oqQN vkSj Hksn
vU; n`f"V;ksa ls Hkh dkO; osQ nks Hksn fd;s tk ldrs gSaμ(1) oqQN dkO;ksa esa dfo dh Hkkoukvksa vkSjvuqHkwfr;ksa dk o.kZu gksrk gS vkSj (2) oqQN esa tkfr vkSj ;qx dh fpjaru Hkkoukvksa vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa dk mYys[kfd;k tkrk gSA ;s nwljs izdkj osQ dkO; ekuo ek=k osQ 'kk'or vkSj fpjaru Hkkoksa vkSj mn~xkj dks vfHkO;Drdjus osQ dkj.k vfèkd LFkk;h vkSj lkoZtfud gksrs gSaA bu vkRekuqHkwfr&fu:id vkSj lkoZtfud Hkkoksa osQizn'kZd dkO; dks Øe'k% Hkko izn'kZd vkSj fo"k;&fu:id dkO; Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA buosQ vfrfjDr(3) o.kZukRed dkO; Hkh gksrs gSaA oqQN vaxzsth fo}ku (4) dyk&dkO; vkSj (5) 'kfDr&dkO; dh HkhdYiuk djrs gSaA dyk&dkO; vkuan nsrk vkSj eucgyko djrk gS vkSj 'kfDr dkO; yksd dh izo`fÙk dklapkyu djrk gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 143
uksVèofu] xq.khHkwr O;aX; vkSj fp=k ;k vyadkj dkO;
bu Hksnksa osQ vfrfjDr je.kh;rk osQ vuqlkj dkO; osQ rhu izdkj ekus tkrs gSaaμ
1- ftl dfork esa 'kCnksa osQ lkèkkj.k vFkZ dh vis{kk muls fudyus okys O;aX; esa vfèkd peRdkj gks]mls ^èofu&dkO;* dgrs gSaA tSlsμizk.k R;kx dj jgs tVk;q ls jke us dgk fd μ
lhrk gju rkr tfu dgsm firk lu tkbAtks eSa jke rks oqQy lfgr dfgfg nlkuu vkbAA (ekul) (3@31)
blesa O;aX; ;g gS fd eSa jko.k vkSj mlosQ leLr oqQy dk 'kh?kz gh var dj nw¡xk vFkkZr~ ml vosQysdks gh ugha] mlosQ oqQVqac Hkj dks ek:¡xkA bl izdkj eSa mlls lhrk&gj.k dk cnyk ysdj vius LoxZLFkfirk dks fn[kk nw¡xk fd eSa mudk liwr gw¡A rHkh esjk uke (jke) lkFkZd gksxkA bl èofu osQ dkj.k blmfDr esa jke osQ 'kkS;Z dh iwjh >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA blls vkuan dk vlkèkkj.k lapkj gksrk gSA
2- tgk¡μ(d) O;aX;kFkZ dh izèkkurk u gks ;k ([k) 'kCnksa dk lkèkkj.k vFkZ vkSj O;aX;kFkZ nksuksa gh lekugksa ;k (x) O;aX;kFkZ lkèkkj.k (okP;) vFkZ ls U;wu gks og xq.khHkwr O;aX; gksrk gSA blesa O;aX; xq.khHkwrvFkkZr~ vizèkku gksrk gS_ tSlsμèkuq"k;K osQ eaMi esa Jhjke dks ns[kdjμ
izHkqfg nsf[k lc u`i fg; gkjs] tuq jkosQ'k mn; Hk,¡ rkjsA
vl izrhr lcosQ eu ekgh] jke pki rksjc ld ukghaAA
fcuq Hkatsgq Hko èkuq"k fclkyk] esfyfg fl; jke mj ekykA
vl fopkfj xougq ?kj HkkbZ] tlq izrkiq cyq rstq x¡okbZA
fcgls vij Hkwi lqfu ckuh] ts vfoosd va/ vfHkekuhA
rksjsgq èkuq"k C;kg voxkgk] fcuq rksjs dks oqq¡Qvfj fogkgkA
,d ckj dkygq fdu gksmQ] fl; fgr lej ftrc ge lksmQA
;g lqfu voj efgi eqlqdkus] èkje'khy gfjHkxr l;kusAA
(ekul] 1@245@108)
èkuq"k rksM+ ldus esa gh ugha] mBk ldus rd esa vleFkZ vfoosdkaèk] vfHkekuh jktkvksa dk ;g dgukdksjh dYiuk Fkh fd jke èkuq"k rksM+us ij Hkh lhrk ls C;kg u dj ik;asxsA ge lhrk osQ fy, ,d ckjdky dks Hkh thr ysaxsA ew[kZrkiw.kZ bl Mhax osQ izfr ?k`.kk vkSj frjLdkj dk lwpd xq.khHkwr vizdV O;aX;èkekZRek jktkvksa osQ ^eqldkus* esa gSaA
3- ftlesa osQoy 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ dk peRdkj gks] osQoy 'kCnksa dh ltkoV (tSlsμvuqizkl] ;ed vkfnvyadkj) dk è;ku gks og fp=k o vyadkj dkO; dgykrk gSA bls voj (vèke) dkO; Hkh dgrs gSaA
fp=k dkO; osQ varxZr ,slh jpuk,¡ Hkh gksrh gSa ftuesa v{kj bl <ax ls fy[ks gSa fd mudk vkdkj dey]dkeèksuq] èkuq"k] [kM~x vkfn oqQN oLrqvksa dk&lk cu tkrk gSA ,slk gksus ls mfDr osQ vFkZ dh lqanjrk dh vksjè;ku ugha tkrk] osQoy mlosQ 'kCnksa dh ltkoV rd jg tkrk gSA
bu Hksnksa esa ^èofu dkO; mÙke*] xq.khHkwr ^O;aX;* eè;e vkSj ^fp=k*] ^vyadkj* ;k ^voj* dkO; fuEu dksfVdk ekuk tkrk gSA
vkxs 'kCn&'kfDr osQ izdj.k esa bu rhuksa izdkjksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk feysxhA
bdkbZ 9 % dkO; dk Lo:i ,oa ifjHkk"kk
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dk dkO; gS ^------------------------- oèk*A
(d) t;nzFk ([k) nq;kZsèku (x) n'kklu (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
6- ^ohFkh essa* ------------------------- dh vfèkdrk jgrh gSA
(d) Ükaxkj jl ([k) ohj jl (x) gkL; jl (?k) jkSnz jl
7- ukfVdk esa ------------------------- gksrs gSaA
(d) nks vad ([k) pkj vad (x) Ng vad (?k) ,d vad
8- i|kRed ;k xhrksa okys ukVd ------------------------- dgykrs gSaA
(d) xhfr&ukV~; ([k) Hkko&ukV~; (x) prq"iFk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
9-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
lqanjrk esa lgt vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh laqnj oLrq dh vksj lc Lor% vuk;kl gh ¯[kp tkrs gSaAmls ns[kdj tks ekufld r`fIr feyrh gS] ftl vkuan dk vuqHko gksrk gS] og yk[k ps"Vk djus ijHkh T;ksa dk R;ksa ;Fkk&vuqHkwr u rks ok.kh ls dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj u ys[kuh ls gh izdV fd;k tkldrk gSA
fdlh euHkkouh mfDr dks ckj&ckj lquus ;k i<+us ls eu Fkdrk ugha] izR;qr mlesa ckj&ckj u;k jlfeyrk gSA bl izdkj dh jpuk] pkgs x| esa gks] pkgs i| esa] lqurs ;k i<+rs gh ân; esa ,slk vkuanmRiUu djrh gS tks dgk ugha tk ldrk] o.kZukrhr gksrk gSA ,slh d.kZ&lq[kn] vFkZ&lkS"Bo ls iw.kZizHkko'kkyh o ân;Li'khZ mfDr gh ^dfork* dgyk ldrh gSA
ljy vkSj ljl 'kCnksa esa O;Dr] eu dks eqXèk djus okys ,sls mPp Hkkoksa dks dfork dgrs gSa ftuesaJksrk ;k ikBd osQ fopkj ns'k ;k dky dh lhek dks yk¡?kdj l`f"V osQ lHkh inkFkks± ls rknkRE; dkvuqHko djus yxsA
dkO; osQ varxZr mUgha jpukvksa dh x.kuk gksrh gS ftuesa mQij dgs x;s 'kCn vkSj vFkZ ls ;qDr dfoRoosQ ewy rRo fo|eku gksaA ,slh jpuk,¡ x| vkSj i| nksuksa esa gks ldrh gSaA egkdfo rqylh dk i|kRed^jkepfjrekul* ;k Jh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dk ^t;nzFk&oèk* dkO; gSaA
iz;kstu vFkok Lo:i osQ fopkj ls dkO; osQμ(1) n`'; vkSj JO; nks Hksn fd;s tkrs gSaA JO; osQoylân; osQ eu ij izHkko Mkyrk gS] ijarq n`'; dkO; lkekU; tu osQ ân;&iVy ij Hkh viuh Nkivafdr djrk gSA
'kSyh Hksn ls JO; dkO; dks x| vkSj i| nks foHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA x| dkO; osQ varxZr dFkk]dgkuh] vk[;kf;dk] miU;kl] fucaèk vkfn vkrs gSaA
izcaèk dh n`f"V ls i| dkO; osQ (1) eqDrd] vkSj (2) izcaèk ;s nks Hksn fd;s tkrs gSaA eqDrd* dkO;,slh jpuk dks dgrs gSa ftlosQ ,d Nan dk Hkko nwljs ls ^eqDr* ;k ^fujis{k* gks mlesa fdlh Hkkon'kk ;k fopkj dk iwjk&iwjk mYys[k gks tkrk gSA
izcaèk osQ foLrkj dh n`f"V ls izcaèk dkO; osQ nks Hksn fd;s tkrs gSaμ(1) [kaMdkO;] vkSj (2) egkdkO;A
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 145
uksV9-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
eueksgd μ eu dks eksgus okyk
u;ukfHkjke μ us=kksa dks vPNk yxus okyk
HkkokfHkO;fDr μ Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr
9-6 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- dkO; fdls dgrs gSa\ dkO; osQ :iksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
2- dkO; osQ Hksnksa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A
3- :id osQ laLÑr lkfgR; esa fdrus Hksn gSa\ mYys[k dhft,A
4- izcaèk&dkO; osQ Hksn&[kaMdkO; vkSj egkdkO; dk o.kZu dhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- i;kZ;okpd 2- vkd"kZ.k 3- i|&c¼ 4- vifjfer
5- (d) 6- (d) 7- ([k) 8- (d)A
9-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
2- eqX/cks/ ¯gnh O;kdj.kμÑ".k ukjk;.k izlkn ekx/A
3- ¯gnh O;kdj.k dh vH;kl iqfLrdkμth-ih- 'kekZ] vksfj,aV CySd LokuA
bdkbZ 9 % dkO; dk Lo:i ,oa ifjHkk"kk
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
bdkbZμ10 % egkdkO;
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
10-1 egkdkO; osQ laca/ esa fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
10-2 laLo`Qr osQ egkdkO;
10-3 izko`Qr ,oa viHkza'k osQ egkdkO;
10-4 ¯gnh osQ egkdkO;
10-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
10-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
10-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
10-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● egkdkO; osQ laca/ esa fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dks tkuus esaA
● laLo`Qr ,oa viHkza'k osQ egkdkO; dks tkuus esaA
● ¯gnh osQ egkdkO; dks tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
^egkdkO;* 'kCn gh ^egr~* vkSj ^dkO;* bu nks 'kCnksa osQ lekl ls O;qRiUu gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQ dkO; osQlkFk ^egr~* fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx loZizFke okYehfdÑr jkek;.k osQ mÙkjdkaM esa feyrk gS] tgk¡ jke usyo&oqqQ'k ls iz'u fd;k FkkA
¯dizek.kfena dkO;a dk izfr"Bk egkReu%AdÙkkZ dkO;L; egr% Do pklkS eqfuiq¡xo%AA
vFkkZr~ ;g dkO; fdruk cM+k gS vkSj fdl egkRek dh izfr"Bk gS\ bl egr~ dkO; osQ jpf;rk Js"B eqfu dgk¡gSa\ ;gk¡ dÙkkZ dkO;L; egr%* egkdkO; 'kCn dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA lkFk gh blesa egkdkO; osQ rhu ewyy{k.kksa dh Hkh èofu feyrh gSμ(1) vkdkj&izdkj esa cM+k gksrk gSA (2) mlesa fdlh egkRek ;k egkiq#"kdh izfr"Bk dk fp=k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj (3) mldk jpf;rk dksbZ Js"B eqfu ;k mPpdksfV dk lkèkd dfogksrk gSA
10-1 egkdkO; osQ laca/ esa fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k
laLÑr vkpk;ks± esa egkdkO; osQ Lo:i dh loZizFke foLr`r O;k[;k djus dk Js; vkpk;Z Hkkeg dks gS]ftUgksaus vius ^dkO;kyadkj* esa caèk dh n`f"V ls dkO; osQ ik¡p Hksn fd;s gSaμ1- lxZc¼] 2- ukVd]
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 147
uksV
bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
3- vk[;kf;dk] 4- dFkk vkSj 5- vfuc¼ (eqDrd) dkO;A lxZc¼ dk gh nwljk uke egkdkO; gSA muosQerkuqlkj blesa fdlh egku fo"k; dk fu:i.k gksuk pkfg,A muesa xzkE; 'kCnksa dk ifjgkj] vFkZ dk lkSan;Z]vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx vkSj lPph ;k mPpdksfV dh dgkuh dk o.kZu gksuk vko';d gSA mlesa jktnjckj] nwr]vkØe.k] ;q¼ vkfn dk fp=k.k gksrk gS rFkk var esa uk;d dk vH;qn; fn[kk;k tkrk gSA ukVd dh ik¡pksalafèk;ksa dk vk;kstu Hkh mlesa fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh mldk dFkkud mRd"kZiw.kZ gksrs gq, Hkh vfèkd O;k[;kdh vis{kk ugha djrkA mlesa dkO;xr lkSan;Z osQ lkFk pkjksa oxks±μèkeZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k dk fu:i.k gksrkgS] fiQj Hkh izèkkurk vFkZ dks nh tkrh gSA mlosQ o.kZu esa ^yksd&LoHkko* ;k LokHkkfodrk dk xq.k fo|ekujgrk gS rFkk mlesa lHkh jlksa dk i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q fu:i.k gksrk gSA izkjaHk esa uk;d dk oqQy] 'kfDr izfrHkk ;kfo}Ùkk osQ vkèkkj ij mRd"kZ fn[kkdj var esa fdlh vU; ik=k dh liQyrk osQ fufeÙk mldk oèk fn[kkukvuqfpr gSA ;fn uk;d dks lokZfèkd izHkko'kkyh ;k var esa mls liQy fl¼ ugha fd;k x;k rks mlosQ izkjafHkdvH;qn; dk dksbZ egÙo ugha gS] vr% egkdkO; osQ var esa uk;d dks fot;h fn[kkuk vko';d gSA(dkO;kyadkjμ1@18&23)A
Hkkeg osQ ijorhZ vkpk;ks± esa ls vusd us egkdkO; osQ Lo:i ij izdk'k Mkyk gS] foaQrq mlesa vfèkd ekSfydrkugha feyrh gSA izk;% lHkh us Hkkeg osQ gh y{k.kksa dk fi"Vis"k.k fd;k gSA naMh us vius ^dkO;kn'kZ* esaegkdkO; osQ vkjaHk esa vk'khokZn] uefLØ;k vkSj oLrq&funsZ'k dh vksj laosQr djus dh ubZ ckr dgh gSA vkxspydj lkfgR;&niZ.kdkj fo'oukFk us vo'; Hkkeg dh O;k[;k dks vkxs c<+krs gq, blosQ y{k.kksa dh yachlwph izLrqr dh gSμ^^ftlesa lxks± dk fucaèku gks] og egkdkO; dgykrk gSA blesa ,d nsork ;k l}a'k{kf=k;μftlesa èkhjksnkÙkRokfn xq.k gksa] uk;d gksrk gSA dgha ,d oa'k osQ lRoqQyhu vusd Hkwi Hkh uk;d gksrsgSaA Ük`axkj] ohj vkSj 'kkar esa ls dksbZ ,d jl vaxh gksrk gS] vU; jl xkS.k gksrs gSaA lc ukVd&lafèk;k¡ jgrhgSaA bldh dFkk ,sfrgkfld ;k fdlh yksd&izfl¼ lTtu ls lacaèk j[kus okyh gksrh gSA èkeZ] vFkZ] dke vkSjeks{kμbuesa ls dksbZ ,d mldk iQy gksrk gSA vkjaHk esa vk'khokZn] ueLdkj ;k o.;Z oLrq dk funsZ'k gksrk gSAdgha [kyksa dh ¯unk vkSj lTtuksa osQ xq.kkssa dk o.kZu gksrk gSA dgha&dgha lXkZ esa vusd Nan feyrs gSaA lxZ osQvar esa vxyh dFkk dh lwpuk gksuh pkfg,A blesa laè;k] lw;Z] panzek] jkf=k] iznks"k] vaèkdkj] fnu] izkr%dky]eè;kß] e`x;k] ioZr] "kM~½rq] ou] leqnz] la;ksx] fo;ksx] eqfu] LoxZ] uxj] ;K] laxzke] ;k=kk] fookg ea=k] iq=kvkSj vH;qn; vkfn dk ;FkklaHko lkaxksiku o.kZu gksuk pkfg,A bldk ukedj.k dfo osQ uke ;k pfj=k osQ ukevFkok pfj=k&uk;d osQ uke osQ vkèkkj ij gksuk pkfg,A dgha buosQ vfrfjDr Hkh ukedj.k gksrk gS] tSlsHkfV~VA lxZ dh o.kZuh; dFkk osQ vkèkkj ij lxZ dk uke j[kk tkrk gSA lafèk;ksa osQ vax ogk¡ ;FkklaHko j[kstkus pkfg,A ;fn ,d ;k nks fHkUu o`Ùk gksa rks Hkh dksbZ gtZ ugha gSA tyØhM+k] eèkqikukfnd lkaxksikax gksuspkfg,A egkdkO; osQ mnkgj.k tSls j?kqoa'kkfn* (lkfgR;&niZ.k] vè;k; 6@3 15μ324)A Hkkeg vkSj fo'oukFkosQ egkdkO; lacaèkh y{k.kksa dh rqyuk ls Li"V gksxk fd ijorhZ vkpk;Z us osQoy la[;k&foLrkj dj fn;k gS]egkdkO; dh ewy izÑfr osQ lacaèk esa nksuksa osQ n`f"Vdks.kksa esa fo'ks"k varj ugha feyrk gSA vLrq] nksuksa dhO;k[;kvksa dk fu"d"kZ la{ksi esa bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
(1) egkdkO; dh dFkkoLrq dk vkèkkj O;kid gksrk gS ftlls mlesa thou] txr vkSj izÑfr osQ fofHkUuvaxksa dk foLr`r :i esa fp=k.k laHko gks losQA
(2) mldk uk;d ,d ,slk vkn'kZ vkSj egku O;fDr gksrk gS ftlls og ikBdksa dh J¼k izkIr dj losQrFkk mUgsa dksbZ lans'k ns losQA
(3) mlesa ekuo&ân; dh lHkh izeq[k fpÙk&o`fÙk;ksa] Hkkoukvksa vkfn dk fp=k.k gksuk pkfg,A
(4) lkjk dFkkud lxks± esa foHkkftr rFkk lafèk;ksa ls ;qDr gks ftlls mlesa izcaèkRo dk xq.k vk losQA
(5) mldh 'kSyh esa dkO;&lkS"Bo o dkO; osQ lHkh izeq[k xq.kksa dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A
148
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ik'pkR; n`f"Vdks.k
i'pkR; fo}kuksa us Hkh egkdkO; (Epic) dks xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku nsrs gq, mlosQ Lo:i dh fofHkUu izdkj lsO;k[;k dh gSA izfl¼ ;wukuh vkykspd vjLrw (Aristotle) us vius dkO;&'kkL=k (Poetics) esa fy[kk gSfd ^egkdkO; ,sls mnkÙk O;kikj dk dkO;e; vuqdj.k gS% tks Lor% xaHkhj ,oa iw.kZ gks] o.kZukRed gks] lqanj'kSyh esa jpk x;k gks] ftlesa vk|ar ,d Nan gks] ftlesa ,d gh dk;Z gks tks iw.kZ gks] ftlesa izkjaHk] eè; vkSjvar gks] ftlosQ vkfn vkSj var ,d n`f"V esa lek losaQ] ftlosQ pfj=k Js"B gksa] dFkk laHkkouh; gks vkSj thouosQ fdlh ,d lkoZHkkSe lR; dk izfriknu djrh gksA**
;|fi LFkwy n`f"V ls Hkkjrh; rFkk ;wjksih; egkdkO; osQ y{k.kksa esa xgjk lkE; n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] foaQrq ewyizÑfr dh n`f"V ls nksuksa esa xgjk varj Hkh gSA Hkkjrh; egkdfo;ksa us tgk¡ thou dks lef"V :i esa xzg.k djrsgq, rFkk eaxye;h Hkkoukvksa dk izkèkkU; n'kkZrs gq, egkdkO; dk var lR;a] f'koa rFkk lqanje~ esa fd;k gS] ogk¡ik'pkR; dkO;&jpf;rkvksa us vius n`f"Vdks.k dks bgyksd dh foHkwfr rd gh lhfer j[krs gq, mlesa vfuok;Z:i ls mifLFkr gksus okys nSoh Dys'kksa esa gh thou dk iVk{ksi fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; thou esa vkè;kfRedrk]vkn'kZokfnrk ,oa leUo;kRedrk dh izèkkurk jgh gSA tcfd ik'pkR; thou esa HkkSfrdrk] ;FkkZFkokfnrk ,oafo'ys"k.kkRedrk dks izeq[krk izkIr gS] vr% blh osQ vuq:i muosQ egkdkO;ksa esa varj feyuk LokHkkfod gSAHkkjrh; egkdkO;ksa esa lr~ dh vlr~ ij fot;] ifo=k Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl o uk;d osQ mRd"kZ rFkk dFkkdh lq[ke; ifj.kfr ij cy fn;k x;k gS] tcfd ik'pkR; egkdkO;ksa esa buls fojksèkh rRoksa dk fp=k.k feyrkgSA ik'pkR; egkdkO;ksa esa uk;d osQ O;fDrRo dh vis{kk tkrh;rk ij vfèkd cy fn;k x;k gSA if'pe esansoksa dks owzQj ekuk x;k gS] tks ekuo osQ mRihM+u ls izlUu gksrs gSa] Hkkjrh; egkdkO;ksa esa mRihM+u osQoy pfj=kdh ijh{kk osQ fy, gksrk gS] vdkj.k ughaA vLrq] ;wjksih; egkdkO; dh izÑfr dk irk egkdfo gksej osQ fn;sx;s bl lans'k ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr py tkrk gSμ^^fucZy euq"; osQ fy, nsorkvksa us HkkX; dk ;gh iV cquk gS]mudh bPNk gS fd euq"; lnk Dys'k esa ft;as vkSj os Lo;a (nsork) lnk vkuan esa jgsaA**
uksV~l egkdkO; dh dFkkoLrq dk vk/kj O;kid gksrk gS ftlls mlesa thou] txr vkSj izÑfr osQfofHkUu vaxksa dk foLr`r :i essa fp=k.k gks losQA
vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k
vkèkqfud ;qx esa egkdkO; osQ Lo:i ,oa y{k.kkas osQ lacaèk esa gekjs vkykspdksa ,oa dfo;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esai;kZIr fodkl gqvk gSA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy us iwoZorhZ laLÑr&vkpk;ks± osQ fuèkkZfjr y{k.kksa dh mis{kk djrsgq, mlosQ osQoy pkj rÙoksa dks egÙo fn;k gSμ(1) bfro`Ùk] (2) oLrq&O;kikj o.kZu] (3) HkkoO;atuk vkSj(4) laoknA 'kqDyth osQ fopkjkuqlkj egkdkO; dk bfro`Ùk O;kid gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk lqlaxfBr Hkh gksukpkfg,A mlesa ,slh oLrqvksa vkSj O;kikjksa dk o.kZu gksuk pkfg, tks gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks rjafxr dj losQA dfodh HkkoO;atuk esa ân; dks vkanksfyr dj ldus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A egkdkO; osQ laoknksa esa jkspdrk]ukVdh;rk vkSj vkSfpR; dk xq.k gksuk vfuok;Z gSA buosQ vfrfjDr lans'k dh egkurk vkSj 'kSyh dh izkS<+rkHkh egkdkO; osQ nks vko';d rRo gSaμ;|fi 'kqDyth us budk Li"V :i ls mYys[k ugha fd;k gS] foaQrq muosQ}kjk dh xbZ fofHkUu egkdkO;ksa dh leh{kk ls ;g rF; izekf.kr gks tkrk gSA
'kqDyth dk egkdkO;&lacaèkh ekunaM eq[;r% rqylhÑr ^jkepfjrekul* ij vkèkkfjr gS] tks f}osnh;qxhujpukvksa ij Hkh ykxw gks tkrk gS_ foaaQrq ijorhZ ;qxksa osQ egkdkO; osQ fy, mudk ekunaM mi;qDr ugha jgrkANk;koknh ;qx dh jpukvksa esa dkek;uh vkfn xzaFk ,sls gSa] ftUgsa ge egkdkO; osQ uohure Lo:i osQ izfrfufèkosQ :i esa xzg.k dj ldrs gSaA bu xzaFkksa esa bfro`Ùk fcyoqQy laf{kIr vkSj lw{e euksfo'ys"k.k ,oa mudh ân;xr
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 149
uksV
bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
Hkkoukvksa esa vfHkO;atuk dh izeq[krk gS_ cká&la?k"kZ osQ LFkku ij ekufld la?k"kZ dk fp=k.k gS rFkk izkphudFkkudksa osQ vkèkkj ij orZeku ;qx dh leL;kvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, egku lans'k fn;k x;k gSA vr% blessadksbZ lansg ugha fd LFkwy fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa 'kkL=kh; y{k.kksa dh n`f"V ls egkdkO; dk uohure :i vius ewy:i ls cgqr oqqQN ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA blh dks è;ku esa j[k MkW- uxsanz us egkdkO; osQ ns'kdky fujis{k ik¡py{k.k izLrqr fd, gSa tks loZekU; gksus pkfg,μ(1) mnkÙk dFkkud (2) mnkÙk dk;Z (3) mnkÙk Hkko(4) mnkÙk pfj=k vkSj (5) mnkÙk 'kSyhA foaQrq mldh izÑfr dk ewy xq.kμegkdfo }kjk egku&ik=k ;k lans'kdks izLiqqQfVr djus okyh egku dkO;&jpuk vc Hkh mlesa lqjf{kr gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- egkdkO; osQ Lo:i dh loZizFke O;k[;k djus dk Js; laLÑr vkpk;Z ------------------------- dks gSA
2- ------------------------------ egf"kZ okYehfd dh lqanj Ñfr gSA
3- egkHkkjr -------------------------- ioks± eas foHkDr gSA
4- 'kqDyth dk egkdkO;&laca/h ekunaM rqylhÑr ------------------------------ ij vk/kfjr gSA
10-2 laLÑr osQ egkdkO;
Hkkjrh; egkdkO;&ijaijk dk vkjaHk jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ls gksrk gS] ;|fi buls Hkh iwoZ oqQN egkdkO;fy[ks x, Fks] tks vuqiyCèk gSaA jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr esa iwoZorhZ dkSu gS] blosQ lacaèk esa Hkh fo}kuksa esa erHksngS] foaQrq ge izkphu èkkj.kk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, jkek;.k dks gh iwoZorhZ ekurs gSaA jkek;.k vkfn&dfookYehfd dh lqanj Ñfr gS] ftlesa jke osQ pfj=k dk xq.kxku lkr dkaMksa esa fd;k x;k gSA blesa izcaèkRo dkfuokZg lE;o~Q :i ls gqvk gS rFkk bldh 'kSyh ljy foaQrq izkS<+ gSA fo}kuksa us bls d#.k jlizèkku crk;k gS]foaQrq gekjs fopkj ls ,slk ekuuk mfpr ughaA ;g Bhd gS fd blosQ uk;d jke osQ thou esa vusd nq%[knifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dk la;ksx gksrk gS] foaQrq jke muosQ le{k ijkftr] nq%[kh ;k fujk'k fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rsAmuesa loZ=k vius izkphu vkn'kks± dh j{kk dk] e;kZnkvksa osQ ikyu dk rFkk foif{k;ksa osQ lagkj dk mRlkgfn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jke ikBd dh n;k osQ vkyacu ugha] vfirq mldh J¼k osQ ik=k curs gSaA mls i<+dj gesadrZO;&ikyu dh iszj.kk feyrh gSμifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vkxs ureLrd gksdj HkkX; osQ ozwQj foèkku dks Lohdkj djysus dh ugha_ vr% bl dkO; dk izèkku jl ohj gS] d#.k ughaA oSls vU; jlksa dh vk;kstuk Hkh bleas vaxh:i esa gqbZ gSA
egkHkkjr vkdkj&izdkj dh n`f"V ls jkek;.k dh vis{kk cgqr foLr`r gS rFkk ;g vBkjg ioks± esa foHkDr gSAbldh eq[; dFkk esa dkSjo vkSj ikaMoksa osQ la?k"kZ dk fp=k.k gS_ foaQrq izklafxd :i esa Ñ".k osQ Hkhthou&pfj=k dk o.kZu gqvk gSA bldk izkjaHk ohjjl osQ lkFk gqvk gS] foaQrq var 'kkar esa gksrk gSA blosQ fofHkUuioks± esa vusd mik[;kuksa dk laxzg fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa ^uy≠arh*] ^loaj.k&rIrk* vkfn osQ mik[;kuÜka`xkjjl ls vksrizksr gSaA jkek;.k dh&lh lqlac¼rk blesa ugha feyrhA ;|fi dyk dh n`f"V ls jkek;.k vkSjegkHkkjr izkjafHkd dkO; gh gSa] foaQrq ijorhZ lkfgR; dks bUgksaus ftl ek=kk esa izHkkfor fd;k] mruk fdlh vU;jpuk us ugha fd;kA
vkxs pydj laLÑr esa vusd egkdkO; fy[ks x, ftuesa v'o?kks"k dk cq¼pfjr*] dkfynkl osQ oqQekjlaHko*vkSj ^j?kqoa'k*] Hkkjfo dk ^fdjkrktqZuh;*] ek?k dk ^f'k'kqiky oèk* Jhg"kZ dk ^uS"kèkh; pfjr* mYys[kuh; gSaAbu egkdkO;ksa esa os izk;% lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ feyrh gSa] ftuosQ vkèkkj ij fofHkUu vkpk;ks± us egkdkO; osQ y{k.kfuèkkZfjr fd, gSaA v'o?kks"k vkSj dkfynkl osQ egkdkO;ksa esa jll`f"V osQ fufeÙk Hkko&O;atuk dks izeq[krk izkIrgS] tcfd ijorhZ;qxhu jpukvksa esa vkyadkfjdrk vkSj Kku izn'kZu dh izo`fÙk feyrh gSA dFkkud dh tSlh
150
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
jkspdrk] lqlac¼rk ,oa izcaèkRo dk tSlk fuokZg okYehfdÑr jkek;.k esa feyrk gS] mldk bu egkdkO;ksa esavHkko gSA dkfynkl ls ysdj Jhg"kZ rd laLÑr osQ lHkh egkdfo;ksa dks dFkkoLrq dh dksbZ fpark ugha gS_mls vius HkkX; ij NksM+dj ;s èkhjs&èkhjs vkxs c<+rs gSaA tgk¡ v'o?kks"k dkfynkl izR;sd pj.k ij lw{eHkkokuqHkwfr;ksa dh O;atuk esa rYyhu gks tkrs gSa] ogk¡ Hkkjfo] ek?k vkSj Jhg"kZ izR;sd iafDr esa vyadkjksa dh >M+hyxk nsrs gSa] oLrqr% laLÑr osQ ijorhZ egkdfo;ksa dk è;ku fo"k;&oLrq dh vis{kk 'kSyh osQ peRdkj dh vksjvfèkd gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd muesa ;FkkFkZ thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ik=kksa osQ lgt&LoHkkfod :i vkSjokLrfod ?kVukvksa dk fp=k.k ugha feyrk gSA
10-3 izkÑr vkSj viHkaz'k osQ egkdkO;
izkÑr vkSj viHkaz'k eas egkdkO;&ijaijk vkSj vkxs c<+hA izkÑr osQ egkdkO;ksa esa ^jko.k ogh* (jko.k oèk)]^yhykckbZ* (yhykorh)] flfjfpÉdOoa (JhfpÉdkO;)] mlkf.k#¼ (m"kkfu#¼)] oaQl ogh (oaQl oèk) vkfnmYys[kuh; gSaA viHkaz'k esas tSu dfo;ksa }kjk Hkh mPp dksfV osQ egkdkO; fy[ks x, ftuesa oqQN ;s gSaμLo;aHkw(9oha lnh bZ-) osQ iÁpfjr* vkSj fjV~B.ksfepfjm* esa Øe'k% jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ls dFkkud xzg.k fd;kx;k gSA iq"inar (10oha 'krh bZ-) us ^egkiqjk.k*] ^ukxoqQekjpfjr*] ^;'kksèkjkpfjr* esa vusd tSuèkekZuq;k;hegkiq#"kksa osQ pfj=k dk xku fd;k gSA vkxs pydj in~edhfrZ] èkuiky] ohj] u;uafn] dudkej eqfu vkfn usHkh iq"inar dk vuqdj.k djrs gq, vusd pfj=kdkO; fy[ks] ftuesa ls oqqQN esa egkdkO; dh laKk ls Hkwf"krgksus dh {kerk gSA izkÑr vkSj viHkza'k osQ egkdkO; eq[;r% èkkfeZd mís';ksa ls izsfjr gSaaA mudk y{;tu&lkèkkj.k dh J¼k dks vius rhFk±djksa o ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa dh vksj mUeq[k djuk gSA vr% muesa dFkkud dhjkspdrk] ik=kksa dk vkSnkR;] lkaiznkf;d f'k{k.kksa dk izpkj vkSj 'kSyh dh ljyrk feyrh gSA ;s egkdkO; ek?kvkSj Jhg"kZ osQ egkdkO;ksa dh Hkk¡fr dksjs fo}kuksa osQ euu dh gh oLrq ugha gS] lkèkkj.k f'kf{kr O;fDr Hkh mudkjlkLoknu dj ldrk gSA
10-4 ¯gnh osQ egkdkO;
izkÑr vkSj viHkaz'k dh egkdkO; ijaijk ¯gnh esa vkSj Hkh vfèkd iYyfor] iqf"ir vkSj fodflr gqbZA gekjsoqQN fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk gSμ^^¯gnh esa ;|fi yacs vkdkj osQ vusd lxZc¼ dkO;&xazFkksa dh jpuk gqbZ] foaQrqmuesa ls osQoy oqQN dks gh egkdkO; dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj lPps vFkZ esa rks egkdkO; dk izk;% vHkkogh le>uk pkfg,A okLro esa ¯gnh Hkk"kk osQ laiw.kZ fodkl&dky esa egkdkO; dh jpuk osQ fy, mi;qDrokrkoj.k dk vHkko jgk gSA** oLrqr% ;g èkkj.kk oqQN futh Hkzkafr;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gS] vU;Fkk ftl dky esaegkjk.kk izrki] f'kokth] N=klky] xksfoan¯lg] ckyxaxkèkj fryd] egkRek xk¡èkh] lqHkk"kpanz cksl vkSjtokgjyky usg: tSls egkiq#"kksa dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk] mls egkdkO; dh jpuk osQ vuqi;qDr crkuk roZQlaxrizrhr ugha gksrkA ;fn 'kq"d fujk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks ysdj u pyk tk, rks ¯gnh esa gesa vusdegkdkO;μin~ekor] jkepfjrekul] dkek;uh] oqQ#{ks=k vkfn n`f"Vxkspj gksaxs] ftu ij fdlh Hkk"kk dk lkfgR;xoZ dj ldrk gSA
¯gnh osQ izkjafHkd dky] vkfndky ;k ohjxkFkk dky dk rks vfLrRo gh lafnXèk gSA bl ;qx esa jfpr ekuhtkus okyh jpukvksa esa vfèkdka'k vizkekf.kd ;k ijorhZ gSaA blh dksfV dh jpukvksa esa i`Fohjkt jklks* Hkh ,dgS] tks egkdkO; dh lh egÙkk ls laiUu gSA bl xazFk dk ;g nqHkkZX; Fkk fd vHkh og lkfgR;xxu esa iw.kZr%mn~Hkkflr Hkh u gks ik;k Fkk fd oqQN bfrgkldkjksa dh ozwQj n`f"V bl ij iM+ xbZ iQyr% ;g ,sfrgkfldrk]izkekf.kdrk o LokHkkfodrk vkfn xzgksa dh dkyh Nk;k ls vko`Ùk gksdj vkHkk&'kwU; gks x;kA ;fn fo'kq¼lkfgfR;d n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa rks fdlh Hkh jpuk dk egÙo bl ckr esa ugha gS fd og fdl ;qx esa fdl dfoosQ }kjk jph xbZ] vfirq mldh Hkkoukvksa dks rjafxr djus dh 'kfDr] mlesa fufgr dkO;&xq.kksa dh O;kidrkrFkk mldh 'kSyh dh izkS<+rk esa gSA ;fn ^jkepfjrekul* dk jpf;rk rqylh osQ LFkku ij vkSj dksbZ fl¼ gks
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 151
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bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
tk, vkSj mlosQ jpukdky esa nks&rhu 'krkfCn;k¡ vkxs&ihNs gksus dk izek.k fey tk, rks D;k blls mldkegÙo U;wu gks tk;sxk\ ekul dk egÙo rqylh osQ dkj.k ugha] vfirq rqylh dk egÙo ekul osQ dkj.k gSAvr% jklks osQ jpf;rk Hkh pan gks ;k dksbZ vU;] og ckjgoha lnh esa jfpr gks ;k l=kgoha esaμegkdkO; dhn`f"V ls mlosQ egÙo esa fo'ks"k varj ugha iM+rkA
D;k vki tkurs gSa jkek;.k vkfn dfo okYehfd dh laqnj Ñfr gS ftlesa jke osQ pfj=k dk xq.kxkulkr dkaMksa esa fd;k x;k gSA
^i`Fohjkt jklks* osQ fofHkUu vkdkjksa osQ vusd laLdj.k feyrs gSa] ftuesa lcls cM+k laLdj.k 69 lxks± esafoHkkftr rFkk yxHkx v<+kbZ gtkj i`"B dk gSA ijaijk osQ vuqlkj blosQ jpf;rk pancjnk;h ekus tkrs gSa] tkspfjr&uk;d i`Fohjkt jkBkSj osQ ea=kh vkSj lsukifr Hkh FksA egkdkO; osQ izkphu y{k.kksa osQ vuqlkj blesa uk;dosQ xkSjo dks v{kq..k j[kus osQ fy, ,sfrgkfld bfro`Ùk esa i;kZIr ifjorZu ,oa ifjo¼Zu fd;k x;k gSA thouosQ O;kid Lo:i ,oa izÑfr vkSj txr~ osQ foLr`r {ks=k dks izLrqr djus osQ mís'; ls blosQ jpf;rk us vusdekSfyd ?kVukvksa dh dYiuk dh gS] ftlls ;g eè;dkyhu thou dk ,d o`gr~ fp=kiV cu x;k gSA ;ghdkj.k gS fd blesa rRdkyhu thou dk lkearh oSHko] lkekftd vkpkj&O;ogkj] èkkfeZd fofèk&foèkku ,oaml ;qx osQ fofHkUu ioZ] R;ksgkj vkSj mRlokfn osQ mYyflr n`'; ltho :i esa fpf=kr gSaaA lu~ laor~]jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa o ;q¼ vkfn ls lacaèk j[kus okys bfrgkl dh LFkwy js[kk,¡ blesa ugha feyrha] foaQrq vius;qx osQ lkekftd thou dk lw{e :i&jax blesa iw.kZr% fo|eku gSA oLrqr% eè;dkyhu laLÑfr osQ ftKklqvksaosQ fy, ftruh lkexzh bl xzaFk esa miyCèk gksrh gS] mruh fdlh vU; lkèku ls nq"izkI; gSA
dkO;Ro dh n`f"V ls Hkh jklks dk egÙo U;wu ugha gSA oSls rks blesa izk;% lHkh jlksa dk fp=k.k dgha&u&dghagqvk gS] foaQrq ohj] jkSnz vkSj Üka`xkj dh O;atuk esa rks dfo us vn~Hkqr liQyrk izkIr dh gSA ;q¼&lacaèkh n`';ksaosQ fp=k.k esa rks dfo dh futh vuqHkwfr;ksa dk ;ksx n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSμ
ofTt ?kksj fulku jk¡u pkSgku pgkSa fnlAldy lwj lkear lefj cy ya=k ea=k frlAAmfV~B jkt i`Fohjkt cXx yXxk eukSa ch uVAd<r rsx euksosx yxr eukSa cht >V~B ?kV~BA
+ + +uPpS owQg owQga cgS lkj lkja] peDoSQ peDosQ djkja lqèkkeaAHkHkDoSQ HkHkDoSQ cgS jÙk èkkja] luDoSQ luDoSQ c cku HkkjaAA
;gk¡ v{kjksa osQ f}Ro] 'kCnksa dh vko`fÙk vkSj okD;&foU;kl dh foy{k.krk osQ }kjk vkst xq.k dh l`f"V djnh xbZ gS ftlls j.k {ks=k dk okrkoj.k ltho :i esa izLrqr gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj Üka`xkj dh vfHkO;fDresa dfo us fo"k; osQ vuq:i dksey ,oa eèkqj 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gSμ
^^csbZ vkokl tqXxkfu iqjg] csbZ lgpfj eaMfy;Alatksx i;aifr oaQr fcu] eqfg u dNw yXxr jfy;AA**
vFkkZr~ lc oqQNμ?kj] ;ksfxuhiqj] lgpfj;ksa osQ lewg vkfnμogh gSa] foaQrq fiz; ifr osQ la;ksx osQ fcuk eq>soqQN Hkh vPNk ugha yxrkA
oLrqr% ;qx&fp=k.k dh O;kidrk] Hkkoksa dh liQy vfHkO;fDr ,oa 'kSyh dh izkS<+rk dh n`f"V ls i`Fohjkt jklks,d mPpdksfV dk dkO; gS] ftlesa egkdkO; osQ izk;% lHkh y{k.k fey tkrs gSaA oqQN fo}kuksa dk dFku gSfd blesa ,slk dksbZ O;kid lans'kμjk"Vªh; ,drk tSlkμugha feyrk] vr% bls egkdkO; dh dksfV esa j[kukmfpr ugha] foaQrq ge muls lger ugha gks ldrsA lkearh ;qx esa tSlk lans'k ,d dfo ns ldrk gS] oSlk blesa
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Hkh fn;k x;k gSμviuh eku&e;kZnk dh j{kk djrs gq, izk.kksa dk mRlxZ dj nsuk gh ekuo thou dk pje y{;gS! lkjk dkO; blh lans'k dh èofu ls xqaftr gSA foaQrq tks yksx ,d eè;;qxhu dfo ls vkèkqfud ;qx dhlh jk"Vªh; ,drk dk lans'k ikus dh vk'kk djrs gSa] mUgsa vo'; blls fujk'k gksuk iM+rk gSA
¯gnh osQ iwoZ&eè; ;qx (HkfDrdky) osQ egkdkO;ksa esa efyd eqgEen tk;lh Ñr ^in~ekor* dk Hkh cgqrm¡Qpk LFkku gS] tks iszek[;ku&ijaijk dk loZJs"B xzaFk ekuk tkrk gSA bl dkO;&ijaijk osQ lacaèk esa vusdHkzkafr;ksa dk izpkj gksrk jgk gS] tSls ;g ijaijk iQkjlh elufo;ksa ls izHkkfor gS] blosQ dfo;ksa dk mís'; lwiQhèkeZ dk izpkj djuk Fkk rFkk blesa vkè;kfRed isze dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gS vkfn&vkfnA okLro esa bl ijaijkdk lacaèk Hkkjr dh ml izkphu iszek[;kud dkO;&ijaijk ls gS] ftldk vkjaHk lqcaèkq dh ^oklonÙkk*] ck.kdh dknacjh* vkSj naMh osQ n'koqQekjpfjr* ls gksrk gSA laLÑr dfo x| esa iszek[;ku fy[krs Fks] tcfd izkÑrvkSj viHkaz'k osQ dfo;ksa us i| esa fy[kus dh ifjikVh dks tUe fn;k rFkk vkxs pydj ¯gnh] iatkch vkSjxqtjkrh dfo;ksa us Hkh i| dk gh iz;ksx fd;kA dFkkud dh :f<+;ksa] isze osQ Lo:i ,oa fodkl 'kSyhxrfo'ks"krkvksa dh n`f"V ls viHkaz'k] gnh vkSj xqtjkrh osQ iszek[;kuksa esa xgjk lkE; gS rFkk blosQ vfrfjDr gekjsikl vusd ,sls Bksl izek.k gSa] ftuosQ vkèkkj ij ;g fu%ladksp dgk tk ldrk gS fd ¯gnh osQ iszek[;kuiQkjlh elufo;ksa ls ugha] vfirq iwoZorhZ Hkkjrh; isze rFkk lkfgR; ls lacafèkr gSaA ^in~ekor* osQ jpf;rk usHkh ,sls iwoZorhZ xzaFkksa esa Hkkjrh; iszek[;kuksa dk gh mYys[k fd;k gSμiQkjlh elufo;ksa dk ughaA
^in~ekor* dk bfro`Ùk v¼Z&,sfrgkfld gS_ dfo us Hkkjrh; iszek[;kuksa dh :f<+;ksa dks xqafiQr djus osQ fy,mlosQ ,sfrgkfld bfro`Ùk esa i;kZIr ifjorZu ,oa ifjo¼Zu dj fy;k gSA uk;d jRulsu }kjk ukf;dk in~ekorhdks izkIr djus rd dh dgkuh] ftls bl xzaFk dk iwokZ¼Z dgk tkrk gS] dkYifud gS_ foaQrq fiQj Hkh ogmÙkjk¼Z ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA iwokZ¼Z osQ var esa tkdj dgkuh lekIr lh gks tkrh gS] foaQrq vkxs pydjbl <ax ls mldk iqu#RFkku fd;k x;k gS fd og dfo dh izcaèk&oqQ'kyrk dk ifjpk;d cu x;k gSA iwokZ¼ZvkSj mÙkjk¼Z osQ nks Lora=k dFkkudksa dks bl liQyrk ls lac¼ dj fn;k x;k gS fd ikBd dks bl tksM+ dkirk rd ugha pyrkA
ik=kksa dh fofoèkrk dk Hkh in~ekor* esa vHkko ugha gSA ;g Bhd gS fd tk;lh us izR;sd ik=k dh fdlh ,dgh pfj=kxr fof'k"Vrk dks mHkkjk gS] tSlsμjRulsu dh iz.k;&foàyrk] in~ekorh dh lkSan;Z ,oa dketU;enkaèkrk] jk?kopsru dh 'kVrk] vykmíhu dh owQVuhfrKrk] xksjk&ckny dh 'kwjohjrk vkfn] foaQrq bl {ks=k esamudh izfrLièkkZ dksbZ vU; dfo ugha dj ldrkA pkfjf=kd izo`fÙk;ksa osQ fp=k.k esa mudk n`f"Vdks.k oSfp=;osQ LFkku ij ,dRo dk jgk gS] blh ls muosQ ik=kksa esa eukso`fÙk;ksa dh tfVyrk u feydj xaHkhjrk osQ n'kZugksrs gSaA fofHkUu Hkkoksa dh O;atuk esa in~ekor osQ jpf;rk us ,d egkdfo dh lh {kerk dk ifjp; fn;k gS]fo'ks"kr% isze vkSj fojg dh vfHkO;fDr esa rks vlkèkkj.k liQyrk feyh gSA
^in~ekor* osQ nk'kZfud i{k osQ lkFk lcls vfèkd vU;k; mu fo}kuksa osQ }kjk gqvk gS] tks igys ls gh ;gekudj pyrs gSa fd bl xzaFk esa lwiQh er dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA os ^in~ekor* osQ :id dks tk;lhosQ laosQrksa osQ vkèkkj ij u le>dj lwiQh er osQ vkèkkj ij mldh O;k[;k djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa_ iQyr%os dFkkud osQ lkFk :id dh laxfr cSBkus esa liQy ugha gksrsA vc rks ;gk¡ rd dgk tkus yxk gS fdin~ekor dh os iafDr;k¡] ftuesa blosQ :id osQ izrhdkFkks± dk laosQr fn;k x;k gSμizf{kIr gSaA foaQrq tSlkfdgeus vius 'kksèk&izcaèk (¯gnh eas Üka`xkj&ijaijk vkSj egkdfo fcgkjh) esa Li"V fd;k gS] blosQ :id esa¯gnw n'kZu osQ vuqlkj lkfRod Kku }kjk eks{k&izkfIr dk lans'k fn;k x;k gSA jRulsu ^eu* gSa] vkSj in~feuh]^cqf¼* ;k Kku dk izrhd gSμfoaQrq gekjs fo}ku jRulsu dks vkRek vkSj in~feuh dks ijekRek ekudj O;k[;kdjrs gSa tks fd dfo osQ laosQrksa (ru fprmj eu jktk dhUgkA fg; ¯l?ky cqf¼ in~feuh phUgkA) ls vlac¼gksus osQ dkj.k mfpr ughaA ftl izdkj ls lkalkfjd deZtky :ih bM+k osQ pDdj esa i¡Qlk gqvk dkek;uh dkeuq (eu) ân; i{k ls lacafèkr J¼k dh lgk;rk ls vkuan izkIr djrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ukxerh :ih^nqfu;k&èkaèkk* esa vklDr jRulsu :ih eu] xq# osQ mins'k ls lkfRod Kkuμân;okfluh cqf¼ (fg; ¯l?kycqfèk in~feuh phUgk)μ;k J¼k (in~feuh) dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj var esa vklqjh o`fÙk;ksa dk neu djosQ eks{k
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 153
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bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
izkIr djrk gSA dkek;uh vkSj in~ekor osQ ik=kksa esa xgjh lekurk gSμnksuksa esa eu osQ izrhd Øe'k% euq vkSjjRulsu_ lkalkfjd cqf¼ osQ bM+k vkSj ukxerh] ân;okfluh cqf¼ ;k J¼k vkSj in~feuh % vklqjh o`fÙk;ksa osQfdjkrkoqQfy vkSj jk?ko&psru o vykmíhu gSaA vr% ftl izdkj dkek;uh dk lans'k lkalkfjd deks± dhvklfDr dks R;kxdj vkuan izkfIr dk gS] oSls gh in~ekor dk eks{k&izkfIr dk gSA laHkor% oqQN yksx bl ckrij vk'p;Z djsaxs fd eqlyeku gksdj Hkh tk;lh us ¯gnw&n'kZu dks D;ksa viuk;k] foaQrq mUgsa Lej.k j[kukpkfg, fd lkjh in~ekor* esa gh gnw&laLÑfr] gnw&lH;rk vkSj gnw èkeZ dk fp=k.k gqvk gS] vr% mlesa gnwn'kZu dh vfHkO;fDr gks rks vLokHkkfodrk D;k gS\
tgk¡ rd ;qx dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa yksd&thou osQ fp=k.k dk iz'u gS] in~ekor dks ge vius ;qx dk ,dlPpk niZ.k dg ldrs gSa] ftlesa rRdkyhu lekt dh fofHkUu jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj izFkkvksa dk] yksd&fo'oklvkSj yksd&fopkjksa dk] fofHkUu ioks± o mRloksa dk] nhokyh] gksyh] olar vkfn R;ksgkjksa dk ltho izfrfcacns[kus dks miyCèk gksrk gSA lkFk gh blesa 'kSyh dh izkS<+rk] vyadkjksa dk oSHko vkSj miekuksa dk HkaMkj Hkhfo|eku gS_ vr% blesa mu lHkh izeq[k xq.kksa dk leUo; gks tkrk gS] ftuosQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ jpuk egkdkO;*in dh vfèkdkfj.kh gksrh gSA
voèkh Hkk"kk vkSj nksgk&pkSikbZ 'kSyh esa izcaèk&ys[ku dh ftl ijaijk dk izoÙkZu izsek[;ku osQ jpf;rkvksa }kjkgqvk Fkk] mldk ifj"Ñr :i gesa egkdfo rqylh }kjk jfpr jkepfjrekul* esa miyCèk gksrk gSA jkepfjr*fdlh ,d ;qx] ,d Hkk"kk vkSj fdlh ,d dyk dk fo"k; ugha gS] vfirq fofHkUu ;qxksa vkSj fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksao dykvksa esa iq#"kksÙke jke osQ fnO;&thou dk fp=k.k gksrk jgk gSA xqIrth dh ;g mfDr ^jke rqEgkjk o`ÙkLo;a gh dkO; gSA* laHkor% blh rF; dh vksj laosQr djrh gS] foaQrq rqylh osQ egkdkO; dk vè;;u djrsle; bl Hkzkafr ls cpuk mfpr gksxkA ;g egkdkO; ,d ,slh izfrHkk] 'kfDr vkSj lw{e n`f"V dks ysdj ¯gnhdkO; {ks=k esa vorfjr gqvk gS fd jkepfjr dk izkphu fo"k; Hkh ,d uohu lkSan;Z] u;s vkd"kZ.k vkSj ,du;h vfHkO;fDr ls laiUu gks x;kA
^jkepfjrekul* osQ dFkkud dks vusd Hkwfedkvksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA lkjh dFkk vusd oDrkvksa vkSjvusd Jksrkvksa osQ ekè;e ls O;Dr gksrh gS] foaQrq fiQj Hkh bldh izcaèkkRedrk dks dgha dksbZ Bsl ugha yxrhAfu>Zfj.kh dh Hkk¡fr dgkuh vusd izkphu vkSj uohu dFkkvksa dh ioZrh; 'kk[kkvksa] nqxZe ?kkfV;ksa vkSj vfMxpêðkuksa esa izos'k djrh gqbZ vkxs c<+rh gSA mldh jkg esa vusd lery vkSj fo"ke LFky] gjs Hkjs ou&izns'kvkSj 'kq"d e#LFky Hkh mifLFkr gksrs gSa] foaQrq rqylh dh ekuo&lfjrk dk izokg dgha Hkh vo#¼ {kh.k ;kHkax ugha gksrkA rqylh vius ik=kksa osQ tUe&tUekarjkssa rd dh ?kVuk,¡ lquk nsrs gSa] foaQrq ,slk djus ls iwoZ osmi;qDr okrkoj.k vkSj le; dh Hkh [kkst dj ysrs gSaA rqylh dh dkO;dyk osQ bl fojkV~ <k¡ps vkSj foLr`r:i dks ns[krs gq,] mlesa f'kYixr nks&pkj =kqfV;ksa dks <¡w<+ fudkyuk fo'ks"k egÙo ugha j[krkA
^jkepfjrekul* osQ ik=kksa esa oqQN ,slh fof'k"Vrk] LokHkkfodrk vkSj HkO;rk feyrh gS] tks vuk;kl gh ikBddh cqf¼ vkSj dYiuk dks osaQfnzr dj ysrh gSA n'kjFk dh rhuksa jkfu;ksa vkSj muosQ pkjksa iq=kksa esa ls izR;sd osQpfjr esa oqQN ,slk Li"V varj gS ftlesa ge mUgsa ,d&nwljs ls i`Fko~Q dj ldrs gSaA blh izdkj jko.k]oqQEHkd.kZ] foHkh"k.k rhuksa jk{kl oqQyksRiUu gksrs gq, Hkh oS;fDrd fof'k"Vrk ls laiUu gSaA dgha&dgha ik=kksa osQpfj=k dk fodkl Hkh lw{e euksoSKkfud vkèkkj ij fn[kk;k x;k gS_ tSlsμifr&ijk;.k oSQosQ;h dk oqQy?kkfruhcu tkukA lqxzho tSls ljy O;fDr dk jkT;&izkfIr osQ vuarj Hkksx&foykl esa yhu gks tkuk ;k foHkh"k.kdk Hkzkr`nzksg osQ fy, foo'k gksukA fofHkUu voljksa ij ik=kksa osQ laoknμ^ij'kqjke&y{e.k laokn*]^eaFkjk&oSQosQ;h&laokn*] ^vaxn&jko.k&laokn* vkfnμloZ=k e;kZfnr u gksrs gq, Hkh LokHkkfod] jkspd ,oaukVdh; gSaA muesa ik=kkuqowQy Hkkoukvksa ,oa fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA
^jkepfjrekul* esa izk;% lHkh izeq[k jlkssa dh O;atuk izlaxkuqlkj gqbZ gS] ;|fi blesa izeq[krk HkfDr vkSj 'kkarjl dh gSA ekuo ân; dh lw{ekfrlw{e o`fÙk;ksa dk Hkh fp=k.k egkdfo rqylh us liQyrkiwoZd fd;k gSAHkko&n'kk osQ fodkl esa os ,d gh lkFk vusd lapkfj;ksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dk vk;kstu djus essa leFkZ gSa] mnkgj.k
154
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
osQ fy, n'kjFk dh 'kksd&foày n'kk dk fp=k.k nz"VO; gSμ
èkfj èkhjtq mfB cSB Hkqvkyw] dgq lqea=k dg¡ jk; ÑikywAdgk¡ y[ku dg¡ jke lusgh] dg¡ fiz; iw=koèkw oSnsghAA
+ + +lks ruq jkf[k djc eSa dkgk] tsfg u izse iuq eksj fuckgkAgk j?kquanu izku fijhrs] rqEg fcu ftvr cgqr fnu chrsAA
^jkepfjrekul* dk Hkko&i{k ftruk xaHkhj gS] mldh 'kSyh Hkh mruh gh izkS<+ gSA lHkh n`f"Vdks.kksa ls blesadkO;&dyk osQ egr~ :i dk n'kZu gksrk gSA tgk¡ rd ;qx&èkeZ vkSj lans'k dk lacaèk gS] ;g xzaFk leLr mÙkjhHkkjr esa ,d ifo=k èkeZ&xzaFk dh Hkk¡fr vkn`r gksrk jgk gSA vius ;qx dh fofHkUu èkkfeZd ,oa lkekftdleL;kvksa dk lekèkku blesa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi bldh oqQN =kqfV;k¡ Hkh crkbZ xbZ gSa] tSlsμblesaikSjkf.kdrk dk izHkko vR;fèkd ek=kk eas gksus osQ dkj.k vokarj dFkkvksa rFkk izlaxksa dk vkfèkD; gS rFkkekgkRE;] Lrks=k] nsorkvksa dh iq"io"kkZ osQ o.kZu] lS¼kafrd foospu vkSj izpkjkRed mins'kksa dh Hkh vfèkdrkgS] foaQrq fiQj Hkh bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dks ns[krs gq, bls mPpdksfV dk egkdkO; ekuuk mfpr gSA
¯gnh osQ mÙkj&eè;;qx (jhfrdky) esa izcaèk&dkO; rks vusd fy[ks x,] foaQrq muesa dkO;Ro dh og izkS<+rk;k xaHkhjrk ugha feyrh ftlls mUgsa ^egkdkO;* dh laKk nh tk losQA buesa ls osQ'ko dh ^jkepafædk* dksoqQN fo}ku ^egkdkO;* ekuus osQ i{k esa jgs gSa vkSj blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd egkdkO; osQ LFkwy y{k.kksa dhiwfrZ djus dk iz;kl blesa fd;k x;k gSA iwjh dFkk 39 lxks± esa foHkkftr gS rFkk iq#"kksÙke jke blosQ pfj=kuk;d gSa] foaQrq blesa vusd ,sls nks"k feyrs gSa] ftuls ;g egkdkO; dh egÙkk ls oafpr gks tkrh gSA dfodk ewy y{; ikafMR;&izn'kZu] fofHkUu Nanksa vkSj vyadkjksa dk vk;kstu djuk jgk gS ftlls og ekuo&thouosQ fofHkUu i{kksa dk mn~?kkVu ugha dj ldkA osQ'ko dh dYiuk bruh fojkV~ ugha fd og leLr ;qx vkSjlekt osQ lc :iksa dks ltho :i esa izLrqr dj losQA bldk dFkkud f'kfFky vkSj xfr 'kwU;&lk vkSjoLrq&o.kZu ns'k&dky osQ vkSfpR; ls 'kwU; gSA vuko';d o.kZuksa dh HkjHkkj] vR;fèkd oLrq&ifjx.kuk dhizo`fÙk] ukuk izdkj osQ Nanksa osQ izHkkoghu iz;ksx ,oa 'kSyh dh fDy"Vrk osQ dkj.k blesa dkO;&lkSan;Z dh l`f"Vugha gks ldhA vr% egkdkO; rks D;k] bls ,d liQy izcaèk&dkO; Lohdkj djuk Hkh dfBu gSA
vkèkqfud ;qx esa vusd ,sls izcaèk&dkO; fy[ks x, gSa] tks vkdkj&izdkj dh fo'kkyrk ,oa LFkwy y{k.kksa dhn`f"V ls egkdkO; dh dksfV esa vk ldrs gSa] foaQrq lw{e xq.kksa dh n`f"V ls buesa osQoy rhu gh izeq[k gSaμ(1) lkosQr] (2) dkek;uh vkSj (3) oqQ#{ks=kA lkosQr* jk"Vªdfo eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr dk loksZRÑ"V dkO; ekuktkrk gSA blesa jkek;.k dh iquhr dFkk dks uohu n`f"Vdks.k ls izLrqr djrs gq, misf{kr mfeZyk ,oa oSQosQ;hdks fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k x;k gS] foaQrq izR;sd egku jpuk egkdkO;* ugha dgyk ldrhA dkfynkl dk es?knwr*de egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS] foaQrq mls egkdkO; ugha dgk tk ldrkA oLrqr% ^lkosQr* esa ml O;kid n`f"Vdks.k]thou osQ fojkV~ :i_ Hkko{ks=k dh xaHkhjrk ,oa ;qx&lans'k dh egÙkk dk vHkko gS] tks egkdkO; osQ fy,visf{kr gSA blesa eq[;r% thou dk ,d [kaM:iμjke&y{e.k ouokl vkSj mfeZyk dk fojg gh izLiqQfVrgqvk gSA vius nq%[k Hkkj dh f'kyk dks us=kksa osQ ty ls fry&frydj dkVus okyh mfeZyk osQ izfr gesa iwjhlgkuqHkwfr gS] foaQrq mls vkjkè;k&:i esa Lohdkj djus esa ge vleFkZ gSaaA xqIrth vo'; mls drkbZ&cqukbZ osQizf'k{k.k esa nhf{kr djosQ lekt&us=kh osQ in ij izfrf"Br djuk pkgrs Fks] foaQrq blesa mUgsa liQyrk ugha feyhA'ks"k ik=kksa esa ls Hkh fdlh dk O;fDrRo bruk vfèkd izHkko'kkyh ugha cu ldk fd mls ge egkdkO; dkuk;d dg losaQA okLro esa ^lkosQr* dk xkSjo ^fojg&dkO;* osQ :i esa gS_ egkdkO; fl¼ u gksus ls HkhmlosQ egÙo esa fo'ks"k varj ugha iM+rkA
^dkek;uh* dfooj t;'kadj izlkn dh loZJs"B Ñfr ekuh tkrh gS] ftls ¯gnh osQ vkèkqfud&xhrizcaèk&dkO;ksa esa 'kh"kZ LFkku izkIr gSA blosQ dFkkud dh :i js[kk,¡ lw{e] vLi"V ,oa vLokHkkfod gksrs gq,Hkh ekuo&tkfr osQ leLr bfrgkl dks lesVus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA izy; ls ysdj vkèkqfud ;qx rd dh dgkuhdks blesa xqafiQr fd;k x;k gSA leLr dkO; eas LFkwy ?kVuk,¡ rhu&pkj gh gSa_ os Hkh J¼k vkSj euq osQ ckj&ckj
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 155
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bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
feyus vkSj fcNqM+us ij] euq vkSj bM+k osQ feyus vkSj fcNqM+us rd lhfer gSA vr% izcaèk&dkO; dh lhbfro`ÙkkRedrk ,oa jkspdrk dk blesa vHkko gS] foaQrq ekuo&ân; dh lw{ekfrlw{e Hkkoukvksa dk tSlk ekfeZd]foLr`r ,oa xaHkhj fp=k.k fd;k x;k gS] og blosQ lkjs vHkkoksa dh iwfrZ dj nsrk gSA dFkkud dk vkjaHk 'kksdls djrs gq, blesa Øe'k% Ük`axkj] ohj] jkSnz] foLe; ,oa 'kkar jl dh vk;kstuk dh xbZ gSA ekuoh; lkSan;Z dhvfHkO;atuk blesa izÑfr osQ euksgj :i&jax dh vkHkk esa osf"Vr djosQ dh xbZ gS_ bldh ukf;dk J¼k dheatqy&euksgj Nfo ij Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh leLr ukf;dkvksaμmoZ'kh] fryksÙkek] 'koqqaQryk] ne;arh] iÁkorhvkfnμosQ lkSan;Z dks 'kr&'kr ckj U;ksNkoj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ukjh osQ O;fDrRo osQ lHkh LFkwy vkSj lw{exq.kksa dk lefUor :i izFke ckj gesa ^dkek;uh* dh ukf;dk esa miyCèk gksrk gSA mldh osQoy ,do`fÙkμyTtk dks ysdj iwjs lxZ dh jpuk dj nsuk dkek;uhdkj dh dkO; izfrHkk dk izek.k gSA
dkO;Ro dh n`f"V ls dkek;uh ftruh izkS<+ gS] thou&n'kZu vkSj ;qx lans'k dh n`f"V ls og mruh gh egkuHkh gSA blesa ekuo&thou dh mu fpjaru leL;kvksa dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gS] tks LFkwy HkkSfrd txr dh?kVukvksa ls ugha] vfirq efLr"d vkSj ân; dh lw{e o`fÙk;ksa }kjk mifLFkr gksrh gSaA la?k"kZ vkSj ;q¼ dk dkj.kdksbZ tkfr&fo'ks"k] ns'k&fons'k ;k okn&fo'ks"k ugha gS] vfirq gekjh gh viuh fpÙko`fÙk;k¡ gSaA lq[k dh ykylkls HkVdrk gqvk ekuo fdl izdkj LokFkZ&o`fÙk osQ ek;ktky esa i¡Ql tkrk gS ftlls mldk thou vusdvlaxfr;ksa dk osaQnz cu tkrk gSA vLrq] ekuo&thou esa lq[k vkSj 'kkafr dk ewy&ea=k dkek;uhdkj osQ 'kCnksaesa ^Kku*] fØ;k vkSj bPNk* esa mfpr leUo; LFkkfir djuk gSA vkt osQ ;qx esa cqf¼ ;k Kku dk ,dkaxhfodkl gks jgk gS] tks leLr ekuo&tkfr osQ fy, v'kqHk ,oa ?kkrd gSA
^oqQ#{ks=k* Jh jkeèkkjh ¯lg ^fnudj* dh mRÑ"V jpuk gSA bldk bfro`Ùk dkek;uh ls Hkh y?kq] laf{kIr ,oa?kVuk&foghu gS] fiQj Hkh mlesa jkspdrk dk vHkko ugha gSA egkdkO; osQ LFkwy y{k.k bl ij ykxw ugha gksrs]foaQrq dkO; dh xfjek vkSj vkn'kZ dh egkurk blesa feyrh gSA ;qfèkf"Bj dh ekufld voLFkk dk Øfedfodkl blesa eeZLi'khZ :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;qfèkf"Bj vkSj Hkh"e osQ :i esa ekuks 'kkar vkSj ohj jl esaokn&fookn izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA izkphu ik=kksa osQ ekè;e ls blesa 'kkafr dh leL;k ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA"k"B lxZ esa dkek;uhdkj dh Hkk¡fr blesa Hkh vkèkqfud ;qx dh vfr&ckSf¼drk dk fojksèk fd;k x;k gSA varesa dfo dk lans'k gSμ^^'kkafr ugha rc rd] tc rd uj dk lq[k&Hkkx u le gksxkA** tks ;qx dh vko';drkosQ vuq:i gSA ;|fi 'kkL=kh; n`f"V ls dkek;uh vkSj oqQ#{ks=kμnksuksa esa gh egkdkO; dh vusd fo'ks"krk,¡ ughafeyrha] foaQrq egkdkO; dh&lh egÙkk vkSj mnkÙkrk vo'; buesa gSA
mi;qZDr egkdkO;ksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkh bl ;qx esa jfpr 'krkfèkd izcaèkdkO; bl izdkj osQ feyrs gSa] ftUgsa egkdkO;*osQ :i esa gh jpk x;k gS] ij os vfèkd izpfyr ugha gks losQ_ ;Fkkμ^uy&ujs'k* (izrkiukjk;.k_ 1933)]^uwjtgk¡* (xq#HkDr flag_ 1935)_ ^fl¼kFkZ* (vuwi 'kekZ_ 1937)] ^Ñ".kk;u* (}kjdkizlkn feJ_ 1943)]^lkosQr&lar* (cynsoizlkn feJ_ 1946)] vaxjkt* (vkuanoqQekj_ 1950)] o¼Zeku* (vuwi 'kekZ_ 1951)]^nsokpZu* (djhy_ 1952)] ^jko.k* (gjn;kyq flag_ 1952)] ^ikoZrh* (jkekuan frokjh_ 1955)_ ^>k¡lh dhjkuh* (';keukjk;.k izlkn_ 1955)] ehjk* (ijes'oj f}jsiQ_ 1957)] ,dyO;* (MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ_ 1958)]^mfeZyk* (ckyÑ".k 'kekZ_ 1958) ^moZ'kh* (fnudj_ 1961) vkfn izeq[k gSaA buessa ls ;gk¡ oqQN jpukvksa dkifjp; izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
}kjdkizlkn feJ dk ^Ñ".kk;u* (1943 bZ-) ^jkepfjrekul* osQ vuqdj.k ij jfpr Ñ".k lacaèkhizcaèk&dkO; gS tks lkr dkaMksa esa foHkDr gSμ(1) vorj.k dkaM (2) eFkqjk dkaM (3) }kjdk dkaM (4) iwtkdkaM (5) xhrk dkaM (6) t; dkaM vkSj (7) vkjksg.k dkaMA bldh Hkk"kk voèkh rFkk 'kSyh nksgk&pkSikbZdh gSA fofHkUu ik=kksa osQμeq[;r% Ñ".k osQ pfj=k dks fpf=kr djus esa dfo dks i;kZIr liQyrk feyh gSAÑ".k dks vR;ar fnO; ,oa mnkÙk :i esa izfrf"Br fd;k x;k gSA egkdkO; osQ fofHkUu y{k.kksa dk Hkh fuokZggqvk gSA
cynsoizlkn feJ dk ^lkosQr lar* (1946 bZ-) Hkjr osQ pfj=k ij izdk'k Mkyusokyk liQy izcaèk dkO;gSA bldk uke xqIrth osQ ^lkosQr* dh Le`fr djokuk gSA oLrqr% ftl izdkj lkosQrdkj dk y{; misf{kr
156
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
mfeZyk osQ pfj=k dks m¡Qpk mBkuk jgk gS] oSls gh blesa Hkjr osQ pfj=k dks mBkus dk y{; jgk gSA blesa?kVukvksa dh vis{kk ik=kksa osQ fp=k.k dk è;ku vfèkd jgk gSA Hkjr] ekaMoh] oSQosQ;h dks vR;ar uohu :i esaizLrqr fd;k x;k gSA jpuk vR;Ur Hkkoiw.kZ] xaHkhj ,oa izkS<+ gS] ,d uewuk nz"VO; gSμ
oqQyoèkw dc jgrh LoPNan] mls cl viuk Hkou ilUnAvkiosQ jgsa vpy lq[k&lkt] mls fiz; viuk Lotu lektAA
xq#HkDrflag ^HkDr* osQ nks ,sfrgkfld egkdkO; ^uwjtgk¡* (1935 bZ-) vkSj ^foØekfnR;* (1947 bZ-)mYys[kuh; gSaA buesa ls igys dkO; esa jksekal dh izeq[krk gksus osQ dkj.k bls vkn'kZoknh rks ugha dgk tkldrk] foaQrq fo"k;&oLrq dh vU; fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa izfriknu 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls bls ;gk¡ LFkku fn;k tk ldrkgSA ;g vBkjg lxks± esa foHkDr gS rFkk egkdkO; osQ fy, visf{kr izk;% lHkh 'kkL=kh; y{k.kksa dk lekos'kblesa feyrk gS] fiQj Hkh Hkkoukvksa osQ ftl vkSnkR; ,oa lans'k dh ftl xfjek dh egkdkO; esa vis{kk gkssrhgS] mldk blesa vo'; vHkko gSA uwjtgk¡ osQ izfr tgk¡xhj osQ vfr'k; vuqjkx dh vfHkO;fDr blesaliQyrkiowZd gqbZ gSA
^foØekfnR;* panzxqIr foØekfnR; osQ ,sfrgkfld o`r ij vkèkkfjr gS] ij blesa mlosQ thou osQ mnkÙk i{kdks de rFkk Ük`axkfjd :i dks vfèkd fy;k x;k gSA dfo dk ewy y{; panzxqIr vkSj èkzqonsoh osQ iz.k; dkvadu djuk gh fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA ;g Hkh fofp=k ckr gS fd dfo us vius nksuksa gh dkO;ksa esa ,slh ukf;dkvksadks fy;k gS] ftudk igyk fookg vU;=k gks tkrk gS rFkk muosQ iszeh mUgsa izkIr djus osQ fy, muosQ ifr;ksadk oèk djrs gSaaA yxrk gS] HkDrth dk mís'; fookg dh e;kZnkvksa dh vis{kk isze dk vfèkd egÙo LFkkfirdjuk jgk gS ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa os isze dks gh fookg dk okLrfod vkèkkj fl¼ djuk pkgrs gSa] tks fdlhlhek rd Bhd Hkh gSA
vuwi 'kekZ us fofHkUu èkeZ izorZdksa dks ysdj nks egkdkO;μ^fl¼kFkZ* (1937 bZ-)] ,oa ^o¼Zeku*(1951 bZ-) izLrqr fd, gSaA ^fl¼kFkZ* dh dFkkoLrq v'o?kks"k osQ ^cq¼&pfj=k* ,oa eSF;w vkuZYM osQ ^ykbVvkiQ ,f'k;k* ls izHkkfor gS rFkk vBkjg lxks± esa foHkDr gSA xkSre cq¼ dh iRuh ;'kksèkjk dks Hkh blesa i;kZIregÙo fn;k x;k gSA cq¼ dks vorkj iq#"k osQ :i esa fpf=kr djrs gq, muosQ pfj=k dks cgqr m¡Qpk mBk;k x;kgSA vU; ik=kksa osQ Hkh pfj=k&fp=k.k ij ;Fks"V è;ku fn;k x;k gSA izÑfr&o.kZu rFkk fofHkUu Hkkoksa dh O;atukesa dfo dks vPNh liQyrk feyh gSA
^o¼Zeku* esa tSu èkeZ osQ izoÙkZd egkohj dk pfj=k l=kg lxks± esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blesa egkohj osQ tUels ysdj Kku&izkfIr rd osQ iwjs thou dks vafdr fd;k x;k gSA bldh 'kSyh ij gfjvkSèk osQ fiz;izokl* dkizHkko n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA mlh osQ vuq:i blesa laLÑr osQ of.kZd Nanksa dk tSls oa'kLFk] ekfyuh] nzqrfcyafcrvkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA rFkkfi dkO; esa ewyr% 'kkar&jl dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS_ foaQrq izlaxkuqlkjvU; jlksa osQ Hkh lekos'k dk ;Ru fd;k x;k gSA
';keukjk;.k ikaMs; dk jktiwrdkyhu bfrgkl ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ izcaèk&dkO; ^gYnh?kkVh* (1949 bZ-)mYys[kuh; gSA blesa ¯gnw xkSjo egkjk.kk izrki osQ pfj=k dks l=kg lxks± esa vafdr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ ukels ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd blesa osQoy gYnh?kkVh osQ ;q¼ dh ?kVuk dk gh o.kZu fd;k x;k gksxk] foaQrq okLroesa ,slk ugha gSA bl n`f"V ls ;g uke nks"kiw.kZ gSA egkjk.kk osQ 'kkS;Z] R;kx ,oa vkRe&cfynku dh O;atuk esadfo dks iwjh liQyrk feyh gSA ikaMs; th dh 'kSyh esa vkst vkSj izokg dk xq.k visf{kr ek=kk esa feyrk gS_;gk¡ oqQN iafDr;k¡ nz"VO; gSaμ
lkou dk gfjr~ izHkkr jgk] vacj ij Fkh ?ku?kksj ?kVkAiSQykdj ia[k fFkjdrs Fks] eu gjrh Fkh ou&eksj NVkAA
iM+ jgh iqQgh] >halh f>u&f>u ioZr dh gjh oukyh ijA^^ih dgk¡!** iihgk cksy jgk] r#&r# dh Mkyh&Mkyh ijAA
okfjn osQ mj esa ned&ned] rM+&rM+ fctyh dh rM+d jghAjg&jgdj ty Fkk cjl jgk] j.kèkhj Hkqtk Fkh iQM+d jghAA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 157
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bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
eksguyky egrks fo;ksxh* us i`Fohjkt jklks* osQ izfl¼ dFkkud osQ vkèkkj ij vkokZnÙk±* (1943) ukedizcaèk&dkO; izLrqr fd;k gSA tSlk fd bldh Hkwfedk esa dgk x;k gS dfo us bls egkdkO; cukus dk iz;kldjrs gq, laLÑr osQ rRlacaèkh fofHkUu y{k.kksa dk lekos'k fd;k gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd fo;ksxh th usi`Fohjkt vkSj pancjnkbZ osQ thou&pfj=k dks iwjh lân;rk ls izLrqr fd;k gSA oSls vkykspdksa us bldh vusdU;wurkvksa dks mn~?kkVu djrs gq, blosQ egkdkO; dks vLohdkj fd;k gSμgekjs fopkj ls egkdkO; u lgh],d izcaèk&dkO; osQ :i esa ;g liQy jpuk gSA
bl ;qx esa owzQj] nq"V ,oa uhp le>s tkus okys ik=kksa dks Hkh m¡Qpk mBkus dk iz;kl vusd izcaèk&dkO;&jpf;rkvksa us fd;k gSA buesa gjn;kyflag dk uke fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA bUgksaus ^nSR;oa'k*(1940 bZ-) vkSj jko.k* (1952 bZ-) uked nks izcaèkdkO; izLrqr fd, gSaA nSR;oa'k cztHkk"kk esa jfpr gSA blesa^fgj.;df'kiq*] ^cfy*] ^ck.kklqj* vkfn nSR;ksa osQ pfj=k dks ikSjkf.kd vkèkkj ij izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bldkeq[; jl rks ohj gS foaQrq vU; jlksa dks Hkh izlaxkuqlkj LFkku fn;k x;k gSA dkO; esa ,d LFkku ij vusd uk;dgksus osQ dkj.k blesa visf{kr ,dksUeq[krk ,oa vfuok;Zrk ugha vk ikbZA bldh 'kSyh esa i;kZIr izokg vkSj vkstfeyrk gSA
^jko.k* esa yadkifr n'kkuu osQ pfj=k dks iw.kZ lgkuqHkwfr osQ lkFk vafdr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ;gdkO; l=kg lxks± esa foHkDr gS rFkk bldh dFkkoLrq ewyr% okYehfd jkek;.k ij vkèkkfjr gS] foaaQrq chp&chpesa dfo us viuh ekSfyd ltZu&'kfDr ls Hkh visf{kr dk;Z fd;k gSA jko.k osQ pfj=k dks m¡Qpk mBkrs gq, mls,d vR;ar ijkØeh] mRlkgh] R;kxh] 'kwjohj osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA jko.k osQ vfrfjDr vU; jk{klksadks Hkh mPp :i esa izfrf"Br fd;k x;k gSA izÑfr&o.kZu] ukjh&lkSan;Z&fp=k.k rFkk fofHkUu Hkkoukvksa dhO;atuk esa dfo dks i;kZIr liQyrk feyrh gSA
bl ;qx osQ vusd dfo;ksa dk è;ku jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡èkh osQ thou&pfj=k dh vksj Hkh vkÑ"V gqvk gSA lu~1946 bZ- ls ysdj vc rd vusd dfo;ksa us xk¡èkh osQ pfjr ij fo'kkydk; izcaèk&dkO; fy[ks gSa] ftuesa lsrhu ;gk¡ foosP; gSaμ(1) ^egkekuo* (1946 bZ-) (2) ^tuuk;d* (1949 bZ-) vkSj (3) ^txnkyksd*(1952 bZ-)A egkekuo dh jpuk BkoqQjizlkn flag }kjk gqbZ gSA ;g ianzg lxks± esa foHkDr gSA xkaèkh th osQpfj=k dh fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa osQ mn~?kkVu dk iz;kl dfo us fd;k gS_ ¯drq ;Fkksfpr ?kVukvksa osQ vHkko esaog Hkyh&Hkk¡fr liQy ugha gks ldkA izcaèkRo dh n`f"V ls Hkh blesa f'kfFkyrk gSSA nwljk dkO; ^tuuk;d*j?kqohj'kj.k fe=k }kjk fojfpr gSA ;g fo'kkydk; dkO; yxHkx N% lkS i`"Bksa esa iwjk gqvk gS rFkk bdrhllxks± esa foHkDr gSA bldh vfèkdka'k ?kVuk,¡ egkRek xkaèkh dk ^vkRedFkk* ij vkèkkfjr gSaA xkaèkh osQ pfjr,oa pfj=k dks vR;ar J¼k osQ lkFk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA budh 'kSyh vR;ar ljy vkSj izokgiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.kosQ fy, oqQN va'k ;gk¡ m¼`r gSaμ
èkU; ! lqnkekiqjh tgk¡ ij eueksgu us tUe ys fy;kAekrk&firk èkU; ! os ftudks izHkq us fnO; izdk'k ns fn;kA
ftlesa fp=k fy[ks eksgu osQ ml feV~Vh dk I;kj èkU; gS !ftlesa tUe fy;k eksgu us og xkaèkh&ifjokj èkU; gS !!
egkRek xkaèkh osQ pfj=k ij vkèkkfjr rhljk izcaèk&dkO; ^txnkyksd* gS ftldh jpuk BkoqQj xksiky'kj.kflag us 1952 bZ- esa dh gSA blesa xkaèkh th osQ tUe] f'k{kk] baXySaM ;k=kk vkfn ls ysdj muosQ cfynku rddh izk;% lHkh izeq[k ?kVukvksa dks chl lxks± esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ dfri; izlax vR;ar ljl ,oaltho gSaA egkRek xkaèkh dh pkfjf=kd egÙkk dks mHkkjus dk dfo us fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd;k gSA
egkHkkjr osQ fofHkUu izlaxksa ,oa ik=kksa dks ysdj Hkh vusd dfo;ksa us lqanj izcaèk&dkO; izLrqr fd, gSa] ftuesaohj d.kZ ls lacafèkr ^vaxjkt* (1950 bZ-) vkuanoqQekj }kjk fojfpr gS] ftlesa d.kZ osQ pfj=k dks mTToy:i esa mifLFkr fd;k x;k gSA iwjk dkO; 25 lxks± esa foHkDr gSA d.kZ osQ lkFk&lkFk egkHkkjr osQ vU;ik=kksaaμ;qfèkf"Bj] vtqZu] Hkhe] nzksinh vkfn osQ pfj=k ij Hkh ekSfyd :i esa izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA d.kZ osQ pfj=kdks m¡Qpk mBkus osQ fy, ikaMo&i{k osQ ik=kksa dks uhps fxjkuk vko';d le>k x;k gS] tks Bhd ugha dgk tk
158
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ldrkA bldk izeq[k jl ohj gS foaQrq lkFk gh fofHkUu LFkyksa ij Üka`xkj] d#.k] 'kkar dh Hkh O;atuk dh xbZgSA Hkko&O;atuk ,oa 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls jpuk izkS<+ gS rFkk rkfRod n`f"V ls bls egkdkO; osQ :i esa ekU;rknh xbZ gSA
,dyO; (1958 bZ-) MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ }kjk jfpr izcaèk&dkO; gS ftlesa ,dyO; dh xq#HkfDr dh O;atukpkSng lxks± esa dh xbZ gSA uk;d osQ pfj=k&fp=k.k esa dfo dks i;kZIr liQyrk feyh gS] rFkk bldh vfHkO;atuk'kSyh Hkh i;kZIr izkS<+ ,oa l'kDr gS_ vLrq] ;g ,d liQy iz;kl gSA blh izdkj 1960 esa izdkf'kr ujsanz 'kekZdk ^nzksinh* dkO; Hkh izcaèk osQ {ks=k esa u;k iz;ksx gSA blosQ fofHkUu ik=k fofHkUu rÙoksa osQ izrhd gSa_rFkkμ;qfèkf"Bj vkdk'k&rÙo osQ] Hkhe izk.k&rÙo osQ] vtqZu vfXurÙo osQ] uoqQy ty&rÙo osQ vkSj lgnsoHkwfe&rÙo osQA blh izrhdkRedrk osQ dkj.k dkO; esa ckSf¼drk dk lapkj vuisf{kr :i esa gks x;k gS] fiQjHkh nzksinh osQ oqQN fp=k vR;ar izHkkoksRiknd :i esa izLrqr gq, gSaA dfo dk y{; laHkor% ukjh osQ R;kx]cfynku ,oa 'kfDr dh egÙkk dk cksèk djkuk jgk gSA bldh izcaèkkRedrk ,oa HkkoO;atuk osQ lacaèk esaMkW- lkfo=kh flUgk osQ 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^ftl izdkj ?kVuk,¡ f{kiz xfr ls vkrh gSa vkSj pyhtkrh gSa] mlh izdkj fofHkUu Hkkoukvksa osQ iw.kZ ifjikd dh >yd feyrh gS vkSj lekIr gks tkrh gSA vkÈknvkSj fo"kkn dh vusd eu%fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=k.k blesa lthork osQ lkFk gqvk gSA*
¯gnh osQ oqQN dfo;ksa vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa ij Hkh vusd izcaèk&dkO; izLrqr gq, gSa] ftuesa ^rqylhnkl*(fujkyk% 1939 bZ-)] nsokpZu* (djhy% 1952 bZ-)] ehjk (ijes'oj f}jsiQ % 1957 bZ-) vkSj ;qxÏ"Vk iszepan*(f}jsiQ % 1959 bZ-)] mYys[kuh; gSaaA ^rqylhnkl* ,d lkS Nanksa esa jfpr gS rFkk blesa rqylh dh fofHkUuekufld ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa Hkko&psruk osQ fodkl&Øe dh vR;ar izkS<+ ,oa l'kDr ls nsokpZu* esa dfo djhyosQ }kjk izLrqr fd;k gSA ;g dkO; l=kg lxks± esa foHkDr gS rFkk uk;d osQ thou dh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dksfoLrkj ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ oqqQN izlax vR;ar Hkkoiw.kZ ,oa ekfeZd gSaA ijes'oj ^f}jsIkQ* osQ nksuksaizcaèk&dkO;ksa esa Øe'k% ehjk vkSj iszepan osQ osnuk ,oa O;Fkkiw.kZ thou dks vafdr djus dk liQy iz;klfd;k x;k gSA ehjk dk pfj=kkadu vR;ar oqQ'kyrk ls fd;k x;k gS rFkk fofHkUu Hkkoksa dh O;atuk esa Hkh dfous iw.kZ lân;rk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA ;qxÏLVk iszepan* Hkh mPpdksfV dk dkO; gS] ftlesa uk;d osQ O;fDrRo]pfj=k ,oa thou&n'kZu dks O;Dr djus dk lqanj iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
1857 bZ- dh izfl¼ jk"Vªh; Økafr ij Hkh vusd izcaèk&dkO; miyCèk gSa] tSls ^>k¡lh dh jkuh* (';keukjk;.kizlkn% 1955)] ^rkR;k Vksis* (y{ehukjk;.k oqqQ'kokgk % 1957)] ^>k¡lh dh jkuh* (vkuan feJ% 1959)A';keukjk;.k izlkn dh Ñfr esa egkjkuh y{ehckbZ osQ 'kkS;Z] R;kx ,oa vkRecfynku dh O;atuk 23 lxks± esaliQyrkiwoZd dh xbZ gSA dfo dh 'kSyh esa vkstfLork ,oa izokgiw.kZrk osQ xq.k fo|eku gSaA ;gk¡ oqQN iafDr;k¡m¼`r gSaμ
yx xbZ ân; esa fjiq&xksyh]lks x, Hkwfe osQ vk¡py ijA
fy[k nh ek#r us ohj&dFkk]r#&r# osQ oaQfir ny&ny ijAA
;g lqudj jkuh mNy iM+h]¯lguh ln`'k og rM+i mBhA
vfj&ân;&jDr dh I;klh vfl]ysdj fctyh&le dM+d mBhAA
blh izdkj y{ehukjk;.k oqQ'kokgk dk rkR;k Vksis* Hkh ohjjl ,oa jk"Vªh; Økafr osQ Hkkoksa ls vksr&izksr vR;arl'kDr jpuk gSA ;g 31 vkgqfr;ksa (lxks±) esa foHkkftr gSA dfo dk vkn'kZ gSμ
iq.; pfj=kksa dks xk djosQ dye iq.; gks tkrh gSAdfo drZO; fuHkk tkrk gS] dye èkU; gks tkrh gSAA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 159
uksV^rkR;k Vksis* esa blh vkn'kZ dh miyfCèk gqbZ gSA dfo osQ ÑfrRo dks liQyrk ?kksf"kr djus osQ fy, bldhoqQN iafDr;ksa dk fnXn'kZu i;kZIr gksxkμ
txs ns'k osQ ldy lwj esa Økafr&'ka[k dk ukn gqvkAns'k&osfndk ij feVus dks tu&tu esa mUekn gqvkAldy 'k=kq foèoal djsaxs] flag ns'k osQ xjt pys]tufu&liwr tufu dh [kkfrj] iwjk djus iQjt pysAA
VkLd ^,dyO;* fdlosQ }kjk jfpr izcaèk&dkO; gSA
1958 bZ- esa izdkf'kr izcaèk&dkO;ksa esa jkekuan frokjh dk ^ikoZrh*] ckyÑ".k 'kekZ ^uohu* dk ^mfeZyk*,oa fxfjtknÙk 'kqDy ^fxjh'k* dk ^rkjd&cèk* mYys[kuh; gSA ^ikoZrh* dh jpuk eq[;r% dkfynkl osQ^oqQekj&laHko* osQ vkèkkj ij gqbZ gSA iwjk dkO; 27 lxks± esa foHkDr gSA ijaijkxr dFkkud esa vkèkqfud n`f"Vls visf{kr la'kksèku&ifj"dkj djrs gq, fofHkUu ik=kksa dks ltho :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA frokjh th dh'kSyh Hkh izkS<+ ,oa lqfodflr gSA ^uohu* th dk ^mfeZyk* dkO; laHkor% ^lkosQr* dh liQyrk ls izsfjr gSAblesa N% lxks± esa mfeZyk&y{e.k dh dgkuh dks izHkkoksRiknd 'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj fxjh'k*th dk ^rkjd&oèk* Hkh ikSjkf.kd dFkkoLrq ij vkèkkfjr rFkk mUuhl lxks± esa foHkDr gSA dFkkoLrq osQizLrqrhdj.k] ik=kksa osQ pfj=k&fp=k.k] HkkoO;atuk] fopkjksa osQ vkSnkR; o 'kSyh dh izkS<+rk dh n`f"V ls bls ,dliQy egkdkO; ekuk x;k gSA dfo us blesa dkfrZosQ; osQ }kjk rkjdklqj&oèk dks nSoh izo`fÙk;ksa }kjk vklqjhizo`fÙk;ksa osQ neu osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
fnudj th us moZ'kh*μ(1961) esa dke vkSj isze dh leL;k dks oSfnd ;qxhu dFkkudμmoZ'kh vkSj iq#jokdh dFkk_ ½Xosn nlok¡ eaMyμosQ ekè;e ls izLrqr fd;k gSA buesa lkSan;Z] isze vkSj fcjg dh O;atuk liQy:i esa gqbZ gSA vc rd fnudj dks osQoy dBksj Hkkoksa ,oa Økafr dk gh dfo ekuk tkrk Fkk] ^moZ'kh* dhjpuk us fl¼ dj fn;k fd ;g eèkqj Hkkoksa ,oa dksey vuqHkwfr;ksa esa fdlh ls ihNs ugha gSA dnkfpr~ Lo;adfo us blh pqukSrh dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh viuh ubZ jpuk izLrqr dh gSA tc jktuhfr osQ {ks=k esa Hkh ØkafrosQ usrk lÙkk osQ Hkksx esa yhu gks x, Fks] ,sls okrkoj.k esa ^oqQ#{ks=k* dk dfo moZf'k;ksa dk fp=k.k djs rksvLokHkkfod Hkh ugha dgk tk ldrkA vLrq] dfo dk iszj.kk Ïksr pkgs tks gks] ij blesa lansg ugha fd ;gjpuk dfo osQ xkS.k O;fDrRo dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gS_ gnh dfork esa dfo fnudj* osQ uke ls ftl lkgl]'kkS;Z ,oa Økafr dk cksèk gksrk gS] ml dfo osQ vuq:i ;g Ñfr ugha gSA fiQj Hkh ukjh&O;fDrRo dh xkSjoiw.kZizfr"Bk] lkSan;Z osQ vkd"kZd fp=k.k] ,oa dksey Hkkoukvksa dh eèkqj] O;atuk dh n`f"V ls ;g mPpdksfV dkdkO; gSA iq#"k osQ R;kx] la;e ,oa pkfjf=kd n`<+rk dk vk[;ku os cgqr igys dj pqosQ Fks_ blesa mldhnqcZyrk vkSj vlgk;rk dk mn~?kkVu gqvk gSμ
pkfg, nsoRo ij bl vkx dks èkj nw¡ dgk¡ ijdkeukvksa dks folftZr O;kse esa dj nw¡ dgk¡ ij
+ + +cqf¼ cgqr djrh c[kku lkxj rV dh fldrk dkij rjÄ~x&pqafcr lSdr esa fdruh dkseyrk gSA
oLrqr% ^moZ'kh* dks vusd n`f"V;ksa ls ^dkek;uh* osQ vuarj bl ;qx dk nwljk izkS<+ egkdkO; dgk tkldrk gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ¯gnh esa egkdkO;&ijaijk vHkh rd vfofPNUu :i esa izokfgr gS] ;g nwljh ckrgS fd bl ijaijk osQ lHkh dkO; egkdkO;Ro osQ mRd"kZ dks izkIr ugha djrsA fiQj Hkh buosQ }kjk thou] lekt
bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
,oa lkfgR; esa mPp ekuork osQ mnkÙk vkn'kks± dh izfr"Bk dk lqanj iz;kl gqvk gSA vr% budk egÙo v{kq..kgSA ;g nqHkkZX; dh ckr gS fd ¯gnh osQ vkykspdksa us buosQ izfr mis{kkRed n`f"Vdks.k viukdj buosQ lkFkcM+k vU;k; fd;k gS] ftldk izfrdkj vc gks tkuk pkfg,A
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- ^oqQekjlaHkoe* ------------------------- dh jpuk gSA
(d) rqylhnkl ([k) fo|kifr (x) dkfynkl (?k) lwjnkl
6- ^jko.kogh* ------------------------- Hkk"kk dk egkdkO; gSA
(d) laLÑr ([k) izkÑr (x) viHkza'k (?k) ¯gnh
7- pancjnk;h] i`Fohjkt pkSgku osQ ea=kh vkSj ------------------------- Hkh FksA
(d) jktxq# ([k) fliglkykj (x) lsukifr (?k) lykgdkj
8- egkdkO; ^in~ekor* dfo ------------------------- dh jpuk gSA
(d) pancjnk;h ([k) ck.k (x) fnudj (?k) tk;lhA
10-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
^egkdkO;* 'kCn gh ^egr~* vkSj ^dkO;* bu nks 'kCnksa osQ lekl ls O;qRiUu gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; osQdkO; osQ lkFk ^egr~* fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx loZizFke okYehfdÑr jkek;.k osQ mÙkjdkaM esa feyrk gSA
laLÑr vkpk;ks± esa egkdkO; osQ Lo:i dh loZizFke foLr`r O;k[;k djus dk Js; vkpk;Z Hkkeg dksgS] ftUgksaus vius dkO;kyadkj* esa caèk dh n`f"V ls dkO; osQ ik¡p Hksn fd;s gSaμ1- lxZc¼] 2- ukVd]3- vk[;kf;dk] 4- dFkk vkSj 5- vfuc¼ (eqDrd) dkO;A lxZc¼ dk gh nwljk uke egkdkO; gSA
i'pkR; fo}kuksa us Hkh egkdkO; (Epic) dks xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku nsrs gq, mlosQ Lo:i dh fofHkUu izdkjls O;k[;k dh gSA izfl¼ ;wukuh vkykspd vjLrw (Aristotle) us vius dkO;&'kkL=k (Poetics) esafy[kk gS fd ^^egkdkO; ,sls mnkÙk O;kikj dk dkO;e; vuqdj.k gS% tks Lor% xaHkhj ,oa iw.kZ gks]o.kZukRed gks] lqanj 'kSyh esa jpk x;k gks] ftlesa vk|ar ,d Nan gks] ftlesa ,d gh dk;Z gks tks iw.kZgks] ftlesa izkjaHk] eè; vkSj var gks] ftlosQ vkfn vkSj var ,d n`f"V esa lek losaQ] ftlosQ pfj=k Js"Bgksa] dFkk laHkkouh; gks vkSj thou osQ fdlh ,d lkoZHkkSe lR; dk izfriknu djrh gksA**
vkèkqfud ;qx esa egkdkO; osQ Lo:i ,oa y{k.kkas osQ lacaèk esa gekjs vkykspdksa ,oa dfo;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.kesa i;kZIr fodkl gqvk gSA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy us iwoZorhZ laLÑr&vkpk;ks± osQ fuèkkZfjr y{k.kksa dhmis{kk djrs gq, mlosQ osQoy pkj rÙoksa dks egÙo fn;k gSμ(1) bfro`Ùk] (2) oLrq&O;kikj o.kZu](3) HkkoO;atuk vkSj (4) laoknA
Hkkjrh; egkdkO;&ijaijk dk vkjaHk jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr ls gksrk gS] ;|fi buls Hkh iwoZ oqQNegkdkO; fy[ks x, Fks] tks vuqiyCèk gSaA
jkek;.k vkfn&dfo okYehfd dh lqanj Ñfr gS] ftlesa jke osQ pfj=k dk xq.kxku lkr dkaMksa esa fd;kx;k gSA egkHkkjr vkdkj&izdkj dh n`f"V ls jkek;.k dh vis{kk cgqr foLr`r gS rFkk ;g vBkjg ioks±esa foHkDr gSA vkxs pydj laLÑr esa vusd egkdkO; fy[ks x, ftuesa v'o?kks"k dk ^cq¼pfjr*]dkfynkl osQ ^oqQekjlaHko* vkSj ^j?kqoa'k*] Hkkjfo dk ^fdjkrktqZuh;*] ek?k dk ^f'k'kqiky oèk* Jhg"kZdk ^uS"kèkh; pfjr* mYys[kuh; gSaA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 161
uksVizkÑr vkSj viHkaz'k eas egkdkO;&ijaijk vkSj vkxs c<+hA izkÑr osQ egkdkO;ksa esa ^jko.k ogh* (jko.koèk)] ^yhykckbZ* (yhykorh)] flfjfpÉdOoa (JhfpÉdkO;)] mlkf.k#¼ (m"kkfu#¼)] oaQl ogh(oaQl oèk) vkfn mYys[kuh; gSaA viHkaz'k esas tSu dfo;ksa }kjk Hkh mPp dksfV osQ egkdkO; fy[ks x,ftuesa oqQN ;s gSaμLo;aHkw (9oha lnh bZ-) osQ ^iÁpfjr* vkSj ^fjV~B.ksfepfjm* esa Øe'k% jkek;.k vkSjegkHkkjr ls dFkkud xzg.k fd;k x;k gSA
izkÑr vkSj viHkaz'k dh egkdkO; ijaijk ¯gnh esa vkSj Hkh vfèkd iYyfor] iqf"ir vkSj fodflr gqbZA¯gnh esa gesa vusd egkdkO;μin~ekor] jkepfjrekul] dkek;uh] oqQ#{ks=k vkfn n`f"Vxkspj gksaxs] ftuij fdlh Hkk"kk dk lkfgR; xoZ dj ldrk gSA
10-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
vk[;kf;dk μ flyflysokj dgkuh ;k o`rkar] og vk[;ku ftlesa ik=k vius eq¡g ls viuk pfjr dgrsgSaA
lxZc¼ μ lxks± esa foHkDr egkdkO;A
/hjksnkÙk μ vkRe'yk?kk ls jfgr] {kek'khy] fouez ,oa n`<+ozr uk;dA
10-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- egkdkO; osQ laca/ esa fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dh O;k[;k djsaA
2- laLÑr osQ egkdkO;ksa ij izdk'k MkysaA
3- ^jkepfjrekul* fdlh ,d ;qx] ,d Hkk"kk vkSj ,d dyk dk fo"k; ugha cfYd fofHkUu ;qxksa] Hkk"kkvksavkSj dykvksa esa fpf=kr gksrk jgk gSA bl dFku dh foospuk djsaA
4- tk;lh jfpr ¯gnh egkdkO; ^in~ekor* izsek[;ku ijaijk dk Js"B xzaFk gS] fo'ys"k.k djsaA
5- ¯gnh egkdkO; ij fuca/ fy[ksaA
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- Hkkeg 2- jkek;.k 3- vBkjg 4- ^jkepfjrekul*
5- (x) 6- ([k) 7- (x) 8- (?k)A
10-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- ljy ¯gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpukμoklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ifj"Ñr ¯gnh O;kdj.kμcnzhukFk diwj] izHkkr izdk'kuA
3- vfHkou ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
bdkbZ 10 % egkdkO;
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bdkbZμ11 % ikSjkf.kd izca/ dkO; dh ijaijk
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
11-1 ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO;ksa dh iwoZ ijaijk
11-2 izkjafHkd dfo
11-3 rqylhnkl vkSj mudk dkO;
11-4 izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa egÙo
11-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
11-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
11-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
11-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● izkjafHkd dfo;ksa dks tkuus esaA
● rqylhnkl vkSj muosQ dkO; dks tkuus esaA
● vkèkqfud fganh lkfgR; osQ izcaèk dkO; dks tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
¯gnh osQ eè;dkyhu dkO; osQ varxZr 'krkfèkd ,sls izcaèk&dkO; feyrs gSa] ftudh fo"k;&oLrq ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksaij vkèkkfjr gSA ij lkFk gh muesa dkO;kRedrk dk Hkh vHkko ugha gSA oLrqr% fo"k;&oLrq osQ foLrkj] ik=kksaosQ oSfoè; ,oa 'kSyh dh izkS<+rk dh n`f"V ls bl oxZ dh jpuk,¡ mPpdksfV dh fl¼ gksrh gSa] ftUgsa ge ikSjkf.kdizcaèk&dkO;&ijaijk* 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr LFkku ns ldrs gSa] buesa jke] Ñ".k] lqnkek] iz|qEu] vtqZu] izÈkn] èkzqovkfn fofHkUu ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa osQ pfj=k dk vadu fd;k x;k gS] foaQrq nqHkkZX; ls gnh osQ izpfyr bfrgkl&xzaFkksaesa bl ijaijk dks jke&HkfDr&'kk[kk* ;k jke&dkO;&ijaijk* dh laKk ns fn, tkus osQ dkj.k osQoy jke&fo"k;ddfri; izcaèkksa dks NksM+dj 'ks"k dks ^iqQVdy [kkrs* esa gh LFkku izkIr gks ldkA ;g Hkh fofp=k ckr gS fdvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy tSls izkS<+ leh{kd us ^jke&HkfDr&'kk[kk* dh LFkkiuk djrs gq, rqylh ls mldk vkjaHkekuk gS vkSj mUgha ls mldh lekfIr ekuh gS] D;ksafd ^xksLokeh th dh izfrHkk dk iz[kj izdk'k lkS Ms<+ lkSo"kZ rd ,slk Nk;k jgk jke&HkfDr dh vkSj jpuk,¡ muosQ lkeus Bgj u ldhaA* ;gk¡ rqylh dh ftl fo'ks"krkdh nkn nh xbZ] fcgkjh osQ izlax esa Hkh mlh fo}ku us blls fcyoqQy foijhr ckr osQ fy, iz'kalk dh gSA ogk¡os fy[krs gSa fd fcgkjh lrlbZ dks ysdj brus O;fDr;ksa us mudk vuqdj.k fd;k fd ^fcgkjh lacaèkh vyxlkfgR; gh [kM+k gks x;k gS] brus ls gh bl xzaFk dh loZfiz;rk dk vuqeku gks ldrk gSA* ,d leFkZ vkykspd
Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 163
uksVfdl izdkj nks fojksèkh ckrksa dks Hkh ,d tSlh fl¼ dj ldrk gS] bldk ;g mRÑ"V mnkgj.k gSA ij okLrfodrk;g gS fd ,d izcaèk&dkO;] nks ukVdksa vkSj eqDrd&laxzgksa osQ vkèkkj ij LFkkfir ^jke&dkO;&ijaijk* ijaijk;k 'kk[kk dgykus ;ksX; ugha gS] D;ksafd ,d tSlh dkO;&'kSyh ,oa dkO;&:iksa okyh de&ls&de vkB&nljpuk,¡ gksa rks mls ijaijk* dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA vLrq] ge jke&HkfDr&'kk[kk* tSls vuqi;qDr ,oa ladh.kZuke dk cfg"dkj djrs gq, bl ijaijk dks ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO;&ijaijk* osQ :i esa izfrf"Br djus dk iz;kldjrs gSa ftlls fd bl ;qx osQ lHkh ikSjkf.kd izcaèkksa dks ;Fkksfpr LFkku fn;k tk losQA
11-1 ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO;ksa dh iwoZ ijaijk
èkkfeZd egkiq#"kksa dks ysdj izcaèk&dkO; fy[kus dh ijaijk dk izorZu izkphudky esa gh laLÑr] izkÑr ,oaviHkaz'k esa gks x;k FkkA tgk¡ okYehfd us ^jkek;.k*] v'o?kks"k us ^cq¼pfjr* dh jpuk laLÑr esa dh] ogk¡vusd tSu dfo;ksa us izkÑr ,oa viHkaz'k esa fofHkUu rhFk±djksa ,oa èkkfeZd usrkvksa osQ pfj=k dk vadudkO;kRed 'kSyh esa fd;kA izkÑr esa pfjr ^ime pfj;* (foey lwfj % 60 bZ)] ^pmiUu egkiqfjl pfj;*('khykpk;Z_ 868 bZ)] ^lqikLlukg pfj;* (Jh ik'oZukFk pfj=k)] ^egkohj pfjr*] ^lqefrukFk pfjr* vkfnrFkk viHkaz'k esa jfpr ^ime pfjm* (iÁ pfj=k % Lo;aHkw)] ^fjV~B.ksfe pfjm* (Lo;aHkw)] ^frlV~Bh egkiqfjlxq.kkyadkj* (iq"inar)] tlgj pfjm* (iq"inar)] tacqlkfe pfjm* (ohj dfo)] ikl pfjm* (ik'oZ pfjr%iÁdhfrZ)] ^ft.knÙk pfjm* (yD[ku)] ^.ksfe.kkg pfjm* (usfeukFk pfjr y{e.knso)] ^o¼Zeku pfjm*(t;fe=k) vkfn mYys[kuh; gSaA tSu&dfo;ksa }kjk fodflr ;gh èkkfeZd pfjr dkO;&ijaijk lhèkh gnh esa Hkhigq¡ph gS] bldk izR;{k izek.k ,d rks ;g gS fd bl ijaijk dk izFke ¯gnh dfo lqèkk# vxzoky tSu gh Fkkmlus ^iz|qEu pfjr* dh jpuk esa tSu dfo;ksa osQ gh n`f"Vdks.k] fo"k;&oLrq ,oa 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k fd;k gS_nwljs gnh osQ vfèkdka'k izcaèk&dkO; pfjr* laKd gSa ;gk¡ rd fd rqylhnkl us Hkh vius izcaèk dk uke^jkek;.k* u j[kdj ^jkepfjrekul* j[kk gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd viHkaz'k esa isze&dFkkvksa dks Hkh^pfjr* dh laKk nh tkrh gS] tcfd ¯gnh esa ,slk ugha fd;k x;kA
¯gnh osQ ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO;ksa osQ fodkl esa tSu&pfjr&dkO;ksa dh ijaijk osQ vfrfjDr nf{k.k osQ ikSjkf.kdizcaèk&dkO;ksa dh ijaijk dk Hkh xgjk ;ksxnku laHko gSA tSlk fd vU;=k crk;k x;k gS] rfey] ey;kye]dUuM+ ,oa ejkBh esa oS".ko iqjk.kksa osQ fofHkUu ik=kksa dks ysdj izcaèk&dkO; fy[kus dh ,d lqn`<+ ijaijk dkizoÙkZu ,oa fodkl ¯gnh dh bl ijaijk osQ fodkl ls iwoZ gks pqdk Fkk] vr% ;g cgqr laHko gS fd izR;{k;k vizR;{k :i esa bu ijaijkvksa esa ikjLifjd lacaèk gksA ij vHkh bl izdkj osQ rqyukRed vè;;u osQ vHkkoesa bl lacaèk esa fuf'pr :i ls oqQN dguk dfBu gSA
uksV~l viHkza'k esa izse&dFkkvksa dks Hkh ^pfjr* dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
izsj.kkÏksr ,oa mn~xe&Ïksrμ¯gnh esa bl ijaijk osQ dkO; izk;% èkkfeZd iszj.kk ls gh jfpr gSa] foaQrq muesalaiznk;&fo'ks"k dh dêðjrk ifjyf{kr ugha gksrhA ftl izdkj lar&dkO;] Ñ".k&dkO;] jfld&HkfDr&dkO;]laiznk;&fo'ks"k osQ èkkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k dks izLrqr djrs gSa] ogk¡ ;g ckr bu ij ykxw ugha gksrhA buesa laiznk;osQ izpkj dh Hkkouk de gS] vius vkjkè; ;k mlosQ HkDrksa osQ xq.k&xku dh gh izo`fÙk vfèkd gSA oLrqr% budkèkeZ osQ {ks=k esa leUo;kRed ,oa O;kid n`f"Vdks.k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO;ksa esa lss cgqla[;d dkO; oS".ko iqjk.kksa ls lacafèkr gSa] ;|fi viokn&Lo:i tSu vkSj 'kSoer ls lacafèkr iqjk.k&dFkkvksa ij Hkh oqQN izcaèk voyafcr gSaA oS".ko&oxZ osQ dkO; eq[;r% jkek;.k] egkHkkjr,oa Hkkxor iqjk.k ij vkèkkfjr gSa] xkS.k :i ls oqQN vU; iqjk.kksa ls Hkh lacafèkr gSaaA lkekU;r% bUgha xzaFkksa dksbl ijaijk osQ ewy Ïksrksa osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bdkbZ 11 % ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; dh ijaijk
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11-2 izkjafHkd dfo
bl ijaijk osQ miyCèk ¯gnh xzaFkksa esa loZizFke ^iz|qEu pfjr* dk uke vkrk gS ftlosQ jpf;rk lqèkk# vxzokyFksA lqèkk# tSu èkeZ esa nhf{kr Fks] vr% mUgksaus iz|qEu osQ vk[;ku dks tSu ijaijk osQ vuqlkj izLrqr djrs gq,var esa vius èkeZ dh egÙkk dk izfriknu fd;k gSA bl n`f"V ls izLrqr dkO; dks gnh osQ oS".ko izcaèk dkO;ksadh vis{kk viHkaz'k osQ tSu&dkO;ksa dh ijaijk esa LFkku nsuk vfèkd mfpr gksxk! foaQrq Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls ,slkdjuk laHko ughaA tSlk fd ihNs Li"V fd;k x;k gS] ¯gnh osQ oS".ko dfo;ksa us ;g ijaijk viHkaz'k osQ tSudfo;ksa ls gh viukbZ Fkh] lqèkk# dk iz|qEu pfjr* chp dh og dM+h gS] tks viHkaz'k vkSj gnh osQ ikSjkf.kddkO;ksa dks ijLij lac¼ djrh gS rFkk bl fofue; dks izekf.kr djrh gSA vr% lkaiznkf;d n`f"V ls ;g jpukikSjkf.kd dkO;ksa osQ izfrowQy gksrh gqbZ Hkh] dkO; :i] fo"k;&oLrq ,oa izfriknu&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls bl ijaijkdh vkfn ¯gnh jpuk fl¼ gksrh gSA
^iz|qEu&pfjr* dk izkjafHkd vè;;u ,oa blosQ oqQN va'kksa dk izdk'ku MkW- f'koizlkn flag osQ }kjk muosQ 'kksèkizcaèk ^lwj iwoZ cztHkk"kk vkSj mldk lkfgR;* osQ varxZr gks pqdk gS ftlls blosQ lacaèk esa vusd rF;ksa dkirk pyrk gSA dfo us viHkaz'k osQ pfjr dkO;ksa dh 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k djrs gq, dkO; dk vkjaHk ljLorhdh Lrqfr] b"Vnso dh oanuk] jpuk osQ iz;kstu ,oa jpukdky osQ funsZ'k osQ lkFk fd;k gS] ;Fkkμ
(d) ljLorh dh Lrqfr %
lkjn fo".kq efr dforq u gksb]eoqQ vk[kj .kfo cq>b dksbAlks lknj i.keb lqjlrh]frfUg dgq¡ cqfèk gksb dr gqrhAA 1AA
([k) jpuk dk iz;kstu %
ljl dFkk jl mitb ?k.kmAfulq.kgq pfjr inweg r.kmA
(x) jpuk&dky dk funsZ'k %
lEer pmng lkS gqb x;kSAmQij vfèkd ,xkjg Hk;kSAHkkno cnh iapeh lks lk:ALokfr u{k=k luhpj ok:AA
;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd jpukdky lacaèkh ;g mYys[k x.kuk osQ }kjk Hkh 'kq¼ lkfcr gqvk gSA MkW- gjhykydh tk¡p osQ vuqlkj mi;qZDr frfFk bZloh lu~ 1354 osQ 9 vxLr 'kfuokj dks iM+rh gS rFkk u{k=k Hkh blfnu Lokfr gh iM+rk gS] vr% bl frfFk dks vlafnXèk :i ls ^iz|qEu pfjr* osQ jpukdky osQ :i esa Lohdkjfd;k tk ldrk gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fganh xzaFkksa esa loZizFke ^iz|qEu pfjr* dk uke vkrk gS ftlosQ jpf;rk lqèkk#vxzoky FksA
dFkk dk vkjaHk ukjn osQ Ñ".k osQ ;gk¡ igq¡pus dh ?kVuk ls gksrk gSA Ñ".k dh iVjkuh lR;Hkkek viusmis{kkiw.kZ O;ogkj ls ukjn dks vizlUu dj nsrh gS ftlls os bldk cnyk ysus osQ fy, Ñ".k&#fDe.kh osQfookg dh vk;kstuk djrs gSaA lR;Hkkek vkSj #fDe.kh esa lkSfr;k Mkg ,oa izfr}af}rk dk Hkko tkxzr gksrk gS
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 165
uksVrFkk os 'krZ yxkrh gSa fd ftlosQ igys iq=k mRiUu gksxk] ogh izèkku gksxhA nksuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk iq=k gksrs gSafoaQrq #fDe.kh&iq=k iz|qEu dks ,d nSR; mBk ys tkrk gS] foaQrq nSo;ksx ls cp tkrk gS rFkk lksyg o"kZ osQi'pkr~ lksyg izdkj dh miyfCèk;ksa ,oa nks izdkj dh fo|kvksa osQ lkFk iqu% ykSVrk gS rFkk ukjn dh iszj.kkls lR;Hkkek dks Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr osQ d"V igq¡pkrk gSA iQyr% cyjke vkSj iz|qEu esa la?k"kZ gksrk gS rFkk vkxs Ñ".kvkSj iz|qEu esa Hkh ;q¼ gksrk gSA iz|qEu vutku ls viuh ek¡ #fDe.kh dk Hkh vigj.k dj ysrk gS] foaQrq ukjnosQ }kjk jgL;ksn~?kkVu gks tkus ij Ñ".k ,oa iz|qEu esa esy&feyki gks tkrk gSA iz|qEu vusd fookg djrk gSrFkk Ñ".k dh e`R;q o ;knoksa osQ uk'k osQ i'pkr~ og tSu èkeZ dh nh{kk ys ysrk gS vkSj var esa oSQoY; inizkIr dj ysrk gSA bl izdkj bl dFkk dk Ïksr eq[;r% tSu iqjk.k gh gS] oS".ko iqjk.kksa ls bldk dksbZ esyugha gSA viHkaz'k esa iz|qEu osQ pfjr dks ysdj vusd izcaèk&dkO;ksa dh jpuk dh xbZ Fkh] izLrqr dkO;ksa dkdFkkud Hkh mUgha ij vkèkkfjr gSA
iwjk xzaFk yxHkx lkr lkS pkSikb;ksa esa lekIr gqvk gSA fofHkUu izlaxksa osQ vk;kstu ,oa izLrqrhdj.k rFkkHkkokuqHkwfr;ksa dh O;atuk esa dfo dks i;kZIr liQyrk feyh gSA
pkSngoha 'krkCnh osQ nwljs dfo] tks bl ijaijk esa vkrs gSa] tk[kw ef.k;kj gSa] ftUgksaus gfj'panz iqjk.k* dh jpukpS=k ekl dh n'keh jfookj] 1453 fo- (1396 bZ-) esa dh FkhA bldk funsZ'k Lo;a dfo us bl izdkj fn;kgSμ
pkSng lS frjiuSa fopkj] pSrekl fnu vkfnr okjAeu ek¡fg lqfej~;ks vknhr] fnu oljkgs fd;ks dohrAA
dkO; dk vkjaHk x.ks'k ,oa 'kkjnk dh Lrqfr osQ lkFk djrs gq, jpukdky] iszj.kkÏksr ,oa vkèkkjHkwr xzaFk dkHkh funsZ'k dj fn;k x;k gSA dfo osQ mYys[k osQ vuqlkj mldh ewy dFkk ½f"k Ñ".k }Sik;u (O;kl) }kjkof.kZr gSA oLrqr% bldk vkèkkj egkHkkjr gh gSμ
fdLu nhik;u Hkkjr dh;ks] vkJe Nk¡fM fjf"k uhl ;ksAtuest; osQ jkofy x;ks] HksV~;ks jkm gfjf"k eu Hk;ksAA
+ + +fdLu nhik;u fØik vc djkS] csfx eksfg Hkkjr mPpjkSAA
;|fi bl dkO; dh dFkkoLrq lR;oknh gfj'panz osQ ijaijkxr ikSjkf.kd bfro`Ùk ij gh vkèkkfjr gS] foaQrq tSlkfd MkW- f'koizlkn flag us laosQr fd;k gSμ^dfo us viuh ekSfyd mn~Hkkouk osQ cy ij dbZ izlaxksa dks dkiQhHkkoiw.kZ ,oa ekfeZd cukus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA* bldh ,d gLrfyf[kr izfr Jh vxjpan ukgVk osQ xzaFkky;esa lqjf{kr gS rFkk iwjk xzaFk yxHkx 600 Nanksa esa lekIr gqvk gSA eq[;r% blesa pkSikbZ Nan gh iz;qDr gS] foaQrqchp&chp esa oqQN Nanμ^oLrq*] ^vBrkykS* vkfnμHkh iz;qDr gSaA ;g jpuk vHkh rd vizdkf'kr gS] foaQrqblosQ tks va'k izdk'k esa vk;s gSa] mUgsa ns[kus ls ;g i;kZIr egÙoiw.kZ izrhr gksrh gSA fofHkUu Hkkoksa dh O;atukesaμfo'ks"kr% d#.k jl osQ izlax esaμdfo us lPph lân;rk dk ifjp; fn;k gS] ;Fkk jksfgrk'o dh e`R;q ij'kSÕ;k dk foyki nz"VO; gSμ
foiz iq¡fN ou Hkhrj tkb] jkuh vosQyh [kjh fcy[kkbZAlqr! lqr\* dgS p;.k mpjb] u;.k uhj ftfe ikml >jbAAgk fèkzx! gk fèkzx! djSa lalkjk] iQkVb fg;ks vfr djb iqdkjkArksM+b yV v# iQkM+b phj] ns[kS eq[k v# pkSos uhjAAnhBS ifM+;ks thou vkèkkjk] lukS vkt Hk;kS lalkjkA
oLrqr% vuqHkwfr dks xaHkhjrk ,oa 'kSyh dh izkS<+rk dh n`f"V ls mPpdksfV dk dkO; gSA bldk vè;;u iwoZorhZ,oa ijorhZ ikSjkf.kd dkO;kssa dh vusd izFkkvksa ,oa :f<+;ksa dks Li"V djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gks ldrk gS] foaQrqnqHkkZX; ls ;g jpuk vHkh rd vizdkf'kr gSA
bdkbZ 11 % ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; dh ijaijk
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vusd ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO;ksa osQ jpf;rk fo".kqnkl rks vHkh rd ¯gnh osQ lwjnkl ,oa rqylhnkl tSls egkudfo;ksa osQ Hkh iFkizn'kZd fl¼ gksrs gSaA eè;dky osQ nks"kiw.kZ foHkktu osQ dkj.k u rks os jke&dkO; dhladh.kZ lhek esa c¡èk ikrs Fks vkSj u gh Ñ".k&dkO; osQ <k¡ps esa gh] iQyr% os bfrgkl esa dksbZ LFkku ikus lsoafpr jgsA vU;Fkk mudh jpukvksa dk fooj.k dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk dh 1906&8] 1912 ,oa 1926&28dh [kkst fjiksVZ esa izdkf'kr gks pqdk Fkk] vr% ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd bfrgkldkj jkepanz 'kqDy dksmudk irk ugha FkkA
fo".kqnkl Xokfy;j ujs'k jko Mwxsanzflag osQ jkT;dky (vkjaHk 1424 bZ-) esa orZeku Fks rFkk mudh ik¡p jpuk,¡miyCèk gqbZ gSaμ(1) egkHkkjr dFkk (2) #fDe.kh eaxy] (3) LoxkZjksg.k] (4) LoxkZjksg.k ioZ vkSj(5) Lusg&yhykA buesa rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ,d gh izrhr gksrh gS] vr% budh pkj jpuk,¡ gh ekuh tkuh pkfg,A;s lHkh jpuk,¡ izcaèkkRed 'kSyh esa jfpr gksus osQ dkj.k izLrqr ijaijk esa vkrh gSaA ^egkHkkjr dFkk* esa ikaMoksadk pfjr izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] tks 1465 bZ- dh jfpr ekuh xbZ gSA blesa èkkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k dh izeq[krk gS]D;ksafd dfo us fy[kk gSμ
ikaMq pfjr tks eu nS lquS] uklS iki fo".kq dfo HkuSA,d fp=k lquSa nSa dku] rs ikoSa vejkiqj FkkuAA
ij bldk ;g rkRi;Z ugha gS fd ;g dkO;kRedrk ls 'kwU; gSA oLrqr% èkkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k dh izèkkurk gksrs gq,Hkh ;g dkO;kRed jpuk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ bldh oqQN iafDr;k¡ nz"VO; gSaμ
foulS èkeZ fdf; ik[kaMw foul ukflj xsg ijpaMwAfouls jkaMq i<+k;s ikaMs foulS [ksys Tokjh Mk¡MsAAfoulS uhp ruS mitk:] foulS lwr iqjkus gk:AfoulS ek¡xuh tjStq yktS] foulS tw> uks; fcu lktSAA
;gk¡ ^foulS* dh vko`fÙk dk peRdkj gS] tks yxHkx pkyhl iafDr;ksa esa pyrk gSA vko`fÙk dh ;g izo`fÙkviHkaz'k osQ tSu dfo;ksa esa Hkh izeq[k :i ls feyrh gS] ftldk fodkl nwljh vksj ¯gnh osQ jksekaflddFkk&dkO;ksa esa Hkh feyrk gSA
^LoxkZjksg.k* ;k ^LoxkZjksg.k ioZ* esa ikaMoksa osQ LoxZ&xeu dh dFkk nh xbZ gS] tks nksgk&pkSikbZ Nanksa esa izLrqrgSA dnkfpr~ ;g dYiuk dh tk ldrh gS fd izLrqr dkO; dfo dh egkHkkjr dFkk* dk gh ,d va'k gksxkAfoaQrq oLrqr% ;g Lora=k xzaFk gS ftldk izek.k fuEukafdr eaxykpj.k gSμ
xojh uanu lqefr nS xu uk;d cjnkuALoxkZjksg.k xzaFk osQ oj.kksa rRo c[kkuA
;gk¡ ^xzaFk* dk mYys[k blosQ Lora=k vfLrRo dk |ksrd gSA jpuk&'kSyh dh n`f"V ls ;g xzaFk Hkh mudh^egkHkkjr dFkk* osQ Lrj dk izrhr gksrk gS] uewus osQ :i esa oqQN iafDr;k¡ nz"VO; gSaμ
lqrgq Hkhe dg èkeZ ujslkA ckj ckj lqu ys minslkAvc ;g jkt rkr rqe ysgwA oSQ HkS;k vtqZu dg¡ nsgwAjkt ldy v# ;g lalkjkA eSa Nk¡M+kSa ;g dgS HkqokjkAcaèkq pkj rs y;s cqykbZA fru lksa dgha ckr ;g jkbZA
dkO;Ro dh n`f"V ls budh vis{kk ^#fDe.kh eaxy* esa dfo dks vfèkd liQyrk feyh gSA bl dkO; esa ,dLFkku ij dfo us vius&vkidks ^Hkk"kk&dkO;* cukus osQ fy, dkslk Hkh gSμ
rqN er eksjh Fkksjh lh ckSjkb Hkk"kk dkO; cukbZAjkse jkse jluk tks ikm¡Q efgyk o.kZ u¯g tkbZA
^#fDe.kh eaxy* izcaèkkRed 'kSyh esa jfpr gS] fiQj Hkh blosQ chp&chp esa fofHkUu jkx&jkfxfu;ksa osQ inksa vkSjxhrksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 167
uksVoLrqr% ftl izdkj nksgk&pkSikbZ 'kSyh esa ^LoxkZjksg.k* dkO; dks izLrqr djosQ fo".kqnkl us ijorhZ ikSjkf.kdizcaèk&jpf;rkvksa (ftuesa xksLokeh rqylhnkl Hkh vk tkrs gSa) dk iFkizn'kZu fd;k] ogk¡ mUgksausÑ".k&HkfDr&fo"k;d in fy[kdj oaqQHkunkl] lwjnkl vkfn osQ fy, Hkh ubZ ijaijk dk izorZu fd;kA vr%dkO;Ro dh n`f"V ls fo".kqnkl Hkys gh cgqr mPpdksfV osQ dfo fl¼ u gksa] foaQrq ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls mudkegÙo cgqr vfèkd gSA
bZlk dh ianzgoh lnh osQ vafre Hkkx esa ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ dfo bZ'ojnkl gq,] ftUgkasus vusd ikSjkf.kddFkkvksa dks dkO;kRed :i esa izLrqr fd;k] tSlsμ^lR;orh dFkk* ^LoxkZjksfg.kh dFkk*] ^,dkn'kh dFkk* ,oa^Hkjr feyki*A buesa ^ljLorh dFkk* dk vkèkkj ikSjkf.kd gksrs gq, Hkh bldk izLrqrhdj.k jksekafld 'kSyh esagqvk gSA 'ks"k jpukvksa osQ uke ls èkkfeZdrk ,oa ikSjkf.kdrk dk vkHkkl Li"V :i esa feyrk gS] foaQrq blesadkO;kRedrk dk vHkko ugha gS] vr% os ;gk¡ foosP; gSaA ^LoxkZjksfg.kh dFkk* ikaMoksa osQ LoxkZjksg.k&izlax lslacafèkr gSA bldk vkjaHk x.kifr ,oa 'kkjnk dh oUnuk] b"Vnso dh Lrqfr] iwoZ dfo;ksa osQ izfrÑrKrk&izdk'ku] lTtu ,oa nqtZu dh iz'kalk&¯unk] jpukdky osQ funsZ'k] rRdkyhu ujs'k osQ mYys[k] viusoqQy osQ ifjp;] dkO;&Ïksr ,oa dkO;&iz;kstu osQ funsZ'k osQ lkFk fd;k gS] blls tgk¡ dkO;&:i lacaèkhfofHkUu izo`fÙk;ksa dk irk pyrk gS] ogk¡ dfo bZ'ojnkl ,oa mlosQ dkO; ls lacafèkr fofHkUu rF;ksa ij Hkhizdk'k iM+rk gSA dkO;kjaHk esa dh xbZ b"Vnso dh oanuk osQoy :f<+fuokZg ek=k tSlh izrhr ugha gksrh] mlesaHkfDr&Hkko dh lPph iszj.kk ifjyf{kr gksrh gS] ;Fkkμ
jke uke dfo ujd usokjk] rsfg lsok euq ykxq gekjkAla[k pØ ?k# lkjax ikuh] n;k djgq oqQNq dgkSa c[kkuhAeje u tkukS osQlo rksjk] rqEgjs pju fprq ykxS ekSjkAjke uke Hkko fnu jkrh] vNj esjogq fujey eksrhAjke uke bZlj dfo xk,] lqugq yksx rqe eu fprq yk,A
dfo dk iz;kstu eq[;r% ikBdksa dh èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dk mn~cksèku djrs gq, mUgsa iki ls eqfDr fnyokukgh gSμ
vNj rhfu c[kkukSa] Hkkjr dFkk fpr ykbAdgS bZlj ts lqfurkS] rkdj iki NS ({k;) tkbA
lkjh dFkk nksgk&pkSikbZ 'kSyh esa izLrqr gSA oLrqr% dkO;&:i ,oa mldh fofHkUu :f<+;ksa ,oa izo`fÙk;ksa dh n`f"Vls ;g rqylh osQ ^jkepfjrekul* dk iwoZ fodflr iwoZ :i gSA izkjaHk dh ftu fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k geusvHkh fd;k gS_ os lHkh ^ekul* esa Hkh feyrh gSaA bl n`f"V ls izLrqr dkO; dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA
èkkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k osQ gksrs gq, Hkh] bZ'ojnkl dksjs dFkkdkj ugha gSa] muesa dfoRo 'kfDr Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esagSA blhfy, mUgksaus mi;qZDr dFkk dks 'kq"d bfro`Ùk gksus ls cpk fy;kA vusd LFkkuksa ij oLrq fu:i.k ,oaHkkoksa dh O;atuk liQyrkiwoZd dh xbZ gS] ;Fkkμ
(d) vtqZu dk ;q¼ dkS'kyμ
tl fctqyh oSQ ekjr] ijcr iQkV v?kkrArl vjtqu osQ okuUg] dksjkS Hk;s fuikrAA
([k) ;qfèkf"Bj dk 'kksdμ
caèkq lksx eSa lgSa u ikjkSa] caèkq fcuk tx thou gkjkSaAcaèkq oxZ ekjk lq[k ykxh] lksx fgnS ckjr gS vkxhA
budh nwljh ikSjkf.kd jpuk ^,dkn'kh dFkk* Hkh dkO;kRedrk ls 'kwU; ugha gSA ;|fi bldk vkjaHk mrusfofèk&foèkkuksa osQ lkFk ugha fd;k x;k] foaQrq chp&chp esa uxj&o.kZu] ukjh&lkSan;Z] lkSan;kZd"kZ.k] 'kksdkuqHkwfr]fuosZn vkfn dk fu:i.k ftl ljl ,oa HkkoksRiknd 'kSyh esa fd;k x;k gS] og bls mRÑ"V dkO;Ñfr fl¼djrk gS] oqQN izlax nsf[k,μ
bdkbZ 11 % ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; dh ijaijk
168
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
(d) eksfguh dk :i&lkSan;Zμ
tgSa yxq gksb lty lalk#] dkf<+ ysgq lc dj :i lq<+k:A,oSQ djrk dkf<+ ysnq jklh] folq dkO; yS cSBq laMklhA
([k) eksfguh dk lkSan;kZd"kZ.kμ
uSu dVksjUg fproS ukjh] gfj gj czãk jgs fugkjhAnsf[k fj"kS lcS voqQykbZ] nsf[k dkfefu ru njls vkbZAè;ku NwV fj"kS ns[k tkxh] tkugq ,d fp=k gksb ykxhAuj xaèkoZ ns[kfga fpr ykbZ] ukfj nsf[k lc x;s eqjNkbZA
bZ'ojnkl dh ,d vU; jpuk ^Hkjr feyki* crkbZ tkrh gS tks dkiQh fooknkLin gSA bldh fofHkUu izfr;k¡izkIr gSa ftuesa ijLij xgjk ikB&Hksn feyrk gS rFkk jpf;rk dk uke Hkh muesa vyx&vyx gSA lkekU;r% buesarhu uke vk;s gSaμrqylhnkl] bZ'ojnkl ,oa lwjtnklA MkW- f'koxksiky feJ osQ erkuqlkj ;g bUgha bZ'ojnkldh jpuk gS] D;ksafd bldh ,d izfr mUgsa bZ'ojnkl dh vU; jpukvksa osQ lkFk gh izkIr gqbZ Fkh rFkkHkk"kk&'kSyh ,oa vusd izfr;ksa osQ mYys[k osQ vuqlkj Hkh ;g bZ'ojnkl dh jpuk izrhr gksrh gSA
oLrqr% ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO;&ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kus esa bZ'ojnkl dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA Hkys gh ge vkttk;lh ,oa rqylh osQ izkS<+ dkO;ksa osQ le{k budh jpukvkssa dks ux.; ,oa mis{k.kh; le>sa] foaQrq bfrgkl dhbl èkkjk osQ fodklØe dks le>us rFkk ijorhZ dkO;ksa osQ fofHkUu miknku&Ïksrksa dks tkuus osQ fy, bZ'ojnkldh jpukvksa dk vè;;u vifjgk;Z gSA
ijaijk dk fodklμlksygoha lnh osQ eè; Hkkx ls bl ijaijk dk vR;ar nzqrxfr ls fodkl gqvk] ftldkvuqeku blh rF; ls fd;k tk ldrk gS fd lksygoha ls ysdj chloha lnh osQ vkjaHk rd jfpr yxHkx Ms<+lkS ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; vc rd miyCèk gks pqosQ gSa] tks bl ijaijk esa vkrs gSaA bUgsa fo"k;&oLrq dh n`f"Vls LFkwy :i esa rhu oxks± esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSAμ(1) Hkkxor iqjk.k rFkk Ñ".k pfj=k ij vkèkkfjrdkO;] (2) jkek;.k rFkk jkepfjr ij vkèkkfjr dkO; vkSj (3) egkHkkjr rFkk dkSjo&ikaMo osQ pfj=k ijvkèkkfjr dkO;A buosQ vfrfjDr oqQN dkO; ,sls Hkh gSa ftudk lacaèk oS".ko ijaijk ls u gksdj 'kSo] flD[k]tSu ijaijkvksa ls gSA ;gk¡ ge osQoy jkek;.k rFkk jkepfjr ij vkèkkfjr dkO;ksa dk gh ifjp; la{ksi esa nsjgs gSaA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO;ksa esa ls cgqla[;d dkO; ------------------------- ls lacafèkr gSaA
2- lqèkk# ------------------------------ esa nhf{kr FksA
3- fganh osQ vfèkdka'k izcaèk&dkO; -------------------------- gaSA
4- ^gfj'panz iqjk.k* dh jpuk ------------------------------ us dh gSA
11-3 rqylhnkl vkSj mudk dkO;
jkepfjr ls lacafèkr gnh dk izFke izcaèk&dkO; laHkor% bZ'ojnkl Ñr Hkjrfeyki* gS] tks lksygoha 'krkCnhosQ vkjaHk esa fy[kk x;k FkkA bldh foospuk dh tk pqdh gSA blosQ vuarj xksLokeh rqylhnkl th osQ fofHkUuizcaèk&dkO; vkrs gSa] tks bl ijaijk dh loksZRÑ"V jpuk,¡ ekus tkrs gSaA oLrqr% rqylhnkl leLr eè;dky osQloZJs"B dfo osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSa vr% buosQ lkfgR; ij ;gk¡ vis{kkÑr vfèkd foLrkj ls fopkjfd;k tkrk gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 169
uksVrqylhnkl osQ uke ij oSls rks yxHkx iPphl jpuk,¡ izpfyr gSa] foaQrq muosQ }kjk jfpr okLrfod xazFk ;s ckjgekus tkrs gSaμ(1) jkepfjrekul] (2) jkeyyk ugNw] (3) oSjkX; lanhfiuh] (4) cjoS jkek;.k](5) ikoZrheaxy] (6) tkudheaxy] (7) jkekKk iz'u] (8) nksgkoyh] (9) dforkoyh] (10) xhrkoyh](11) JhÑ".k xhrkoyh] (12) fou;if=kdkA buosQ vfrfjDr budh nks izkekf.kd jpuk,¡ vkSj ekuh tkrhgSaμ^guqeku ckgqd* ,oa dfy èkekZèkeZ fu:i.k*A buesa ls guqeku ckgqd* dks rks dforkoyh* osQ varxZr ghlfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk gS] tcfd nwljh jpuk dks MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ rFkk oqQN vU; fo}ku gh izkekf.kdekurs gSaA
dkO;&:i dh n`f"V ls rqylhnkl dh izkekf.kd jpukvksa dks rhu oxksZa essa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ(1) izcaèk&dkO;μjkepfjrekul] jkeyyk ugNw] ikoZrheaxy] tkudheaxyA (2) xhfr dkO;μxhrkoyh]JhÑ".k xhrkoyh vkSj fou;if=kdkA (3) eqDrd dkO;μoSjkX; lanhfiuh] cjoS jkek;.k] jkeKk iz'u]nksgkoyh] dforkoyh] guqeku ckgqd ,oa dfy èkekZaèkeZ fu:i.kA ;gk¡ osQoy izcaèk&dkO; gh foosP; gSa] vr%ge Øe'k% bUgha dk foospu djrs gSa] 'ks"k oxZ dh jpukvksa ij vU;=k izlaxkuqlkj izdk'k Mkyk tk,A
jkepfjrekulμrqylhnkl dh loZJs"B jpuk ^jkepfjrekul* gS] ftldh jpuk mUgksaus Hkxoku jke dhtUe&Hkwfe v;ksè;k esa jke dh tUe&frfFk dks laor~ 1631 fo- (1574 bZ-) esa vkjaHk dh FkhA bldk funsZ'kLo;a dfo us bl izdkj fd;k gSμ
laor lksjg lS bdrhlk] djkSa dFkk gfjin èkfj lhlkAukSeh HkkSeokj eèkqeklk] voèkiqjh ;g pfjr izdklkAA
jkepfjr ls lacafèkr dkO;ksa dks izk;% ^jkek;.k* dgs tkus dh ijaijk jgh gS_ foaQrq rqylhnkl us vius dkO;dks ^jkepfjrekul* osQ uke ls iqdkjk gS ftldk fo'ks"k dkj.k ;g gS fd dfo us bls ekul :ih ljksoj osQ:id osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA lkjh dFkk pkj oDrkvkssa osQ ekè;e ls lkr dkaMksa esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA ;spkj oDrk gh blosQ pkj ?kkV gSa rFkk lkr dkaM blosQ lkr lksiku gSaA oSls bl :id osQ vkSj Hkh dbZ vaxgSa_ tSls jke dh efgek blosQ tyk'k; dh xaHkhjrk gS] miekfn bldh rjaxsa gSa] Nankfn blosQ dey gSa] vuqievFkZ] Hkko] Hkk"kk vkfn ijkx] edjan vkSj lqxaèk gSaA oLrqr% ;g :id blosQ ukedj.k dh lkFkZdrk fl¼ djrkgSA ;g nwljh ckr gS fd ;g bruk vfèkd foLr`r ,oa ckSf¼d gks x;k gS fd ftlls blesa dkO;kRed vkd"kZ.kcgqr de jg x;k gSA
^ekul* dh jpuk esa dfo us laLÑr] izkÑr vkfn osQ fofHkUu ikSjkf.kd ,oa lkfgfR;d xzaFkksa dk mi;ksx lE;o~Q:i ls fd;k gSA dFkk dk ewy vkèkkj okYehdh; jkek;.k gS] foaQrq muesa vusd LFkyksa ij ifjorZu ,oaifjo¼Zu Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esa fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa dfo dh ekSfyd n`f"V dk mUes"k feyrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDrvè;kRe jkek;.k] Jhen~Hkkxor] fo".kqiqjk.k] f'koiqjk.k] guqeUuk"Vd] izlUu jk?ko] j?kqoa'k] mÙkj jkepfjr vkfnxzaFkksa dk Hkh izHkko bl ij fofHkUu :iksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA tSlk fd Lo;a dfo us ukukiqjk.kfuxekxelEera;n~ jkek;.ks fuxfnra DofpnU;rks¿fi* dgdj Lohdkj fd;k gS blesa fofHkUu Ïksrksa dh lkexzh dk mi;ksxLora=krkiwoZd fd;k x;k gSA
^jkepfjrekul* dh jpuk osQoy èkkfeZd n`f"V ls gh ugha gqbZ] mlesa dkO;kRed y{; Hkh dfo osQ lkeus Li"V:i ls fo|eku FkkA bldh èofu fuEukafdr mfDr;ksa ls feyrh gSμ
rSls¯g lqdfo dfor cqèk dg¯gA mit¯g vur vur dfo yg¯gA+ + +
tnfi dfor jl ,dks ukghaA jke izrki izdV ;fg ekaghA+ + +
ts izcaèk u¯g cqèk vknjghaA lks Je ckfn cky dfo djghaA+ + +
dhUgs izkÑr tu xqu xkukA flj&èkqfu fxjk ykx ifNrkukA
bdkbZ 11 % ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; dh ijaijk
170
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dfo] dfork ,oa dkO;kRedrk dk mYys[k bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd dfo us Hkys ghf'k"Vrk ,oa fouezrk osQ ukrs viuh jpuk dks dkO;Ro ls 'kwU; dg fn;k gS] foaQrq mldh vkarfjd bPNk viuhjpuk dks dkO;kRed n`f"V ls Hkh liQy cukus dh vo'; jgh gSA bruk gh ugha] vizR;{k :i ls mUgksaus mudfo;ksa osQ iz;kl dks fuanuh; crk;k gS] tks izkÑr O;fDr;ksa dk xq.kxku djus esa viuh dfoRo&'kfDr dkviO;; djrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd rqylhnkl esa èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dhizcyrk osQ gksrs gq, Hkh os viuh jpuk dh dkO;kRedrk osQ izfr lpsr FksA bruk gh ugha] ^jkepfjrekul*,oa vU; jpukvksa osQ vkèkkj ij muosQ dkO;&n'kZu dh iwjh :i&js[kk rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA ;gk¡ la{ksi esabruk gh dguk i;kZIr gksxk fd rqylh dkO; osQ {ks=k esa egr~* osQ mikld Fks] os egku~ oLrq ,oa egku~ y{;dks ysdj pyus okys dfo Fks] blhfy, mudh n`f"V esa ogh dyk liQy dyk Fkh] tks lkSan;Z;qDr gksus osQlkFk&lkFk lcosQ fy, fgrdkjh Hkh gksA
xksLokeh rqylhnkl dk jke&fo"k;d ,d vU; izcaèkkRed dkO; ^jkeyyk ugNw* gS tks osQoy 20 Nanksa esalekIr gks x;k gSA ;g lksgj Nan esa jfpr gS tks voèk vkSj fcgkj osQ yksdxhrksaμfo'ks"kr% iq=k&tUe] ukedj.k]fookgkfn ls lacafèkr xhrksaμesa iz;qDr gksrk gSA blesa jktk n'kjFk osQ pkjksa iq=kksa osQ ;Kksiohr&laLdkj dk o.kZugSA ;Kksiohr ls iwoZ ^u[k {kkSj* (uk[kwu dkVus) fd, tkus dk foèkku gS] rFkk blh ^u[k {kkSj* dk viHkz"V:i ^ugNqj* ;k ^ukgNw* cuk gSA oqQN fo}kuksa us bls fookg lacaèkh xhr eku fy;k gS] foaQrq tSlk fdia- jkexqyke f}osnh ,oa MkW- foey oqQekj tSu ls vius rqylh&fo"k;d xazFkksa esa fl¼ fd;k gS] bldk lacaèk;Kksiohr laLdkj ls gh gSA
rqylhnkl dh egÙkkμrqylhnkl dh izcaèkkRed jpukvksa osQ lacaèk esa ;gk¡ lkekU; :i esa bruk gh dguki;kZIr gksxk fd mudh dhfrZ dk vej vkèkkj ^jkepfjrekul* gh gSA bls u osQoy bl ijaijk dk vfirqleLr ¯gnh dkO; dk loZJs"B xzaFk ekuk tkrk gSA gekjs fopkj ls tc rd ^iÁkor*] ^dkek;uh* vkfn lsbldh lE;o~Q rqyuk ugha gks tkrh] rc rd bls ¯gnh dk loZJs"B dkO; dguk rks mfpr ugha gksxk] foaQrqblesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd ikSjkf.kd izcaèk&dkO; ijaijk esa bldk LFkku loksZPp gSA
lexz :i esa rqylhnkl dh egÙkk osQ fofHkUu vkèkkj ekus x;s gSa] oqQN yksx mUgsa èkeksZins'kd osQ :i esa] oqQNHkDr osQ :i esa vkSj oqQN yksd&uk;d osQ :i esa loksZPp ekurs gSaA vo'; gh os vius ;qx osQ lcls cMs+èkekZRek HkDr ,oa yksduk;d Fks foaQrq ;s lkjs in ,oa fo'ks"k.k fdlh osQ dkO;Ro dh egÙkk dk cksèk ughadjokrsA ;fn ,slk gh gksrk rks ge egkRek xk¡èkh dks lcls cM+k dfo Hkh eku ysrsA gekjs fopkj ls dforqylhnkl dh egÙkk dk lcls cM+k vkèkkj muesa dkO;Ro dh O;kidrk ,oa xaHkhjrkμnksuksa dk mfpr leUo;dk gksuk gSA tgk¡ mUgksaus dkO; osQ fofHkUu :iksa] izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa 'kSfy;ksa dks viukdj O;kidrk dk ifjp; fn;kgS] ogk¡ thou osQ mnkÙk vkn'kks± ,oa xaHkhj Hkkoksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k osQ }kjk vius n`f"Vdks.k dh xaHkhjrk dks Hkhizekf.kr fd;k gSA muosQ dkO; esa lkSan;Z dk fp=k gS] foaQrq mlls Hkh vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gS vkSnkR; dh vkd"kZdO;atukA dkO; dh n`f"V ls mudh leLr èkkfeZdrk] uSfrdrk ,oa nk'kZfudrk dk lcls vfèkd egÙo bl ckresa gS fd ;s lc mlesa vkSnkR; dh izfr"Bk ,oa O;atuk esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSaA blh vkSnkR; dks jl&fl¼kardh 'kCnkoyh esa izR;{k vkuan&Lo:i 'kkar jl osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
osQ'konkl dh jkepafædk*μjke lacaèkh izcaèk&dkO; dh ijaijk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ jpuk osQ'konkl feJ }kjkjfpr ^jkepafnzdk* gSA bldh jpukdky Lo;a dfo osQ mYys[k osQ vuqlkj 1658 fo- ;k 1601 bZ- gSAosQ'konkl jkT;kfJr Ük`axkjh dfo Fks] vr% ;g fo"k; mudh #fp osQ cgqr vuqowQy ugha Fkk fiQj Hkh 17 o"kZiwoZ rqylh }kjk jfpr jkepfjrekul* dh izflf¼ us laHkor% mUgsa bl vksj vkdf"kZr fd;kA osQ'konkl fdlhdk vuqlj.k djus okys dfo ugha Fks] vr% mUgksaus viuh jpuk esa rqylh osQ vkn'kZ] f'kYi ,oa jpuk&'kSyhdks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA bl n`f"V ls os rqylh osQ vuqorhZ ;k vuqdrkZ ugha gSa vfirq muosQ izfr}anh gSaA dnkfpr~blhfy, mUgksaus vius lkjs dkO; esa rqylhnkl dk dgha mYys[k u djosQ viuk lacaèk lhèks okYehfd lsLFkkfir fd;k gSA dfo us vius iszj.kkÏksr osQ :i esa LoIu esa okYehfd }kjk fn;s x;s vkns'k dh ppkZ dhgSA iwjk xzaFk osQoy lkr dkaMksa esa ugha] vfirq murkyhl izdk'kksa esa foHkDr gSA vkjaHk esa x.ks'k] ljLorh vkSj
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 171
uksVjke dh oaanuk dh x;h gS rFkk vius oa'k] jpukdky] dkO;&iz;kstu vkfn dk funsZ'k fd;k x;k gSA lkjk xzaFknks HkkxksaμiwokZ¼Z ,oa mÙkjk¼Zμesa foHkDr gSA izFke Hkkx esa 20 izdk'k gSa ftuesa jke osQ cpiu ls ysdjjko.k&oèk rd dh ?kVuk,¡ of.kZr gSa] tcfd f}rh; Hkkx esa jke&Hkjr&feyki] frydksRlo] jke&jkT;&o.kZu]'kEcwd&oèk] yo.kklqj&oèk] yo&y{e.k&;q¼] jke&lhrk feyu vkfn dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA blosQvfrfjDr mÙkjk¼Z esa jke osQ jkT;&oSHko ,oa jktlh thou dk fp=k.k Hkh foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSAMkW- fot;iky lg osQ vè;;u osQ vuqlkj] ^osQ'konkl th us iwokZ¼Z dh vis{kk mÙkjk¼Z esa vfèkd ekSfydrkdk ifjp; fn;k gSA**
iwoZorhZ vkykspdksa us ^jkepafnzdk* ij vusd vk{ksi vkjksfir fd;s gSa] ftuesa ls oqqQN ;s gSaμ(1) izcaèk&iVqrk,oa lacaèk&fuokZg dh {kerk osQ'ko esa ugha Fkh ftlls jkepafnzdk* vyx&vyx fy[ks gq, o.kZuksa osQ laxzg&lhtku iM+rh gSA (2) dFkk osQ ekfeZd ,oa xaHkhj LFkyksa dh igpku ^jkepafnzdk* osQ jpf;rk dks ugha FkhA oSlsLFkyksa dks ;k rks NksM+ x;s gSa ;k ;ksa gh bfro`Ùk ek=k dgdj pyrk dj nsrs gSaA (3) n`';ksa dh LFkkuxr fo'ks"krkblesa ugha feyrhA bu vk{ksiksa osQ vkèkkj ij vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dk fu"d"kZ gSμ^^lkjka'k ;g fdizcaèk&dkO;jpuk osQ ;ksX; u rks osQ'ko esa vuqHkwfr gh Fkh] u 'kfDrA ijaijk ls pys vkrs gq, oqQN fu;r fo"k;ksaosQ (tSls] ;q¼] lsuk&rS;kjh] miou] jktnjckj osQ BkV&ckV rFkk Üka`xkj vkSj ohj jl) iqQVdy o.kZu ghvyadkjksa dh Hkjekj osQ lkFk os djuk tkurs FksA blh ls cgqr ls o.kZu ;ksa gh] fcuk volj dk fopkj fd,]os Hkjrs x;s gSaA o.kZu osQ fy, djrs Fks] u fd izlax ;k volj dh vis{kk lsA jkepafnzdk osQ yacs vkSj pkSMs+o.kZuksa dks ns[kus ls Li"V yf{kr gksrk gS fd osQ'ko dh n`f"V thou osQ xaHkhj vkSj ekfeZd i{k ij u FkhA mudkeu jktlh BkB&ckV] rS;kjh] uxjksa dh ltkoV] pgy&igy vkfn osQ o.kZu esa gh fo'ks"kr% yxrk FkkA**
blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd osQ'konkl dks izcaèkRo dh n`f"V ls ^jkepafnzdk* esa vfèkd liQyrk ugha feyh gS]rFkk vkpk;Z 'kqDy osQ vusd vk{ksi loZFkk ;FkkFkZ gSaA foaQrq lkFk gh ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd vkpk;Z 'kqDy usosQ'ko osQ n`f"Vdks.k] y{; ,oa okrkoj.k dks le>us dk iz;kl Hkh cgqr xaHkhjrk ls ugha fd;k] vU;Fkk ;gLi"V gks tkrk fd osQ'konkl ftl y{; ,oa okrkoj.k ls iszfjr Fks] mlesa ;gh laHko FkkA tSlkfdMkW- fot;iky lg us mi;qZDr vk{ksiksa dk mÙkj nsrs gq, vius 'kksèk izcaèk esa Li"V fd;k gS] ^osQ'konkl rqylhdh Hkk¡fr HkDr vkSj èkkfeZd dfo ugha Fks] vfirq njckjh dfo Fks] vr% nksuksa dks ,d gh dlkSVh ls ij[kukmfpr ughaA osQ'ko dksVZ osQ dfo Fks] Hkyk oqQfV;k osQ iSekus ls dksVZ dks oSSQls ukik tk ldrk gS\ osQ'ko osQekfeZd LFky dksVZ osQ Fks vkSj muesa mUgsa iw.kZ liQyrk feyh gSA oqQfV;k vkSj dksVZ esa lnSo ls varj pyk vk;kgS vkSj lnSo jgsxkA vr% rqylh osQ ekinaM }kjk osQ'ko dh dVq vkykspuk djuk egku~ dfo osQ lkFk vU;k;djuk gSA**
l=kgoha lnh osQ vkjafHkd dfo;ksa esa izk.kpan pkSgku dk uke mYys[kuh; gS] ftUgksaus lu~ 1610 bZ-(1667 fo-) esa ^jkek;.k egkukVd* dh jpuk dh FkhA oLrqr% ;g ukVd u gksdj i|c¼ laoknksa osQ :iesa jfpr izcaèk&dkO; gh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, bldh 'kSyh dk ,d uewuk izLrqr gSμ
Jou fcuk lks vl cgqxqukA eu esa gksb lq igys lqukAns[kS lc iS vkfg u vk¡[khA vaèkdkj pksjh osQ lk[khAA
blh izdkj ân;jke HkYyk dk ^guqeUukVd* (1623 bZ-) Hkh oLrqr% ukVd u gksdj 14 vadksa esa foHkDrizcaèk&dkO; gh gSA bldk ewykèkkj laLÑr dk guqeUukVd* gksus osQ dkj.k gh bls ;g laKk nh xbZ gS] vU;Fkkdfo us bls nwljk uke ^jkepanz xhr* Hkh fn;k gSA Jh panzdkark ckyh us vius ^iatkc izkarh; ¯gnh lkfgR; dkbfrgkl* esa bl dkO; dk foLr`r ifjp; izLrqr djrs gq, blosQ lacaèk esa vusd u;s rF;ksa ij izdk'k MkykgSA Jh ckyh osQ vuqlkj ân;jke iatkch Fks] rFkk muosQ guqeUukVd* dks xq# xks¯cn lg lnk vius ikl j[krsFks] blls flD[kksa esa Hkh bldk cM+k lEeku gSA iwjk xzaFk yxHkx Ms<+ gtkj Nanksa esa lekIr gqvk gSA ;|fi blesalaLÑr osQ guqeUukVd* dh iwjh Nk;k xzg.k dh xbZ gS] foaQrq ;g ekSfydrk ls Hkh 'kwU; ugha gSA blesa guqekudk pfjr ugha] vfirq jke dk thou&o`Ùk tkudh Lo;aoj ls ysdj jkT;kfHk"ksd rd izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] bln`f"V ls bls ^jkepanz xhr* dguk gh vfèkd mfpr gksxkA
bdkbZ 11 % ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; dh ijaijk
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
ân;jke osQ vfrfjDr Hkh iatkc osQ vusd dfo;ksa us gnh esa jke lacaèkh izcaèk&dkO;ksa dh jpuk dh gS] ftuesa oqQN;s gSaμ(1) xq#xks¯cn¯lg Ñr ^jkekorkj* (1745 fo-)] (2) lks<+h fegjoku Ñr ^jkek;.k* (1740 fo-)](3) Ñ".kyky Ñr ^jkepfjr* (1884 fo-)] (4) xqykc¯lg Ñr ^vè;kRe jkek;.k* (1846 fo-)](5) gfj¯lg Ñr ^vè;kRe jkek;.k* (19oha lnh)] (6) dhjr¯lg Ñr ^dhjr jkek;.k* (1917 fo-)](7) larks"k¯lg Ñr ^okYehfd jkek;.k* (1894 fo-)] (8) fugky dfo Ñr ^jkepanzksn;* (1902 fo-)](9) jRugfj Ñr ^yfyr yyke* (1917 fo-)] (10) chj¯lg Ñr ^lqèkk¯lèkq jkek;.k* (1909 fo-)A
vBkjgoha&mUuhloha lnh esa ^vn~Hkqr jkek;.k* laKd vusd jpuk,¡ fy[kh xbZ Fkha] ftuosQ jpf;rkvksa esaf'koizlkn (jpukdky 1773 bZ-)] csuhjke (14oha lnh)] Hkokuhyky (1800 bZ-) vkSj uoy¯lg(1834 bZ-) dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA blesa lhrk dh ,d dkYifud ,oa vn~Hkqr dFkk dks izLrqr fd;k x;kgS ftlesa jko.k dk oèk jke osQ }kjk u fn[kkdj lhrk osQ }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gSA dkO;Ro dh n`f"V ls lkèkkj.kdksfV dh ;g jpuk gSA
lhrk lacaèkh dkO;μlhrk ;k tkudh osQ fookg_ vigj.k vkfn izlaxksa dks ysdj bl dky esa vusdizcaèk&dkO; fy[ks x;s ftuls ;s miyCèk gSaμ(1) xksLokeh rqylhnkl % ^tkudh eaxy* (16oha lnh)](2) deZ.k % ^lhrkgj.k* (1548 bZ-)] (3) eaMu % ^tkudh tw dks fookg* (1659 bZ-)] (4) izfl¼dfo % ^tkudh fot;* (1756 bZ-)] (5) ewu % lhrkjke fookg_ (1803 bZ-)] (6) fiz;knkl % ^egkjktklhrk eaxy* (1817 bZ-)] (7) uoy¯lg dk;LFk % lhrk Lo;aoj* (1831 bZ-)] (8) cynsonkl % tkudhfot;* (1834 bZ-)A oLrqr% bl izdkj osQ dkO;ksa dh ijaijk dk izoÙkZu xksLokeh rqylhnkl osQ }kjk #fDe.kheaxy*] ^#fDe.kh fookg* tSls Ñ".k lacaèkh dkO;ksa dh iszj.kk ;k izfr}af}rk ls gqvkA rqylhnkl us vius dkO;osQ fy, okYehdh; jkek;.k] vè;kRe jkek;.k] guqeUukVd] izlUujk?ko vkfn laLÑr dkO;ksa dks vkèkkj cuk;k]tcfd ijorhZ dfo;ksa us lkekU;r% rqylhnkl dk gh vuqdj.k fd;k gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- ân;jke HkYyk dk ^guqeUukVd* ukVd u gksdj ------------------------- gSA
(d) izcaèk&dkO; ([k) dkO; (x) vkèkkj dkO; (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
6- 17 oha lnh osQ vkjafHkd dfo;ksa esa ------------------------- dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA
(d) jkepan ([k) izk.kpan pkSgku (x) izk.kukFk (?k) rqylhnkl
7- izk.kpan pkSgku us ------------------------- esa ^jkek;.k egkukVd* dh jpuk dhA
(d) 1610 bZ- ([k) 1710 bZ- (x) 1810 bZ- (?k) 1910 bZ-
8- osQ'konkl dh egÙoiw.kZ jpuk gS -------------------------A
(d) jkepanz ([k) jkepafnzdk (x) dlkSVh (?k) lhrk&Lo;aoj
11-4 izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa egÙo
izLrqr dkO;&ijaijk ls lac¼ cgqla[;d dfo èkkfeZd izo`fÙk osQ O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus viuh èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa,oa vuqHkwfr;ksa dh iszj.kk ls dkO;&jpuk dhA bl ;qx dh dfri; vU; èkekZfJr dkO;&ijaijkvksa dh Hkk¡fr;g ijaijk fdlh laiznk; fo'ks"k osQ vkJ; esa ;k fdlh fo'ks"k vkpk;Z osQ funsZ'ku esa iksf"kr ,oa fodflr ughagqbZ vfirq fofHkUu dfo;ksa us Lora=k :i esa gh vkRe&iszj.kk ls dkO;jpuk dh FkhA bl rF; dh ?kks"k.kkxksLokeh rqylhnkl us ^Lokar% lq[kk;* dgdj dh gSA laiznk; fo'ks"k ij vkfJr u gksus osQ dkj.k bu dfo;ksaosQ n`f"Vdks.k esa lkaiznkf;d ladh.kZrk ;k dV~Vj erokfnrk n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrhA bUgksaus èkeZ osQ izfr O;kidn`f"Vdks.k dk ifjp; fn;k gS rFkk fofHkUu laiznk;ksa esa ,drk ,oa leUo; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 173
uksVn`f"Vdks.k dh blh O;kidrk osQ dkj.k buosQ dkO; dh fo"k;&oLrq osQ {ks=k esa Hkh i;kZIr O;kidrk vk xbZgSA jke] Ñ".k] f'ko vkfn ls ysdj tSu&fl[k vkfn fofHkUu èkeks± osQ egkiq#"kksa dks buosQ dkO; esa LFkku feykgSA turk dh èkkfeZd fpÙko`fÙk dks tkx`r j[kus osQ fy, mUgksaus vorkjksa] egkiq#"kksa ,oa HkDrksa osQ vkn'kZ pfjrdk xku J¼kiw.kZ 'kCnksa esa fd;k gS ftlesa ikBdksa osQ ân; esa lPph HkfDr dk mn~cksèku gksrk gSA bUgksaus HkfDrosQ uke ij J¼k'kwU; jfr Hkkouk ;k dksjh jfldrk dk izfriknu ugha fd;k] vfirq mlesa J¼k fefJr vuqjfDrdk fp=k.k fd;k gS] ftls ge HkfDr dk okLrfod :i eku ldrs gSaA èkeZ osQ uke ij gksus okys fofHkUu Ñf=keiz;ksxksa] [kaMu&eaMu ,oa cká&izn'kZuksa ls Hkh ;s nwj gSa] bruk gh ugha] mUgksaus èkeZ osQ fofHkUu :iksa] miklukosQ fofHkUu Hksnksa ,oa HkfDr dh fofHkUu i¼fr;ksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA blleUo;okfnrk dk loksZRÑ"V :i bl ijaijk osQ loZJs"B dfo rqylhnkl esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
vc rd izk;% ;g Hkzkafr izpfyr jgh gS fd eè;dky esa Ñ".k&HkDr dfo;ksa us xhfr 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;kgS rFkk izcaèk&'kSyh dk iz;kssx osQoy jke&HkDr dfo;ksa }kjk gqvk gS] foaQrq okLrfodrk ;g ugha gSA
izLrqr dkO;&ijaijk esa Hkkouk dh xaHkhjrk ,oa fofoèkrk rFkk 'kSyh dh cgq:irk Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA ;|fibuosQ dkO; dk ewy Hkko lkekU;r% HkfDr&Hkko gh gS] foaQrq buosQ varxZr pfjr&uk;d dh ifjfLFkfr osQvuq:i Üka`xkj] ohj] jkSnz] Hk;kud] vn~Hkqr vkfn dh Hkh O;atuk liQy :i ls gqbZ gSA
dkO;&:i dh n`f"V ls bl ijaijk osQ lHkh dkO;ksa dks ^izcaèk* dgk tk ldrk gS] foaQrq bu lHkh dk :i]foLrkj ,oa foèkku ,d tSlk ugha gSA oqQN vR;ar laf{kIr gS rks oqQN foLr`rA oqQN esa lxZ&i¼fr feyrh gSrks oqQN esa mldk vHkko gSA Nanksa dh n`f"V ls izkjaHk esa nksgk&pkSikbZ 'kSyh dk izpyu vfèkd jgk] foaQrq vkxspydj Nan oSfoè; dh izo`fÙk c<+rh xbZA
oLrqr% ;g ijaijk xzaFkksa dh la[;k] fo"k;&{ks=k dh O;kidrk] Hkkoukvksa dh fofoèkrk ,oa 'kSyh cgq:irk dhn`f"V ls vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA u osQoy dkO;&la[;k ,oa LFkwy ifjek.k dh n`f"V ls vfirq dkO;&Lrj dhmPprk ,oa dkO;&lkS"Bo osQ fodkl dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;g ijaijk de egÙowi.kZ ugha gSA rqylhnkl tSlkegkdfo bl dkO;&ijaijk osQ mPp xkSjo dks lwfpr djrk gSA bl ijaijk osQ dfo;ksa us èkeZ vkSj lekt osQ{ks=k esa vius O;kid leUo;oknh n`f"Vdks.k] egkiq#"kksa osQ vkn'kZ pfjr ,oa HkfDr osQ O;kid :i dh LFkkiukdjosQ ,d vksj èkeZ&j{kk] yksdfgr ,oa lekt osQ mRFkku esa ;ksx fn;k gS] nwljh vksj dkO; dk mnkÙk] mRÑ"V,oa yksd eaxydkjh :i iznku djus dk LrqR; dk;Z fd;k gSA vr% izR;sd n`f"V ls bl ijaijk dk gnh lkfgR;osQ eè;dkyhu bfrgkl esa vR;ar xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku gSA
VkLd ^lar flikgh* osQ vkn'kZ&uk;d dkSu Fks\
11-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
¯gnh osQ eè;dkyhu dkO; osQ varxZr 'krkfèkd ,sls izcaèk&dkO; feyrs gSa] ftudh fo"k;&oLrqikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA ij lkFk gh muesa dkO;kRedrk dk Hkh vHkko ugha gSA
vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy tSls izkS<+ leh{kd us ^jke&HkfDr&'kk[kk* dh LFkkiuk djrs gq, rqylh ls mldkvkjaHk ekuk gS vkSj mUgha ls mldh lekfIr ekuh gS] D;ksafd ^xksLokeh th dh izfrHkk dk iz[kj izdk'klkS Ms<+ lkS o"kZ rd ,slk Nk;k jgk jke&HkfDr dh vkSj jpuk,¡ muosQ lkeus Bgj u ldhaA*
èkkfeZd egkiq#"kksa dks ysdj izcaèk&dkO; fy[kus dh ijaijk dk izorZu izkphudky esa gh laLÑr] izkÑr,oa viHkaz'k esa gks x;k FkkA tgk¡ okYehfd us ^jkek;.k*] v'o?kks"k us ^cq¼pfjr* dh jpuk laLÑr esa
bdkbZ 11 % ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO; dh ijaijk
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
dh] ogk¡ vusd tSu dfo;ksa us izkÑr ,oa viHkaz'k esa fofHkUu rhFk±djksa ,oa èkkfeZd usrkvksa osQ pfj=kdk vadu dkO;kRed 'kSyh esa fd;kA
bl ijaijk osQ miyCèk ¯gnh xzaFkksa esa loZizFke ^iz|qEu pfjr* dk uke vkrk gS ftlosQ jpf;rk lqèkk#vxzoky FksA lqèkk# tSu èkeZ esa nhf{kr FksA
jkepfjr ls lacafèkr ¯gnh dk izFke izcaèk&dkO; laHkor% bZ'ojnkl Ñr ^Hkjrfeyki* gS] tks lksygoha'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk esa fy[kk x;k FkkA blosQ vuarj xksLokeh rqylhnkl th osQ fofHkUu izcaèk&dkO; vkrsgSa] tks bl ijaijk dh loksZRÑ"V jpuk,¡ ekus tkrs gSaA
dkO;&ijaijk ls lac¼ cgqla[;d dfo èkkfeZd izo`fÙk osQ O;fDr Fks] ftUgksaus viuh èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa,oa vuqHkwfr;ksa dh iszj.kk ls dkO;&jpuk dhA
11-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
loZfiz; μ lcdk fiz;
'krkfèkd μ lkS ls vfèkd
ikSjkf.kd μ iqjk.kksa dk tkudkj
11-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ikSjkf.kd izcaèk dkO;ksa dh iwoZ ijaijk dk o.kZu dhft,A
2- rqylhnkl }kjk jfpr okLrfod ckjg xzaFkksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
3- lq/k# vxzoky jfpr ^iz|qEu pfjr* ij izdk'k MkysaA
4- osQ'konkl dh ^jkepafnzdk* ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- oS".ko iqjk.kksa 2- tSu èkeZ 3- ^pfjr* laKd 4- tk[kw ef.k;kj
5- (d) 6- ([k) 7- (d) 8- ([k)A
11-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vk/qfud ¯gnh O;kdj.k ,oa jpukμMkW- oklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ¯gnh O;kdj.kμc`tfd'kksj izlkn ¯lg] ueu izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμMkW- ehuk{kh vxzoky] jk/kÑ".k izdk'kuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 175
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bdkbZμ12 % vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izca/ dkO;
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
12-1 vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izca/ dkO;
12-2 Jh mn;Hkkuq gal
12-3 D;k vk/qfud dfork esa xR;kojks/ gS\
12-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
12-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
12-6 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
12-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izca/ dkO; dks tkuus esaA
● Jh mn;Hkkuq gal dks tkuus esaA
● vk/qfud dfork esa xR;kojks/ dks tkuus easA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
fu%lansg vkèkqfud gnh lkfgR; esa x| dk izkpq;Z jgk vkSj mldh ukuk foèkkvksa dk f{kiz xfr ls fodkl gqvkrFkk gks jgk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vkèkqfud dky esa eqDrd&dkO; dh foiqy jkf'k dh l`f"V gqbZ gS foaQrq bldk;g rkRi;Z dnkfi ugha fd izLrqr dky esa izcaèk dkO;èkkjk furkar lw[k xbZ ;k fcyoqQy foyqIr gks xbZ gSAoLrqfLFkfr rks ;g gS fd izcaèk dkO;ksa dh ;g èkkjk jkepfjrekul] iÁkor] lkosQr] fiz;&izokl] dkek;uh]Ñ".kk;u] oqQ#{ks=k] lkosQr dk lar] yksdk;ru] moZ'kh vkSj ekuosanz rd Hkh ,d :i esa lnk vtÏ xfr lsizokgeku jgh gSA lp rks ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh ;qx mldk lkfgR; izcaèkdkO;ksa osQ fcuk iw.kZrk dks izkIr ugha
gks ldrk gSA
12-1 vkèkqfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izcaèk dkO;
izR;sd ;qx dk thou izcaèk dkO;ksa osQ fojkV iQyd ij gh iw.kZr;k vafdr gks ldrk gSA lkfgR; dh ;gh foèkkeuq";rk dh Øekxr izxfr vkSj mlosQ HkkokRed fodkl&ekxZ dh lwfpdk gSA fnudj th osQ 'kCnksa esa&^^fo'oosQ egkdkO; euq";rk dh izxfr ekxZ esa ehy osQ iRFkjksa osQ leku gksrs gSa] os O;aftr djrs gSa] fd euq"; fdl;qx esa] dgk¡ rd izxfr dj ldk gSA** Hkkjrsanq ;qx esa eqDrd 'kSyh dk gh iz;ksx gqvk] tcfd f}osnh ;qx esadkO;{ks=k esa cgqèkk izcaèkkRed 'kSyh dks izfr"Bk feyhA bl dky esa bfro`ÙkkRedrk izèkku 'krkfèkd izcaèk dkO;ksa
bdkbZ 12 % vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izcaèk dkO;Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
dh jpuk gqbZA f}os}h ;qx izcaèk dkO;ksa esa vko';drkuqlkj dkO;'kkL=kh; y{k.kksa dks viukrs gq, Hkh izcaèkdkjksaus viuh jpukvksa esa ;qxkuqowQy vkèkqfudrk dks Hkh izfrfcafcr fd;k gSA bl ;qx osQ dkO;ksa esa pkfjf=kd n`f"Vls Hkh ,d egku~ ifjorZu yf{kr gksrk gSA bu izcaèk dkO;ksa esa fpf=kr nSoh ik=k jke vkSj Ñ".k vkfn vkn'kZekuo osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaaA budh jkèkk vkSj lhrk ukjh tkfr dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gqbZ vkn'kZ ukfj;ksaosQ :i esa vkbZ gSaaA mfeZyk] oSQd;h] jko.k] uoqQy rFkk ,dyO;] Hkjr tSls misf{kr ik=kksa dh pfj=kxrfo'ks"krkvksa dks izdk'k esa ykuk Hkh bu izcaèk dkO;ksa dh ,d fo'ks"krk gSA izlkn ;qx esa bfro`ÙkkRedrk osQ LFkkuij HkkokRedrk dks izJ; fn;k x;kA LoxhZ; t;'kadj izlkn dh ^dkek;uh* vkèkqfud ¯gnh&lkfgR; dkloZJs"B egkdkO; gSA blesa HkkokRedrk] pkfjf=kdrk vkSj ekuoh; eukso`fÙk;ksa osQ vfrlw{e fo'ys"k.k osQ lkFkn'kZu rFkk vkèkqfudrk dk ân;kotZd leUo; gSA izlkn th us ijaijkxr dkO;'kkL=kh; y{k.kksa dh mis{kk djrsgq, HkkokRed izcaèk dkO;ksa dh ,d LoLFk ijaijk dks iz'kLr fd;kA izlknksÙkj dky esa iz.khr izcaèk dkO;ksa esaHkh dkO;'kkL=k osQ egkdkO; lacaèkh cká rÙoksa dh mis{kk djosQ muesa jk"Vªh; thou osQ O;kid vkn'kks± osQfp=k.k rFkk ekuork osQ u;s ewY;ksa osQ vadu ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gSA ge f}os}h ;qx vkSj Nk;koknh dkO;ksadh izo`fÙk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, mu ;qxksa osQ izfrfufèk dfo;ksa vkSj muosQ izcaèk dkO;ksa dk izklafxd :ils mYys[k dj pqosQ gSaaA ;gk¡ gesa izlknksÙkjdky esa jfpr dfri; izfrfufèk izcaèk dkO;ksa dk laf{kIr izo`R;kRedifjp; nsuk vHkh"V gSA
vkèkqfud dky esa jfpr izcaèk dkO;ksa dh fdruh izHkwr l`f"V gqbZ gS] bl mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ge jpf;rkvksavkSj mudh jpukvksa dh dky&funsZ'kiwoZd ,d laf{kIr rkfydk izLrqr djuk mfpr le>rs gSaμ
rkfydkμloZJh Jhèkj ikBdμ,dkaroklh ;ksxh] mtM+ xzke] Jkar ifFkd] egkohj izlkn f}os}hμoqQekjlaHkolkj] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIrμjax esa Hkax] t;nzFk oèk] Hkkjrh] fojfg.kh cztkaxuk] oSrkfyd] 'koqqaQryk] Iyklh dk ;q¼]iapoVh] vu?k] 'kfDr] f=kiFkxk] fodVHkêð] xq#oqQy] lkosQr] ;'kksèkjk] }kij] fl¼jkt] ugq"k] t;Hkkjr 1952]gfjvkSèkμfiz; izokl] ikfjtkr] oSnsgh ouokl 39] fxjèkj 'kekZμlrh&lkfo=kh] fl;kjke'kj.k xqIrμekS;Z fot;]uoqQy] vukFk] vkReksRlxZ 33] Hkxokunhuμohj{k=kk.kh] ohj ckyd] ohj iapjRu] ykspu izlkn ikaMs;μesokM+xkFkk]e`xhnq[kekspu] xksoqQypanμiz.kohj izrki] jkeujs'k f=kikBhμfeyu] ifFkd LoIu] jkepfjr mikè;k;μnsonwr]nsoh&nzkSinh] jk"Vª&Hkkjrh] jkepfjr pafnzdk] jkepfjr fpUrkef.k] jkepanz 'kqDyμcq¼ pfjr] mn;'kadjHkê ðμr{kf'kyk ekulh 39] izrkiukjk;.kμuyujs'k] osQ'kjhflaagμizrki pfj=k] xq#HkfDrflagμuwjtgk¡] foØekfnR;47] jkeukFk T;ksfr"khμjkepanzksn;] vuwi 'kekZμfl¼kFkZ 39] 'kokZ.kh; o¼Zeku 51] rqylhjke 'kekZμiq#"kksÙke]fujkykμfl¼kFkZ 39] ';keukjk;.k ikaMs;μ39] tkSgj 45] gjn;kyqflagμnSR;oa'k] jko.k 52] iz|qEuμÑ".k pfjrekul 41] eksguyky esgrksμvk;kZorZ 43] }kfjdk izlkn feJμÑ".kk;u 43] MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZμtkSgj 43],dyO; 48] lqèkhanzμtkSgj 43] cynso izlkn feJμlkosQr dk lar 46] jkejkT; 60] jkeèkkjhflagfnudjμoqQ#{ks=k 46] jf'ejFkh 57] moZ'kh 61] BkoqQjizlkn flagμegkekuo 46] j?kqohj'kj.k feJμtuuk;d49 ekuosanz 65] vkuan oqQekjμvaxjkt 50] djhyμnsokpZu 52] xksiky'kj.k flagμtxnkyksd 52] jkekuanfrokjhμikoZrh 55] ';keukjk;.k izlknμ>k¡lh dh jkuh 55] y{ehukjk;.k oqQ'kokgkμrkaR;k Vksis 57] vrqyÑ".k xksLokehμukjh 57] ijes'oj f}jsiQμehjk 57] ;qxnz"Vk iszepan 59] rkjknÙk gkjhrμne;arh 57] ckyÑ".k'kekZ uohuμmfeZyk 58] fxfjtknÙk 'kqDy fxjh'kμrkjdcèk 58] y{ehukjk;.k feJμlsukifr d.kZ 58] vkuanfeJμ>k¡lh dh jkuh 59] ujsanz 'kekZμnzkSinh 60] oklqnso izlkn [kjsμnso;kuh 60] jkekorkj v#.kμok.kkacjh61] jkexksiky fnus'kμlkjFkh 61] MkW- iqÙkwyky 'kqDyμvuax 61] uanfd'kksj >kμfiz; feyu 64] lqfe=kkuanuiarμyksdk;ru 64A
uksV~l dfo fnudj osQ vuqlkj] ^^fo'o osQ egkdkO; euq";rk dh izxfr ekxZ esa ehy osQ iRFkj osQleku gksrs gSa] os O;aftr djrs gSa fd euq"; fdl ;qx esa] dgk¡ rd izxfr dj ldrk gSA**
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 177
uksVizfrik|μ}kfjdk izlkn feJ dk voèkh Hkk"kk esa jfpr Ñ".kk;u egkdkO; jkepfjrekul osQ leku lkr dkaMksaesa foHkDr gSA blesa ys[kd dks Ñ".k dh pkfjf=kd mnkÙkrk osQ vadu essa i;kZIr liQyrk feyh gSA izLrqrdkO;èkkjk essa fnudj th osQ rhu izcaèk dkO;μoqQ#{ks=k 46] jf'ejFkh 52 rFkk moZ'kh 61 fo'ks"k mYys[kuh;gSaaA oqQ#{ks=k esa ;qfèkf"Bj vkSj Hkh"e osQ vkstLoh ltho vkSj ekfeZd okrkZyki osQ ekè;e ls ;q¼ dh leL;kij vkèkqfud ;qx osQ O;kid ifjisz{; esa fopkj fd;k x;k gSA jf'ejFkh egkHkkjr ij vkèkkfjr gS ftlesa egknkuhd.kZ osQ vkn'kZ ,oa mnkÙk pfj=k dks miU;Lr fd;k x;k gSA oqQ#{ks=k vkSj jf'ejFkh esa egkdkO;ksfpr bfro`ÙkosQ vHkko osQ gksrs gq, Hkh dfo dh lgt Hkko&izo.krk us muesa f'kfFkyrk ugha vkus nh gSA moZ'kh ½Xosn osQiq#jok vkSj moZ'kh osQ laokn ij vkèk`r gS ftlesa dfo us izse] dke vkSj lkSan;Z dh 'kk'or leL;kvksa dks ekfeZd:i esa fpf=kr fd;k gSA ukjh thou dks mlosQ O;kid ifjik'oZ esa ns[kuk bl dkO; dh egrh fo'ks"krk gSAblesa jksekal dh vrho dykRed vfHkO;atuk gqbZ gSA uhjt osQ 'kCnksa esaμ^^dkek;uh osQ mijkar chloha 'krkCnhdh vU;re dkO; Ñfr dnkfpr~ moZ'kh gh gSA** cynsoizlkn feJ dk lkosQr dk lar ,d liQy egkdkO;gSA blesa lkosQr&lar&Hkjr osQ pfj=k dks vrho mTToy ,oa mnkÙk :i esa vafdr fd;k x;k gSA ';keukjk;.kikaMs; dh nksuksa jpuk,¡ gYnh?kkVh rFkk tkSgj jktiwwrh bfrgkl ls lac¼ gSaA gYnh?kkVh esa egkjk.kk izrki osQ vrqyijkØe] 'kkS;Z] izrki] lkgl vkSj cfynku dks l'kDr rFkk vkstfLouh Hkk"kk esa fuc¼ fd;k x;k gSA MkW- jkeoqQekjoekZ us egkHkkjr osQ misf{kr ik=k ,dyO; dh xq#HkfDr dks 14 lxks± esa liQyrkiowZd vfHkO;aftr fd;k gSAujsanz 'kekZ iz.khr nzkSinh osQ ekè;e ls dfo us R;kx] cfynku] J¼k vkSj 'kfDr tSls ukjh thou osQ 'kk'orewY;ksa dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr dh gSA Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke osQ vusd lsukfu;ksaμegkjkuh >k¡lh] rkaR;k Vksis]x.ks'k 'kadj] egkRek xk¡èkh rFkk usg: dks y{; j[kdj egkjkuh >k¡lh (vusd ys[kdksa osQ }kjk) txnkyksd]txuk;d] egkekuo (xk¡èkh ls lac¼) rFkk ekuosanz 65 (usg: ls lac¼) pfjrkRed egkdkO;ksa dk iz.k;ugqvk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vusd lkfgR;&Ï"Vkvksa }kjk&ck.k ij ck.kkacjh] rqylhnkl ij rqylhnkl rFkk nsokpZuvkSj iszepan ij ;qxnz"Vk uked liQy izcaèk dkO;ksa dh l`f"V gqbZ gSA
jkekorkj r#.k dh izdkf'kr jpukvksa esa mudh uohu Ñfr ^ck.kkacjh* egÙoiw.kZ gSA bl jpuk dk ukedj.kdnkfpr~ vkèkqfud ¯gnh&lkfgR; esa izdkf'kr fpnacjh] ½racjk rFkk :ikacjk dkO;ksa osQ lkn`'; ij gqvk gSvFkok ck.kHkê ð dh dknacjh osQ feF;k lkn`'; osQ vkèkkj ij bls ck.kkacjh dg fn;k x;k gSA
;g ,d chl lxks± dk izcaèk dkO; gS ftlesa jlfl¼ ok.kh osQ vorkj egkdfo ck.k dk pfj=k ,d o`grlkaLÑfrd ifjisz{; esa fpf=kr gSA Jh r#.k us ck.k dh jpukvksaμg"kZ pfjr] dknacjh osQ vfrfjDr vkpk;Zgtkjh izlkn dh ck.kHkê ð dh vkRedFkk* rFkk oklqnso 'kj.k vxzoky osQ g"kZ pfjr ,d vè;;u* dh lkexzhdk mi;ksx fd;k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr dfo us futh dYiuk dk Hkh ljkguh; iz;ksx fd;k gSA ck.kkacjh ck.kHkê ðdh vkRedFkk dk ,d iwjd xzaFk gS ftlesa dYiuk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Hkh cM+h lroZQrk osQ lkFk bfrgkldh j{kk dh xbZ gSA bl izcaèk dkO; esa o.kZukRedrk rFkk dYiuk dk izkèkkU; gSA dyki{k dh n`f"V ls Hkh;g xzaFk i;kZIr lqanj cu iM+k gSA
lkekU; izo`fÙk;k¡μ(d) izlknksÙkj dky esa jfpr izcaèk dkO; izfrik| dh n`f"V ls vrho O;kid iVHkwfe ijvkèkkfjr gSA buesa tgk¡ ,d vksj moZ'kh tSls egkdkO; dk vkèkkj ½Xosn gS] ogk¡ lsukifr d.kZ] nzkSinh vkSj,dyO; tSlh jpukvksa dk bfro`Ùk ikSjkf.kd gS] fl¼kFkZ vkSj oèkZeku vkfn èkkfeZd usrkvksa ls lac¼ gSaA ekS;Zfot;] gYnh?kkVh] tkSgj] foØekfnR;] egkjkuh >k¡lh rFkk rkaR;k Vksis tSls egkdkO; bfrgkl ij vkèk`r gSaAtxuk;d txnkyksd vkSj ekuosanz vkfn vkèkqfud ;qx osQ egkekuoksaμxk¡èkh vkSj usg: th osQ thou&pfj=kksa lslac¼ gSa vkSj ck.kkacjh] nsokpZu rFkk ;qxnz"Vk iszepan lkfgR; Ï"Vkvksa] osQ thouo`Ùkksa dks vkèkkj cukdj fy[ksx;s gSaA bu lc egkdkO;ksa dk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQ vH;qRFkku vkSj jk"Vªh; tkxj.k esa ,d ewY;oku ;ksxnkugSA bu dkO;ksa osQ dFkkoLrq osQ p;u vkSj mlesa ;qxkuq:i uohurk dk lekos'k dj tgk¡ buosQ euh"kh iz.ksrkvksaus viuh ekSfyd izfrHkk dks v{kq..k cuk;s j[kk gS ogk¡ mUgksaus buosQ liQy f'kYi&foèkku esa Hkh viuhvlkèkkj.k jpuk&{kerk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA
bdkbZ 12 % vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izcaèk dkO;
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,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
([k) pfj=kkadu esa vfHkuanuh; ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk;k x;k gSA buesa tgk¡ jke vkSj Ñ".k tSls nsoik=kksa dks oSKkfud ;qx dh vuq:irk esa vkn'kZ ekuo osQ :i esa izfrf"Br fd;k x;k gS ogk¡ misf{krik=kksaμHkjr] uoqQy] d.kZ] mfeZyk vkSj ,dyO; dh pkfjf=kd egÙkk dks Hkh ;Fks"B vkyksd esa yk;k x;k gSAblosQ vfrfjDr vHkh rd gs; le>s tkus okys jko.k tSls ik=kksa osQ pfj=k osQ mTToy i{k dks vrholgkuqHkwfriwoZd fpf=kr fd;k gSA bu dkO;ksa esa ukjh thou dh ukukfoèk leL;kvkas dks lân;rk ls miU;Lrdj mlosQ vkn'kZ :i dh izfr"Bk dh LrqR; ps"Vk dh xbZ gSA
(x) izLrqr dkO;èkkjk f'kYi&foèkku dh n`f"V ls Hkh vfHkuanuh; gSA bu dkO;ksa dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh ljy] lqcksèkrFkk HkkokuqowQy gSA ubZ dfork osQ leku buesa dgha Hkh vLi"V izrhdksa] fcacksa vkSj tfVy vizLrqr foèkkuksa dknqjkxzg ugha gSA buesa okLrfod dkO; dyk dh euksje >k¡dh feyrh gS rFkk buesa jl ifjikd dk iw.kZ è;kuj[kk x;k gSA buesa dke oqaQBkvksa dh vuko';d igsfy;k¡ ugha cq>kbZ xbZ gSaA buosQ iz.ksrkvksa us Hkkjrh;dkO;'kkL=kh; izcaèk&dkO;ksa dh ijaijkvksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;qxkuqowQy egkdkO;ksa osQ Lo:i foèkku dkLrqR; iz;kl fd;k gSA
(?k) bu izca/ dkO;ksa dk y{; Hkh ije eguh; gSA buesa Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd psruk dks muosQ O;kid] ;FkkFkZ]Lo:i vkSj dykRed :i esa iz'kLr fd;k x;k gSA ml ij dgha Hkh izQk;M] lk=kZ vkSj dkew dh oklukRed#X.krk] {k.kokn vkSj vukLFkk vkfn dh vokaNuh; Hkkoukvksa dh izsrNk;k ugha eaMjkrh gSA izks- nsohizlkn xqIrosQ 'kCnksa esaμ
bu dkO;ksa esa ns'k&isze] Lotkrh; xkSjo] jk"Vªh; lEeku] ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk rFkk lelkef;dthoukn'kks± osQ vuq:i ;qxhu iz'uksa osQ lekèkku dh fojkV ps"Vk dh xbZ gSA lef"V :i esa ekuorkoknhthou&n'kZu] lkaLÑfrd fu"Bk;sa] mRFkkuewyd thoukn'kZ] ukjh psruk osQ eq[kfjr Loj] tu&tkx`fr dk mn~?kks"k]jpuk&f'kYi dh uohurk rFkk pfj=kksa dh ;qxhu lanHkks± esa vorkj.kkμizlknksÙkj dky osQ egkdkO;ksa dh ,slhfo'ks"krk;as gSa] ftuosQ vkèkkj ij bu dkO;&xzaFkksa dks ek¡ Hkkjrh osQ HkaMkj dh egÙoiw.kZ miyfCèk fu'p;iwoZddgk tk ldrk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- izR;sd ;qx dk thou ------------------------- dkO;ksa osQ fojkV iQyd ij gh iw.kZr;k vafdr gks ldrk gSA
2- Lo- t;'kadj izlkn dh ------------------------------ vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; dk loZJs"B egkdkO; gSA
3- HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa -------------------------- 'kSyh dk gh iz;ksx gqvkA
4- }kfjdk izlkn feJ dk vo/h Hkk"kk esa jfpr ------------------------------ egkdkO; lkr dkaMksa esa foHkDr gSA
12-2 Jh mn;Hkkuq gal
jl fl¼ dfo'oj Jh mn;Hkkuq gal us vkèkqfud ¯gnh lkfgR; dh dkO; ijaijk esa ^lar flikgh* gS] ,slhdkyt;h Ñfr dk iz.k;u dj u osQoy mDr ijaijk dks le`¼ fd;k gS cfYd mls izHkwr :i ls efgeafMrHkh fd;k gSA dfo gal us vrho lroZQrk ls ,d ,sls ojs.; bfro`Ùk dk p;u fd;k gS tks viuh mnkÙkrk esaLo;a ,d egkdkO; gSA ^lar flikgh* osQ vkn'kZuk;d xq# xksfcan flag cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo ls laiUu gSA
budh nwljh izcaèkkRed dkO; Ñfr gS ^gfj;k.kk xkSjo xkFkk* ftls dfo us Lo;a o`rdkO; dgk gSA blesagfj;k.kk ohj Hkwfe ls lac¼ oSfnd ;qxksa ls ysdj vkt rd osQ lkaLÑfrd] èkkfeZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd ßklfodkl dk ;g vR;ar LoPNan vkSj ltho niZ.k gSA gal th ftlosQ dkj.k yksdfiz; gq, gSa og gSa #ckb;k¡ftuosQ vusd laLdj.k gks pqosQ gSaA okLro esa mUgsa #ckbZ lezkV dguk vfèkd mfpr gksxkA og gfj;k.kk osQjkT; dfo Hkh jg pqosQ gSaA
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D;k vki tkurs gSa t;'kadj izlkn jfpr dkek;uh* vk/qfud gnh lkfgR; dk loZJs"B egkdkO; gSA
12-3 D;k vkèkqfud dfork esa xR;kojksèk gS\
vc rd geus vkèkqfud ¯gnh lkfgR; dh dfork dh fodklkRed xfrfofèk;ksa dk i;Zos{k.k fd;k gSAvkèkqfud gnh&lkfgR; dh dfork jk"Vªh; tkxj.k ls ysdj vc rd osQ iz;ksxoknh ;qx rd vusd iM+koksa ijxqtjrh gqbZ igq¡ph gSA mlesa vusd ifjorZu vk,A mlesa Nk;koknh ;qx rd Hkko vkSj dyk {ks=k esa mÙkjksÙkjfodkl ,oa mRd"kZ vk;kA mÙkj&Nk;koknh izxfroknh dfork Hkh yksdlaxzg dh Hkkouk ls lfEefyr gksdjviuh xfjek dks cuk;s jghA ¯gnh lkfgR; dks Hkkjrsanq] gfjvkSèk] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] izlkn] iar] fujkyk]egknsoh] fnudj vkfn ltx euh"kh dykdkjksa rFkk mudh vej dykÑfr;ksa ij xoZ gS tks fd loZFkk mfprgS] foaQrq vkèkqfud ¯gnh lkfgR; dh dfork osQ fodkl dh dgkuh dks tkuus okyksa ls ;g ckr fNih ugha gSfd mÙkj&Nk;koknh dky esa gnh dfork esa ßklksUeq[kh izo`fÙk;ksa dk lekos'k Hkh gksus yx x;kA Loraa=krk&izkfIrosQ iwoZ rd dfork&{ks=k esa ftl fdlh :i esa ;¯RoQfpr mnkÙkrk fiQj Hkh cuh jgh] foaQrq blosQ vuarj dforkvius mPpklu ls mrjdj ckydksa osQ [ksy&f[kyokM+ esa je xbZA uohu foy{k.k iz;klksa osQ uke ij mlesavlkekftd] LokFkZiszfjr] vgafu"B] ?kksj #X.k O;fDrokn] nfer oklukvksa vkSj oaqQBkvksa] phafV;ksa vkSj pIiyksatSls fo"k;ksa dks T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa :i esa fu#ís'; vfHkO;Dr djus dh izo`fÙk dks dfork esa lekfo"V dj nsus dksvR;fèkd izJ; fn;k tkus yxk gSA vkt dh rFkkdfFkr u;h dfork esa fo?kVu] èoalkRedrk] vfr ckSf¼drk]#fp&foghurk vkfn dh nwf"kr izo`fÙk;ksa dks muosQ mxz :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkt dh u;h dfork esa ;qxesa mnkÙk Hkkoukvksa vkSj thou osQ dykRed vadu dk loZFkk vHkko gSA yxrk gS fd vkt dh iz;ksxoknh;k u;h dfork iFkHkz"V gksdj ef.k&eqDrkvksa osQ LFkku ij èkwfy Hkjs] ?kqu [kk;s ?kks?kksa dks lesVus esa tk jghgSA fuf'pr :i ls dfork dh fonwzi vFkp n;uh; n'kk ¯gnh txr~ osQ fy, egrh fopkj.kh; leL;k gSA(f'konku flag)
ysfdu dfork dh mDr n'kk dks ns[kdj mlesa xR;kojksèk dguk Hkzked gksxk] D;ksafd dfork fdlh ,d LFkkuij vkdj #d ugha xbZ gSA dfork esa ekuo&thou osQ leku ifjorZu] fodkl ,oa ßkl dh fLFkfr;k¡ vkrhjgrh gSaA vfèkd&ls&vfèkd bl izlax esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkt dh dfork ßklksUeq[kh gS vkSj mlesa ewY;ksaosQ fo?kVu dh izfØ;k tksjksa ij gSA vojksèk ,d tM+rk gS tks fd furkar fuanuh; gSA fodkl vkSj ßklfpjLFkk;h ugha gksrsA vkt dfork esa tks ßklksUeq[krk gS og fu%lansg {k.kLFkk;h gSA vkt jk"Vªh;&thou esaewY;ksa osQ fo?kVu dh tks izfØ;k n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gS og dfork esa ewY;ksa osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gS] foaQrq ;gfuf'pr gS fd jk"Vª osQ thou esa fo?kVu dh ;g izfØ;k tYnh gh lekIr gks tk;sxhA f'konku flag pkSgkubu ßkl osQ dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, fy[krs gSaμ^^fo'o&eap ij iw¡thokn osQ iru vkSj lektokn osQmRFkku dk ;g laØkafr&;qx bl le; dyk&fuekZ.k osQ fy, vuqowQy ugha fl¼ gks jgk] ysfdu fo'o&'kkafrdh dksbZ LFkk;h O;oLFkk gks xbZ vkSj rhljs egk;q¼ dh loZuk'kh foHkhf"kdk ls euq";&tkfr cp xbZ rks fu'p;gh gekjs lkaLÑfrd thou dk vxyk mRFkku jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dk u;k vk'khokZn ysdj iSnk gksxk vkSj Hkkjrh;lkfgR; dks ubZ mnkÙk iszj.kkvksa] ubZ dYiukvksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls vuqizkf.kr djsxkA** ml le; ¯gnh dfo dkslekt osQ lkFk rknkRE; LFkkfir djus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA mldh izfrHkk ;qx&fuekZ.kdkjh rÙoksa dkslatksdj ;qx&thou osQ lR;ksa osQ mn~?kkVu esas vius vkidks Ñrdk;Z le>sxhA vk'kk gS fd lkfgR; dks izlkntSls ;qxkarj mifLFkr djus okys] cgqeq[kh] izfrHkklaiUu] mnkjpsrk dykdkj feysaxsA ¯gnh dfork dk Hkfo";vk'kke; gSA {k.kLFkk;h ßklksUeq[krk] dk var vo';aHkkoh gSA ¯gnh dfork dk vkus okyk :i D;k vkSj oSQlkgksxk] bl lacaèk esa fuf'pr :i ls oqQN dg lduk [krjs ls [kkyh ugha gksxk] foaQrq bruk vo'; fn[kkbZ nsrkgS fd ^^u;s mRFkku dk lkfgR; O;fDrokn dh ?kksj vukLFkk] vfrcqf¼okn vkSj lektnzksgh vgaeU;rk dk
bdkbZ 12 % vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izcaèk dkO;
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,dkaxh] O;fDrRo dks [kafMr vkSj oqqaqQfBr djus okyk lkfgR; u gksxk] cfYd Kku&foKku dh lapsruk dksvkRelkr~ djosQ euq"; osQ laiw.kZ varckZá thou dks ewrZ dykRed vfHkO;fDr nsus okyk lkfgR; gksxk ftllseuq"; osQ O;fDrRo dk mnkÙk vkSj uSfrd] v[kafMr vkSj eqDr fodkl iszj.kk xzg.k dj losQxkA ys[kd osQoyvius LoèkehZ yksxksa osQ fy, ugha fy[ksxk] cfYd laiw.kZ jk"Vª vkSj izdkjkarj ls laiw.kZ ekuo&tkfr osQ fy,fy[ksxk vkSj viuh jpuk dks lcosQ fy, isz"k.kh; cukus dk mRlkg ysdj vkxs c<s+xk vFkkZr~ Lo;a viusjpuk'khy O;fDrRo dh xfjek vkSj nkf;Ro dks igpkusxk** (f'konku flag pkSgku)A ml le; dh dforkeuq"; dh ok.kh esa cksyus okys foÑr ekuo }kjk fufeZr ljhl`iksa dk txr~ u gksdj bl èkjrh osQ lpsr ekuo}kjk fufeZr ekuo osQ g"kZ&mYykl] #nu vkSj ßkl ls laiUu nqfu;k gksxhA vk'kk gS fd vkèkqfud dforkiz;ksxokn osQ nyny ls fudydj thou&fuekZ.k osQ LoLFk èkjkry ij 'kh?kz vius ik¡o fVdk;sxh vkSj mldkys[kd fujFkZd vaèkkuqdj.k osQ eksgtky ls fudydj futh thou vuqHkwfr;ksa osQ vadu dks izJ; nsxkA ogvfr ?kksj oS;fDrdrk] vgaokfnrk] dkeqdrk] LokFkZijrk vkSj vuSfrdrk dh vokaNuh; izo`fÙk;ksa dks NksM+djmnkj v[kaM ,oa O;kid ekuork osQ yksd eaxy foèkk;d mn~?kks"k ls gnh Hkkjrh dks lizk.k mTToy ,oa iquhrcuk;sxkA mls ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd ekuork lc vkn'kks± ls mQij gSA
VkLd mn;Hkkuq gal dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsaA
vkt lewpk jk"Vª laØkafr osQ ukuk nkSjksa ls xqtj jgk gSA vkt izR;sd Hkkjroklh osQ lkeus vkn'kZ ekuo&ewY;ksarFkk le`¼ ,oa mUur Hkkjr osQ l`tu dh leL;k gSA bl n'kk esa lkfgR;dkj dk lg;ksx lokZfèkd lqanj vkSjiQyizn fl¼ gks ldrk gSA foaQrq [ksn dk fo"k; gS fd vkt dk rFkkdfFkr u;k dfo uohurk osQ vaèkkèkqaèkeksg esa osQoy futh foKkiukFkZ cjlkrh esa<dksa osQ leku fuR; uohu dkO; laiznk;ksa dh l`f"V esa O;Lr gSAlcls cM+h foMacuk ;g gS fd mldk u;k dkO; tu ekul dk izfrfufèkRo u djosQ vfHktkR; oxZ osQ fgrksadk leFkZu djrk gSA mldh jpuk,¡ dkO;ksfpr lgt laosnuk ls 'kwU; rFkk Ñf=ke curh tk jgh gSaA ;s jpuk,¡dkO; osQ eguh; vkn'kZ ls nwj gksus osQ dkj.k furkar gYdh vkSj f'kYi izèkku dh n`f"V ls izk;% HkkSaM+h curhtk jgh gSaA vkt osQ uohu dkO; laiznk;ksa osQ izfriy uokxzgh iqjksèkkvksa dks ;g Lej.k j[kuk gksxk fd]^^dfork laiw.kZ psruk dh v[kaM vfHkO;fDr gS] og [kafMr O;fDrRo dh ckSf¼d 'kCn&yhyk ek=k ugha gSA**vlac¼ 'kCn&tky vkSj oSfp=;okn dh dkjhxjh ls ikBd dks my>kus vkSj okLrfod dfo deZ esa o`gnarjgSA dfoèkeZ dksjs iSQ'ku ls fHkUu gksrk gSA u;k Hkkocksèk ;k u;h vfHkO;fDr osQ fpYykus ek=k ls dkO; dkegÙo ugha c<+ tkrkA fdlh dkO; dh {kerk mlesa fpf=kr vuqHkwfr xgurk vkSj 'kk'or ekuoh; ewY;ksa osQizfr ltxrk esa fufgr gSA bl y{; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, dkO; esa ân; osQ lgt mnzsd vkSj mlosQ lkFk fu'NyvfHkO;fDr dk ;ksx vfuok;Z gSA ,tjk ikmaQM] ¯jcksa vkSj ,ehykoy osQ Hkkjrh; vaèk J¼kyq HkDrksa dks xzkávkSj vxzká osQ lacaèk esa foosd cqf¼ ls dke ysdj futh vuqHkwfr;ksa osQ lgkjs thfor jgus dh dyk lh[kuhgksxhA mUgsa vuqHkwfr;ksa osQ ml vk;ke ij igq¡puk gksxk tgk¡ dkO; Lo;a izLiqQfVr gks tkrk gSA dgha ,slk ugks fd ^^dkSok pyk gal dh pky viuh Hkh Hkwy x;k** dh mfDr u;s dfo ij pfjrkFkZ gksus yxsA osQoyuohurk gh dkO;ksRd"kZ dh foèkkf;uh 'kfDr ugha gqvk djrh gSA dkfynkl osQ 'kCnksa esaμ
iqjk.kfeR;so u lkèkq loZe~]u pkfi dkO;a uofeR;o|e~A
lUr% ijh{;kUrjn~HktUrs]ew<+% ij izR;;us; cqf¼A μek- vfXufe=ke~ 1A 2
iqjkuh gksus ls gh u rks lc oLrq,¡ vPNh gksrh gSa vkSj u dksbZ oLrq ubZ gksus osQ dkj.k gs; ,oa rqPN gksrhgSA foosd'khy euq"; xq.kksa vkSj nks"kksa dh ijh{kk dj Js"Brj oLrq dks viukrs gSaA ew<+ tu nwljksa osQ crkus ijxzká vkSj vxzká dk fu.kZ; fd;k djrs gSaA
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cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
5- jkekorkj r#.k dk izca/ dkO; ^ck.kkacjh* ------------------------- lxks± esa foHkDr gSA
(d) ik¡p ([k) lkr (x) chl (?k) nl
6- dfo mn;Hkkuq gal ------------------------- jkT; osQ jkT;dfo Hkh jg pqosQ gSaA
(d) fcgkj ([k) gfj;k.kk (x) iatkc (?k) mÙkj izns'k
7- Nk;koknh ;qx rd Hkko o dyk {ks=k esa mÙkjksÙkj ------------------------- ,oa mRd"kZ vk;kA
(d) fxjkoV ([k) egÙoiw.kZ (x) fodkl (?k) rhuksa
8- moZ'kh tSls egkdkO; dk vk/kj ------------------------- gSA
(d) ½Xosn ([k) lkeosn (x) lafgrk (?k) egkHkkjr
12-4 lkjka'k (Summary)
vkèkqfud ¯gnh lkfgR; esa x| dk izkpq;Z jgk vkSj mldh ukuk foèkkvksa dk f{kiz xfr ls fodkl gqvkrFkk gks jgk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vkèkqfud dky esa eqDrd&dkO; dh foiqy jkf'k dh l`f"V gqbZ gSA
lkfgR; dh ;gh foèkk euq";rk dh Øekxr izxfr vkSj mlosQ HkkokRed fodkl&ekxZ dh lwfpdk gSAfnudj th osQ 'kCnksa esa&^^fo'o osQ egkdkO; euq";rk dh izxfr ekxZ esa ehy osQ iRFkjksa osQ leku gksrsgSa] os O;aftr djrs gSa] fd euq"; fdl ;qx esa] dgk¡ rd izxfr dj ldk gSA**
LoxhZ; t;'kadj izlkn dh ^dkek;uh* vkèkqfud ¯gnh&lkfgR; dk loZJs"B egkdkO; gSA blesaHkkokRedrk] pkfjf=kdrk vkSj ekuoh; eukso`fÙk;ksa osQ vfrlw{e fo'ys"k.k osQ lkFk n'kZu rFkk vkèkqfudrkdk ân;kotZd leUo; gSA
izlknksÙkj dky esa jfpr izcaèk dkO; izfrik| dh n`f"V ls vrho O;kid iVHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gSA buesatgk¡ ,d vksj moZ'kh tSls egkdkO; dk vkèkkj ½Xosn gS] ogk¡ lsukifr d.kZ] nzkSinh vkSj ,dyO; tSlhjpukvksa dk bfro`Ùk ikSjkf.kd gS] fl¼kFkZ vkSj oèkZeku vkfn èkkfeZd usrkvksa ls lac¼ gSaA
jl fl¼ dfo'oj Jh mn;Hkkuq gal us vkèkqfud ¯gnh lkfgR; dh dkO; ijaijk esa ^lar flikgh* gS],slh dkyt;h Ñfr dk iz.k;u dj u osQoy mDr ijaijk dks le`¼ fd;k gS cfYd mls izHkwr :i lsefgeafMr Hkh fd;k gSA
vkt lewpk jk"Vª laØkafr osQ ukuk nkSjksa ls xqtj jgk gSA vkt izR;sd Hkkjroklh osQ lkeus vkn'kZekuo&ewY;ksa rFkk le`¼ ,oa mUur Hkkjr osQ l`tu dh leL;k gSA bl n'kk esa lkfgR;dkj dk lg;ksxlokZfèkd lqanj vkSj iQyizn fl¼ gks ldrk gSA
vkt osQ uohu dkO; laiznk;ksa osQ izfriy uokxzgh iqjksèkkvksa dks ;g Lej.k j[kuk gksxk fd] ^^dforklaiw.kZ psruk dh v[kaM vfHkO;fDr gS] og [kafMr O;fDrRo dh ckSf¼d 'kCn&yhyk ek=k ugha gSA**
12-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
vfHkO;atuk μ Hkkoksa dks Hkk"kk ;k laosQrksa }kjk Li"V :i ls izdV djukA
vfHkoanuh; μ Lrqfr djus ;ksX;] oanuh;A
bdkbZ 12 % vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izcaèk dkO;
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12-6 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- vk/qfud ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ izca/ dkO;ksa dk mYys[k djsaA
2- vk/qfud izca/ dkO; dh jpukRed izo`fÙk;ksa ij izdk'k MkyssaA
3- D;k vk/qfud dfork esa xR;kojks/ gS\ bl dFku dk leh{kkRed o.kZu djsaA
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- izca/ 2- ^dkek;uh* 3- eqDrd 4- Ñ".kk;u
5- (x) 6- ([k) 7- (x) 8- (d)A
12-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vfHkou ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
7- eqX/cks/ ¯gnh O;kdj.kμÑ".k ukjk;.k izlkn ekx/A
8- ¯gnh O;kdj.k dh vH;kl iqfLrdkμth-ih- 'kekZ] vksfj,aV CySd LokuA
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bdkbZμ13 % dkO; osQ izeq[k Hksnμ[kaMdkO;
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
13-1 [kaMdkO;
13-2 [kaMdkO; osQ rRo
13-3 lkjka'k (Summary)
13-4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
13-5 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
13-6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● [kaMdkO; osQ ckjs esa tkuus esaA
● ^[kaMdkO; egkdkO; dk laoqQfpr :i gS* tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
[kaMdkO; izcaèkdkO; dk gh ,d fo'ks"k :i gSA laLÑr osQ vkpk;ks± us izcaèkdkO; 'kCn dk iz;ksx vfèkd udjosQ izk;% lxZcaèk vFkok lxZcaèkdkO; 'kCn dk gh iz;ksx fd;k gS D;kasfd izcUèk osQ Hkhrj gh os lxZcaèkdkO;osQ vfrfjDr :id] dFkk vk[;kf;dk vkfn lHkh izcaèk :iksa dks xzg.k djrs FksA
Hkkeg vkSj naMh us lxZcaèkdkO; dk vFkZ fo'ks"k :i ls egkdkO; gh fy;k gS vkSj [kaMdkO; dh ppkZ ghugha dh gSA #nzV us lHkh izcaèkksa dks egr~ vkSj y?kq nks izdkjksa esa foHkDr dj mudk varj bl izdkj crk;kgSμegkdkO; esa prqoZxks± dk o.kZu vkSj lHkh jlksa dk ;FkkLFkku fuos'k gksrk gS vkSj y?kqdkO; esa prqoZxZ esafdlh ,d èkeZ vFkok vFkZ vFkok dke vFkok eks{k dk vkSj jlksa esa fdlh ,d jl dk o.kZu gksrk gSA blizdkj jQnzV us loZizFke egkdkO; vkSj y?kq ([kaM) dkO; ij ekSfyd <ax ls fopkj fd;k gSA
13-1 [kaMdkO;
vkuanoèkZu us izcaèkdkO; osQ fy, lxZcaèk dkO; 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gS vkSj dkO;Hksnksa dk o.kZu ugha fd;kAgsepaæ us JO;dkO; esa dFkk] vk[;kf;dk vkSj paiw osQ lkFk osQoy egkdkO; dh x.kuk dh gSA fo'oukFkdfojkt us lkfgR;niZ.k esa egkdkO; dk y{k.k crkus osQ mijkUr [kaMdkO; dk mYys[k bl izdkj fd;k gSμ
^^Hkk"kk foHkk"kk fu;ekRdkO;a lxZeqfRFkre~A,dkFkZ izo.kS% i|S% lafèklkexz; oftZre~AA[kaMdkO;a HkosRdkO;L;sd ns'kkuqlkfj pAA**
bdkbZ 13 % dkO; osQ izeq[k Hksnμ[kaMdkO;Reeta Singh, Lovely Professional University
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bl ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] ^^fdlh Hkk"kk vFkok miHkk"kk esa lxZc¼ ,oa ,ddFkk osQ fu:id iFkxzaFk] ftlesalHkh lafèk;k¡ u gksa] ^dkO;* dgykrk gS vkSj dkO; osQ ,d va'k dk vuqlj.k djus okyk ^[kaMdkO;* gksrkgSA**
D;k vki tkurs gSa [kaMdkO; egkdkO; dk laoqQfpr :i gSA
fo'oukFk dh bl ifjHkk"kk dk vuqlj.k djosQ gnhA fo'oukFk izlkn feJ us okÄ~e; foe'kZ* esa [kaMdkO;dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj ls nh gSμ
^^egkdkO; osQ gh <ax ij ftl dkO; dh jpuk gksrh gS ij ftlesa iw.kZ thou u xzg.k djosQ [kaM thou ghxzg.k fd;k tkrk gS] mls [kaMdkO; dgrs gSaA ;g [kaM thou bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls og izLrqrjpuk osQ :i esa Lor% iw.kZ izrhr gksrk gSA**
uksV~l [kaMdkO; esa thou dk laiw.kZ fp=k u gksdj mlosQ fdlh egÙoiw.kZ i{k dk fp=k.k gksrk gSA
MkW- 'kaHkqukFk flag osQ 'kCnksa esa ^lkekU;r;k vkB vFkok vkB ls vfèkd lxks± okys izcaèkdkO; dks egkdkO;vkSj vkB ls de lxks± okys dkO;ksa dks [kaMdkO; ekuk tkrk gS ijarq ;g oSKkfud foHkktu ugha gSA egkdkO;ogh izcaèkdkO; ekuk tk,xk ftlesa egku~ mís';] egku~ pfj=k] lexz ;qx&thou dk fp=k.k] xfjeke;h vkSjmnkÙk 'kSyh vkfn egkdkO; osQ lHkh xq.k ik, tk,¡A ftu izcaèkdkO;ksa esa egkdkO; osQ mi;ZqDr y{k.k ughafeyrs] os pkgs vkdkj esa cM+s gksa vFkok NksVs] pkgs vkB ls de lxZ okys gksa vFkok vfèkd lxZ okys]egkdkO; ugha ekus tk,¡xsA blosQ foijhr ftuesa thou dk [kaM n`'; fpf=kr gksrk gS vkSj tks dFkkoLrq dhy?kqrk rFkk mís'; dh lhekvksa osQ dkj.k o`gnkdkj rFkk egku~ ugha dgs tkrs] [kaMdkO; dgykrs gSaA**MkWú czts'oj oekZ us [kaMdkO; dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj ls izLrqr dh gSμ^^[kaMdkO; ,d ,slk i|c¼ rFkkdkO; gS ftlosQ dFkkud esa bl izdkj dh ,dkRed vfUofr gks fd mlesa vizklafxd dFkk,¡ lkekU;r%vareZqDr u gks losaQ] dFkk esa ,dkafxrk gks rFkk dFkk&foU;kl esa ozQeμvkjaHk] fodkl] pjelhek vkSj fuf'prmís'; esa ifj.kfr gksA dFkk dh ,dkafxrk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i [kaMdkO; osQ vkdkj esa y?kqrk LokHkkfod gS vkSjlkFk gh mís'; dh egkdkO; tSlh eguh;rk laHko ugha gSA**
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- [kaMdkO; ------------------------- dk gh ,d fo'ks"k :i gSA
2- egkdkO; osQ y{k.k ------------------------------ esa laoqQfpr :i esa vkrs gSaA
3- egkdkO; esa -------------------------- dk o.kZu vkSj lHkh jlksa dk ;FkkLFkku fuos'k gksrk gSA
13-2 [kaMdkO; osQ rRo
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls [kaMdkO; osQ fuEu rhu rRoksa dk ifjp; feyrk gSμ
1- [kaMdkO; esa thou dk laiw.kZ fp=k u gksdj mlosQ fdlh egÙoiw.kZ i{k dk fp=k.k gksrk gSA ^[kaM*ml vuqHkwfr osQ Lo:i dh vksj laosQr djrk gS ftlesa thou vius laiw.kZ :i esa dfo dks izHkkfor
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 185
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bdkbZ 13 % dkO; osQ izeq[k Hksnμ[kaMdkO;
u dj [kaM :i esa gh izHkkfor djrk gSA egkdkO; vkSj [kaMdkO; esa miU;kl vkSj dgkuh dk&lk varjgSA lhfer n`f"V iFk ls thou dk ftruk n`'; fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS] mlh dk fp=k.k dgkuh vkSj [kaMdkO;esa gksrk gSA ,sls thou n`'; esa egkdkO; vkSj egkdkO;kRed miU;kl tSlh O;kidrk] mPprk vkSjxgjkbZ ugha gksrh vkSj u gh mlesa mrkj&p<+ko vkSj eksM+ gh gksrs gSaA u mlesa vokarj dFkk,¡ gksrh gSavkSj u gh dFkk ls vuko';d LiQhfr gh gksrh gSA mlesa rks vuqHkwfr osQ fdlh ,d gh i{k esa ekfeZdfp=k.k }kjk ikBd dks vfHkHkwr fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ fy, dfo izFke fdlh Hkkoksn~cksèkd] jkspd rFkkje.kh; ?kVuk] ifjfLFkfr vFkok izlax dh ;kstuk djrk gS vkSj iqu% vius o.kZu&dkS'ky ls mls HkO;rFkk ân;gkjh :i ns nsrk gSA
2- [kaMdkO; egkdkO; dk laoqQfpr :i gS vFkkZr~ egkdkO; osQ y{k.k [kaMdkO; esa laoqQfpr :i esa ghvkrs gSaA [kaMdkO; esa gh ?kVuk rhoz xfr ls vius y{; dh vksj vxzlj gksrh gSA mlesa lxks± dh la[;kvo'; de gksrh gS vkSj Nan ;kstuk esa HkkokuqowQyrk dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA fdlh ,d gh jl dhvfHkO;fDr gksrh gS rFkk vokarj o.kZuksaμlTtu] iz'kalk] nqtZu fuank vkfn osQ fy, fo'ks"k vodk'k ughajgrk] ijarq izcaèkkRedrk v{kq..k jgrh gSaA
3- [kaMdkO; esa vfUofr vkSj dlko osQ rÙo vfèkd le`¼ gksrs gSaA [kaMdkO; dh izsj.kk osQ ewy esa vuqHkwfrdk Lo:i ,d laiw.kZ [kaM dh izHkkokRedrk ls curk gSA thou osQ eeZLi'khZ [kaM dk cksèkek=k dfoosQ ân; esa ugha gksrk izR;qr mldk lefUor izHkko mlosQ ân; ij iM+rk gSA rc izsj.kk osQ cy ij tks:i [kM+k gksrk gS] ;g [kaMdkO; dgykrk gSA
VkLd vkuanoèkZu us izcaèkdkO; osQ fy, fdl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
¯gnh esa ujksÙke dfo Ñr ^^lqnkek pfj=k** eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr Ñr ^^t;nzFk oèk** jkeujs'k f=kikBh Ñr^ifFkd*] ^feyu*] ^LoIu*] txUukFk jRukdj dk ^xaxkorj.k* t;'kadj izlkn dk ^izseifFkd* iar dk ^xzafFk*fujkyk dk ^rqylhnkl* rFkk jkeoqQekj oekZ dk ^fpÙkkSM+ dh fprk* lqanj [kaMdkO; gSaA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
4- [kaMdkO; egkdkO; dk --------------------- :i gSA
(d) laoqQfpr ([k) jkspd (x) [kaM (?k) lkekU;
5- [kaMdkO; esa vfUofr vkSj dlko osQ rRo --------------------- gksrs gSaA
(d) de le`¼ ([k) vfèkd le`¼ (x) fcYoqQy ugha (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
6- dFkk dh ,dkafxrk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i [kaMdkO; osQ vkdkj esa --------------------- LokHkkfod gSA
(d) y?kqrk ([k) n`<+rk (x) nh?kZrk (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
13-3 lkjka'k (Summary)
[kaMdkO; izcaèkdkO; dk gh ,d fo'ks"k :i gSA laLÑr osQ vkpk;ks± us izcaèkdkO; 'kCn dk iz;ksxvfèkd u djosQ izk;% lxZcaèk vFkok lxZcaèkdkO; 'kCn dk gh iz;ksx fd;k gS D;kasfd izcUèk osQ Hkhrjgh os lxZcaèkdkO; osQ vfrfjDr :id] dFkk vk[;kf;dk vkfn lHkh izcaèk :iksa dks xzg.k djrs FksA
186
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
#nzV us lHkh izcaèkksa dks egr~ vkSj y?kq nks izdkjksa esa foHkDr dj mudk varj bl izdkj crk;kgSμegkdkO; esa prqoZxks± dk o.kZu vkSj lHkh jlksa dk ;FkkLFkku fuos'k gksrk gS vkSj y?kqdkO; esa prqoZxZesa fdlh ,d èkeZ vFkok vFkZ vFkok dke vFkok eks{k dk vkSj jlksa esa fdlh ,d jl dk o.kZu gksrkgSA
fo'oukFk izlkn feJ us ^okÄ~e; foe'kZ* esa [kaMdkO; dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj ls nh gSμ
^^egkdkO; osQ gh <ax ij ftl dkO; dh jpuk gksrh gS ij ftlesa iw.kZ thou u xzg.k djosQ [kaMthou gh xzg.k fd;k tkrk gS] mls [kaMdkO; dgrs gSaA ;g [kaM thou bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tkrkgS] ftlls og izLrqr jpuk osQ :i esa Lor% iw.kZ izrhr gksrk gSA**
[kaMdkO; esa thou dk laiw.kZ fp=k u gksdj mlosQ fdlh egÙoiw.kZ i{k dk fp=k.k gksrk gSA [kaM* mlvuqHkwfr osQ Lo:i dh vksj laosQr djrk gS ftlesa thou vius laiw.kZ :i esa dfo dks izHkkfor u dj[kaM :i esa gh izHkkfor djrk gSA
[kaMdkO; egkdkO; dk laoqQfpr :i gS vFkkZr~ egkdkO; osQ y{k.k [kaMdkO; esa laoqQfpr :i esa ghvkrs gSaA [kaMdkO; esa vfUofr vkSj dlko osQ rÙo vfèkd le`¼ gksrs gSaA
13-4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
prqoZxZ μ pkj oxZ
lkekU;r;k μ lkekU; :i ls
eguh;rk μ egkurk] iz'kalk djus ;ksX;
13-5 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- [kaMdkO; ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
2- [kaMdkO; izca/dkO; dk gh ,d fo'ks"k :i gS] fl¼ dhft,A
3- [kaMdkO; osQ rhu rRoksa dk ifjp; nhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- izcaèkdkO; 2- [kaMdkO; 3- prqoZxks±
4- (d) 5- ([k) 6- (d)
13-6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- ljy ¯gnh O;kdj.k vkSj jpukμoklqnso uanu izlkn] Hkkjrh HkouA
2- ifj"Ñr ¯gnh O;kdj.kμcnzhukFk diwj] izHkkr izdk'kuA
3- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 187
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bdkbZμ14 % dkO; osQ izeq[k HksnμeqDrd dkO;
vuqØef.kdk (Contents)
mís'; (Objectives)
izLrkouk (Introduction)
14-1 eqDrd dkO;
14-2 eqDrd osQ HksnksiHksn
14-3 mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
14-4 ¯gnh esa eqDrd dkO; dk fodkl
14-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
14-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
14-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
14-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
mís'; (Objectives)
bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxsμ
● eqDrd dkO; dks tkuus esaA
● eqDrd dkO; osQ HksnksiHksn tkuus esaA
● fganh esa eqDrd dkO; dk fodkl tkuus esaA
izLrkouk (Introduction)
izkphu Hkkjrh; vkpk;ks± us izcaèk&dkO; osQ foijhr :i vFkkZr~ vizcaèk&dkO; osQ fy, eqDrd 'kCn dk O;ogkjfd;k gSA vfXuiqjk.k us ,sls 'yksdksa dks eqDrdksa dh laKk nh gS tks vius vFkZ|ksru esa Lor% leFkZ gksaμ^^eqDrd'yksd ,oSQd'peRdkj{ke% lrke~A** vkxs pydj èoU;kyksd osQ ykspudkj vfHkuoxqIr us bldh foLr`rO;k[;k djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ,sls i| dks] ftldk vxys&fiNys i|ksa ls dksbZ lacaèk u gks rFkk tks viusfo"k; dks izdV djus esa vosQyk leFkZ gks] mls eqDrd dgrs gSaA lkFk gh Lora=k vkSj fujis{k :i esavFkZ&|ksru eas leFkZ gksrs gq, Hkh og izcaèk osQ chp lekfo"V gks ldrk gSA vfHkuoxqIr us bldh ,d fo'ks"krkvkSj crkbZ gS fd og mlesa foHkko] vuqHkkokfn ls ifjiq"V bruk jl Hkjk gksrk gS fd og ikBd dks jlkuqHkwfriznku dj ldrk gSA vkuanoèkZukpk;Z dk dFku gS fd izcaèk osQ varxZr ftrus Hkkoksa ;k jlksa dk ifjikd laHkogS] mrus gh Hkkoksa ;k jlksa dh O;atuk eqDrd esa Hkh laHko gSA
14-1 eqDrd dkO;
vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy us eqDrd osQ Lo:i dk vfèkd Li"Vhdj.k djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ^eqDrd esa izcaèkosQ leku jl dh èkkjk ugha jgrh ftlesa dFkk&izlax dh ifjfLFkfr esa vius dks Hkwyk gqvk ikBd eXu gks tkrk
bdkbZ 14 % dkO; osQ izeq[k HksnμeqDrd dkO;Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University
188
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
gS vkSj ân; esa ,d&LFkk;h izHkko xzg.k djrk gSA blesa rks jl osQ NhaVs iM+rs gSa ftuls ân;&dfydk FkksM+hnsj osQ fy, f[ky mBrh gSA ;fn izcaèkdkO; dh foLr`r ouLFkyh gS rks eqDrd ,d pquk gqvk xqynLrk gS]blh ls ;g lHkk&lektksa osQ fy, vfèkd mi;qDr gksrk gSA** ;|fi ;gk¡ eqDrd osQ Lo:i dh :ijs[kk cgqrgh vkd"kZd 'kCnkoyh esa izLrqr dh xbZ gS ftlls izcaèk vkSj eqDrd osQ varj ij izdk'k iM+rk gS] drq gekjsizkphu vkSj vkèkqfud vkpk;ks± us dgha Hkh bl iz'u dk fopkj ugha fd;k fd eqDrd jpuk esa jl&fu"ifÙkfdl izdkj gksrh gS\ jl&fu"ifÙk osQ fy, Hkko] foHkko] vuqHkko ,oa lapkjh vkfn dk fp=k.k visf{kr gksrkgS] drq eqDrd dk {ks=k ladh.kZ gksrk gS] mlesa bu lcosQ fy, LFkku ugha gksrkμfdlh ,d vax dk gh fp=k.kgks ikrk gS] vr% mlls jlkuqHkwfr dh vis{kk oSQls dh tk ldrh gS vkSj ;fn fdlh ,d vo;o ls ghjl&fu"ifÙk gks ldrh gS rks fiQj izcaèk esa lHkh vo;oksa osQ fodkl ij D;ksa cy fn;k tkrk gS\
;g rks Lo;a vkpk;Z 'kqDy us Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;k gS fd izcaèk esa tgk¡ ân; dks jl&eXu djus dh {kerkgksrh gS] ogk¡ eqDrd ls jl osQ NhaVs gh iM+rs gSa] ftudh ân;&dfydk f[ky mBrh gS (mlesa eXu ugha gks ikrh)Abldk rkRi;Z gqvk fd jlkuqHkwfr dh n`f"V ls eqDrd dkO; esa izcaèk dh vis{kk U;wu 'kfDr gksrh gSA fiQj Hkhgekjh ewyHkwr leL;kμfd eqDrd ls jl&fu"ifÙk (Hkys gh jl dh èkkjk u gksdj NhaVs gh lgh) fdl izdkjgksrh gSμdk lekèkku ugha gksrkA
gekjs fopkj ls mRÑ"V dksfV dk eqDrd dkO; izcaèkdkO; ls pqudj vyx fd;k gqvk dksbZ ,slk va'k ughagksrk] tks fd okfVdk ls pqudj rS;kj fd, gq, xqynLrksa osQ leku gks vkSj u gh og izcaèk dk ,dy?kq&laLdj.k gksrk gSA izcaèk vkSj eqDrd dk lacaèk iwjs 'kjhj vkSj mlosQ ,d vax (gkFk] iSj vkfn) dk&lkugha gksrk] vkSj u gh nh?kZdk; euq"; vkSj y?kqdk; f'k'kq dk&lk gksrk gSA ,d ckj MkWú xqykc jk; th usmiU;kl vkSj dgkuh dk varj Li"V djrs gq, cSy vkSj esa<d dk mnkgj.k fn;k Fkk] ogh ckr izcaèk vkSjeqDrd osQ lacaèk esa dg ldrs gSaA oLrqr% nksuksa dh Lora=k lÙkk gS vkSj nksuksa Lora=k foèkk,¡ gSaA ,d eqDrddkjjl osQ lkjs vo;oksa dks ikBdksa osQ lEeq[k izLrqr ugha djrk] ftlls fd os mu lcdk poZ.k djosQ jl dhmiyfCèk dj losaQ] vfirq dfo Lo;a vius ekul esa gh mu lcdk vkyksM+u&foyksM+u dj ysrk gS vkSj mllsizkIr vuqHkwfr&ek=k dks vius dkO; esa izLrqr djrk gSA dguk pkfg, fd izcaèk esa og lkjh LFkwy lkexzhmifLFkr gksrh gS] ftlls jl dh fu"ifÙk laHko gksrh gS_ tcfd eqDrddkj lkexzh izLrqr u djosQ mldkosQoy lkj ;k jl ek=k izLrqr djrk gSA izcaèkdkj] eSnk] phuh] ?k`r vkfn lc oqQN izLrqr djrk gS ftllsgyqvk rS;kj gks losQ_ tcfd eqDrddkj osQoy cuk&cuk;k gyqvk gh mifLFkr dj nsrk gS] Hkys ghvkdkj&ifjek.k dh n`f"V ls og U;wu gh D;ksa u gksA
eqDrd dkO; esa jl osQ lHkh LFkwy vo;oksa dk fp=k.k ugha gksrk] mlesa fdlh ,d vo;o ;k Hkko&n'kk dkfu:i.k gksrk gS] drq blesa oqQN ,sls laosQr gksrs gSa ftlls 'ks"k vo;oksa dh dYiuk djus esa ikBd Lo;a leFkZgks losQA mnkgj.k osQ fy, fuEukafdr loS;k nz"VO; gSμ
ij dkjt nsg dks èkkjs fiQjkS] ijtU;! tFkkjFk àS njlkSAfufèk uhj lqèkk osQ leku djkS] lcgh fofèk lqanjrk ljlkSA^èku vkuan* thounk;d gkS] dckS esfj;kS ihj fg, ijlkSAdcgw¡ ok fclklh lqtku osQ vk¡xu eks v¡lqoku dks ys cjlkSA
;gk¡ vkyacu vkSj vkJ; dk Li"V :i ls dksbZ mYys[k ugha gS] mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa o Hkko&n'kk dk Hkh vaduugha gS] ¯drq iz.k;h ân; osQ O;koqQy mn~xkjksa }kjk gh lkjh fLFkfr dh O;atuk gks tkrh gSA oLrqr% ;gk¡LFkk;hHkko osQ fofHkUu vo;o u gksdj Lo;a LFkk;hHkko gh nzohHkwr gksdj izokfgr gks jgk gSA
14-2 eqDrd osQ HksnksiHksn
laLÑr fo}kuksa ,oa vkpk;ks± us eqDrd osQ dbZ HksnksiHksn fd;s gSaA naMh us mlosQ eq[; rhu Hksn fd, gSaμeqDrd]oqQyd dks"k vkSj la?kkrA vkxs pydj Hksnksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gks xbZA ;s HksnksiHksn eq[;r% 'yksd la[;k o
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 189
uksVfo"k;&Hksn ij gh vkèkkfjr gSaA fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk eqDrd osQ ;s 9 Hksn LohÑr fd, x, gSaμ(1) eqDrdμ,d 'yksd esa iw.kZ gksus okyh jpuk] (2) ;qXedμnks 'yksdksa esa lekIr gksus okyh] (3) fo'ks"kdμrhus 'yksdksaokyh jpuk] (4) dykidμpkj 'yksdksa okyh jpuk] (5) oqqQydμik¡p 'yksdksa okyh jpuk] (6) dksiμ,sls'yksdksa dk laxzg dks ijLij lac¼ u gksa] (7) iz?kV~Vdμ,d gh dfo }kjk jfpr 'yksdksa dk lewg](8) fodh.kZdμvusd dfo;ksa }kjk jfpr 'yksdksa dk laxzg] (9) la?kkr ;k i;kZ; caèkμ,d dfo }kjk ,dfo"k; ij jfpr Nanksa dk laxzgA
uksV~l eqDrd dkO; esa jl osQ lHkh LFkwy vo;oksa dk fp=k.k ugha gksrk] mlesa fdlh ,d vo;o;k Hkko&n'kk dk fu:i.k gksrk gSA
mi;qZDr oxhZdj.k u rks oSKkfud gS vkSj u gh fo'ks"k mi;ksxhA lkekU;r% vktdy eqDrd osQ izFke HksneqDrd (,d 'yksd okyh jpuk) dks eqDrd dgk tkrk gSA 'ks"k Hksnksa dk izpyu ugha gSA MkW- 'kaHkqukFk lgus ¯gnh esa izpfyr eqDrdksa dk oxhZdj.k cgqr gh lqanj <ax ls fd;k gS tks bl izdkj gSμ
(1) la[;kfJr eqDrd dkO; tSls ^gtkjk*] ^lrlbZ*] ^'krd*] ^ipkl*] ^ckouh*] ^pkyhlk*] ^iphlh*]^ckbZlh* vkfnA
(2) o.kZekykfJr eqDrd dkO;μtSls ekr`dk laKd (nksgk ekr`dk)] dDd laKd] ddgjk_ v[kjkoV]ckjg[kM+h vkfnA
(3) NankfJrμnksgkoyh] dforkoyhA
(4) jkxkfJrμtSls jke ykouh js[krk vkfnA
(5) ½rq vkfJrμppZjh] iQkxq] gksjh] ckjgeklk] "kM~½rq vkfnA
(6) iwtk&èkeZ vkfJrμLrks=k] Lrqfr] Lrou vkfnA
;fn lw{e n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g oxhZdj.k Hkh fo'kq¼ oSKkfud n`f"V ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA blesa fofHkUueqDrd&laxzgksa osQ ukedj.k dks gh vkèkkj ekuk x;k gS] mldh fo"k;&oLrq ;k 'kSyh dk è;ku ugha j[kk x;kgSA oLrqr% eqDrd dkO; HksnksiHksn osQ ipM+s ,oa oxhZdj.k dh lhekvksa ls Hkh eqDr jguk vfèkd ilan djrkgS] vr% mls cykr~ Hksnksa osQ dB?kjs esa tdM+uk mfpr ugha gksxkA eqDrd dkO; dk dksbZ fuf'pr fo"k;]fuf'pr :i ;k fuf'pr 'kSyh ugha gS] vr% mlosQ :i&Hksnksa dh la[;k vxf.kr gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa izkÑr osQ eqDrd dkO; dk lokZfèkd oSHko gky dh ^xkFkk&lIr'krh* esamiyCèk gksrk gSA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa (Fill in the Blanks)μ
1- vkpk;Z 'kqDy osQ vuqlkj] ;fn izcaèkdkO; foLr`r ouLFkyh gS rks eqDrd ,d pquk gqvk------------------------- gSA
2- naMh us eqDrd osQ rhu Hksn fd, gSaμeqDrd] ------------------------------ vkSj la?kkrA
3- -------------------------- dk dksbZ fuf'pr fo"k;] fuf'pr :i ;k fuf'pr 'kSyh ugha gSA
bdkbZ 14 % dkO; osQ izeq[k HksnμeqDrd dkO;
190
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
14-3 mn~Hko vkSj fodkl
;|fi l`f"V osQ vkfn&dkO; osQ fo"k; esa vkt ge oqQN ugha tkurs] foaQrq bruk fuf'pr gS fd mldh 'kSyheqDrd gh jgh gksxh] D;ksafd izcaèkdkO; dk fodkl rks èkhjs&èkhjs ekuoh; lH;rk dh mUufr ,oaekuo&efLr"d osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk eqDrd dkO; osQ vuarj gh gqvk gksxkA fo'o dh izkphure miyCèkjpuk ½Xosn Hkh eqDrd :i esa gh jfpr gSA vkxs pydj ikfy vkSj izkÑr lkfgR; esa Hkh eqDrd dh izèkkurkfeyrh gSA ckS¼ dfo;ksa }kjk Fksfj xkFkkvksa esa rFkk tSu dfo;ksa }kjk v¼Zekxèkh esa mins'k ,oa uhfr&izèkku lqanjeqDrdksa dh jpuk gqbZ gSA oqQN mnkgj.k nz"VO; gSaμ^^LokFkZjfgr nsus okyk nqyZHk gS] LokFkZjfgr thou fuokZgdjusokyk Hkh nqyZHk gSA LokFkZjfgr nsus okyk vkSj LokFkZjfgr gksdj thus okyk nksuksa gh LoxZ dks tkrs gSaA**,d vU; eqDrd esa dgk x;k gSμ^^tSls fcMky osQ jgus osQ LFkku osQ ikl pwgksa dk jguk iz'kLr ugha gS] mlhizdkj fL=k;ksa osQ fuokl&LFkku osQ chp esa czãpkfj;ksa dk jguk {kE; ughaA**
izkÑr osQ eqDrd dkO; dk lokZfèkd oSHko gky dh xkFkk&lIr'krh* esa miyCèk gksrk gSA blesa dfo us viukmís'; dke dh f'k{kk nsuk ?kksf"kr fd;k gS] vr% blesa Ük`axkj&jl dh izèkkurk gksuk LokHkkfod gSA Üka`xkj osQvfrfjDr blesa uhfr] T;ksfr"k] oS|'kkL=k ,oa Ñf"k&foKku vkfn dh ppkZ gqbZ gSA xkFkk&lIr'krhdkj dkn`f"Vdks.k loZ=k ;FkkFkZoknh gS] vr% blesa dkYifud txr~ osQ jktk&jkfu;ksa dks Hkwydj [ksr&[kfygkuksa esa dk;Zdjus okys tulkèkkj.k dk fp=k.k LokHkkfod :i esa fd;k x;k gSA iszeh&iszfedk osQ euksHkkoksa] nwr&nwfrdkvksa}kjk igq¡pk, tkus okys lans'kksa] ifjokj vkSj lekt dh e;kZnkvksa dk mYya?ku djosQ gksus okys xqIr lacaèkksa vkfndk fp=k.k blesa [kqydj gqvk gSA blesa 'kSyh dh ljyrk] ljlrk vkSj LokHkkfodrk dk xq.k fo|eku gSA
Lo;a gky osQ dFkukuqlkj izkÑr esa Üka`xkjh eqDrdksa dh la[;k djksM+ksa rd igq¡prh Fkh] ftuesa ls oqQN vPNseqDrdksa dk laxzg mlus ^dkO;&lIr'krh* osQ :i esa fd;kA ukV~;&'kkL=k] èoU;kyksd] Üka`xkj&izdk'k]n'k&:id] dkO;&izdk'k vkfn xzaFkksa esa Hkh LFkku&LFkku ij izkÑr osQ eqDrdksa dks mn~èk`r fd;k x;k gS] ftllsvuqeku fd;k tkrk gS fd izkÑr esa eqDrd&'kSyh dk cgqr iz;kssx ,oa izpkj jgk gksxkA laHkor% izkÑr esaeqDrdksa dh yksdfiz;rk ls izHkkfor gksdj gh laLÑr osQ dfo;ksa dk è;ku Hkh eqDrd&jpuk dh vksj vkdf"kZrgqvk gksxkA laLÑr osQ dfo;ksa esa ve#d us ^ve#d&'krd* dh] HkrZ`gfj us Üka`xkj&'krd] uhfr&'krd ,oaoSjkX;'krd dh vkSj xksc¼Zu us vk;kZ&lIr'krh dh jpuk dhA bu xzaFkksa ij ^xkFkk&'kIr'krh* dk iwjk izHkkoik;k tkrk gSA buosQ vfrfjDr dfo foYg.k dh ^pksj&iapkf'kdk*] dkfynkl dh ^ Ük`axkj&fryd* vkfn HkhmYys[kuh; gSaA laLÑr osQ vU; dfo;ksa us nsoh&nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr esa Hkh eqDrd 'kSyh esa 'krd] Lrks=k ,oaLrqfrikB fy[ks] tSlsμpaMh'krd] nqxkZ&lIr'krh] jke&Lrks=k vkfn] ¯oQrq lkfgfR;d n`f"V ls ;s egÙo&'kwU;gSaA
izkÑr vkSj laLÑr dh eqDrd&ijaijk dk fodkl viHkaz'k esa gqvkA ,d vksj fl¼ dfo;ksa esa ls ljgikn us^nksgk&dks'k* dh jpuk dh] rks nwljh vksj tSu dfo;ksa esa ls ;ksxhanq us ^ijekRe&izdk'k* o ^;ksxlkj* dh]jkeflag us ^ikgqM+ nksgk*] lqiHkkpk;Z us ^oSjkX;lkj*] nsolsu us ^lkoèkEe nksgk*] ftunÙk lwfj us^mins'kjlk;u jkt* vkfn dh jpuk dhA bu eqDrdksa esa èkeZ] lnkpkj ,oa uhfr dk izfriknu gqvk gS] vr%buesa 'kkar jl dh izeq[krk gS] ¯drq viHkza'k esa Üka`xkfjd eqDrdksa dk Hkh vHkko ugha gSA izkÑr&O;kdj.k]Nankuq'kklu] oqQekj&izfrcksèk] izcaèk&fparkef.k] izcaèk&dks"k] izkÑr&iSaxye~ vkfn esa vusd Kkr vkSj vKkrdfo;ksa osQ vla[; eqDrdksa dks m¼`r fd;k x;k gSA bu eqDrdksa esa Hkkoksa dh ljlrk] O;atuk dk oSHko] 'kSyhdh LokHkkfodrk ,oa Hkk"kk dh ljyrk vkfn vusd xq.k fo|eku gSaaA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 191
uksVLo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; ç'u (Multiple Choice Questions)μ
4- Ük`axkj eqDrdksa dk laxzg gqvk gSμ
(d) dkO; lIr'krh osQ :i esa ([k) vk;kZ&lIr'krh osQ :i esa
(x) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (?k) mijksDr nksuksa
5- ^dchj xazFkkoyh* esa lkf[k;k¡ foHkkftr gSaμ
(d) 19 vaxksa esa ([k) 39 vaxksa esa (x) 59 vaxksa esa (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
6- izk;% eè;dky dks dgk tkrk gSμ
(d) Üka`xkjh&;qx ([k) fodkjh&;qx (x) Lo.kZ&;qx (?k) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
14-4 ¯gnh esa eqDrd dkO; dk fodkl
iwoZorhZ izkÑr] laLÑr ,oa viHkaza'k osQ eqDrd lkfgR; dks fo"k; dh n`f"V ls bu rhuksa oxks± esa foHkDr djldrs gSaμ(1) ckS¼ ,oa tSu dfo;ksa osQ èkeZ ,oa oSjkX; lacaèkh eqDrdA (2) xkFkk lIr'krhdkj ve#d_xksc¼Zukpk;Z vkfn osQ Üka`xkjh eqDrdA (3) Hkr`Zgfj o vU; dfo;ksa osQ uhfr lacaèkh eqDrdA ¯gnh esa Hkh burhuksa èkkjkvksa dk fodkl n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA dchj] nknw] laqnjnkl vkfn lar dfo;ksa us èkekZsins'k ,oa oSjkX;lacaèkh eqDrdksa dh jpuk dh rks nwljh vksj] fcgkjh] efrjke] nso] iÁkdj vkfn us Üka`xkjh eqDrdksa dh ijaijkdks vkxs c<+k;kA HkrZ`gfj osQ ^^uhfr&'krd** dh Hkk¡fr fxfjèkj] o`an] jghe vkfn us uhfr&fo"k;d eqDrdksa dhHkh jpuk dhA ¯gnh osQ eè;dkyhu Üka`xkfjd eqDrdksa dks Hkh eq[;r% nks oxks± esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaμ(1) jhfrc¼ eqDrd vkSj (2) jhfr&eqDr eqDrdA bl izdkj vkèkqfud ;qx ls iwoZ jfpr eqDrd&lkfgR; dksge bu pkj 'kh"kZdksa osQ varxZr lekfo"V dj ldrs gSaμ(1) HkfDr ,oa oSjkX; lacaèkh] eqDrd] (2) jhfrc¼eqDrd&dkO;] (3) LoPNan isze&ewyd eqDrd vkSj (4) uhfr&lacaèkh eqDrd dkO;A buosQ vfrfjDr ik¡pok¡oxZ ohj&jl osQ eqDrdksa dk Hkh ¯gnh esa feyrk gSA
(1) HkfDr ,oa oSjkX; lacaèkh eqDrdμbl oxZ osQ eqDrdksa dh ijaijk dk izoÙkZu lar dchj }kjk gqvkAmuosQ iwoZ viHkaza'k esa ;ksxhanq] jkeflag nsolsu] ftunÙk lwfj vkfn osQ }kjk èkeZ ,oa oSjkX; lacaèkh nksgksa dh jpuki;kZIr ek=kk essa gks pqdh FkhA dchj us Hkh nksgksa ls gh feyrh&tqyrh 'kSyh dks viuk;k] ftls ftUgksaus nksgku dgdj ^lk[kh* osQ uke ls iqdkjkA dchj vf'kf{kr Fks] vr% os Nanksa osQ fu;eksa dh iwfrZ esa leFkZ ugha FksvkSj u gh vius dkO; dks fdUgha Ñf=ke fu;eksa esa vkc¼ djuk pkgrs Fks] vr% mudh lkf[k;ksa esa Hkkoksa dhvfHkO;fDr lgt LokHkkfod :i esa miyCèk gksuk LokHkkfod gSA dchj&xzaFkkoyh* esas mudh lkf[k;k¡ 59 vaxksaesa foHkkftr gSa] ftuls fo"k;&{ks=k osQ foLrkj dk vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesa eq[;r% xq#&HkfDr] Kku]ifjp;] psrkouh] ek;k] oqQlaxfr] fojfDr] bZ'oj&isze_ fojg vkfn fo"k;ksa dk fu:i.k gqvkA dchj osQ eqDrdkasaesa ekfeZdrk dh n`f"V ls fojg&lacaèkh mfDr;k¡ lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSaA oqQN iafDr;k¡ nz"VO; gSaμ
pksV lrk.kh fojg dh] lc ru tj tj gksbAekjk.kgkjk tkf.k gS] oSQ ftfg ykxh lksbAAfojfgu mQHkh iaFk flfj] iaFkh cw>S èkkbA,d lcn dfg ihc dk] dcj feysaxs vkbZAA
bu lkf[k;ksa esa vuqHkwfr;ksa dh rhozrk osQ dkj.k i;kZIr ljyrk vk xbZ gSA blosQ vfrfjDr dchj lw{e fo"k;ksadk fu:i.k Hkh LFkwy :idksa osQ ekè;e ls djrs gSa ftlls os lgt gh vuqHkwfrxE; gks ldrs gSaμ
ek[kh xqM esa xfM jfg] ia[k jgh yiVk;A
rkyh ihVS lj èkquS] ehBS cksbZ ek;AA
bdkbZ 14 % dkO; osQ izeq[k HksnμeqDrd dkO;
192
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
gkM+ tyS T;ksa ykdM+h] osQ'k tyS T;ksa ?kklA
ln tx tyrk nsf[k dfj] Hk;k dchj mnklAA
;gk¡ Øe'k% yksHk ,oa lalkj dh u'ojrk dk izfriknu bl <ax ls fd;k x;k fd ikBd osQ dYiuk&p{kqvksaosQ le{k ,d ltho n`'; mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA yksHk dh cqjkb;ksa ;k lalkj dh u'ojrk dk o.kZu ;gk¡vfHkèkkRed 'kSyh esa u gksdj O;atuk dh lgk;rk ls gqvk gSA 'kSyh dh blh fo'ks"krk osQ dkj.k dchj dhmins'kkRed mfDr;k¡ Hkh dkO;kRedrk ls vksr&izksr gks xbZ gSaA
dchj dk vuqdj.k u osQoy ijorhZ lar dfo;ksa }kjk gqvk] vfirq jkeHkfDr 'kk[kk ,oa Ñ".k&HkfDr 'kk[kk osQdfo;ksa us Hkh FkksM+h&cgqr ek=kk esa eqDrdksa dh jpuk dhA vkxs pydj nksgksa osQ LFkku ij dfoÙk vkSj loS;ksadk Hkh lar dfo;ksa }kjk iz;ksx gksus yxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy, lqanjnkl osQ dfoÙk o loS;ksa dh oqQN iafDr;k¡nz"VO; gSaμ
cksfy;s rkS rc tc cksfycs dh lqfèk gks;]
uk rkS eq[k ekSu xfg pqi gks; jfg,A
tksfj, rkS rc tc tksfjcS dh jhfr tkuSa]
rqd Nan vjFk vuwi tkesa yfg,AA
+ + +xsg rT;ks v# usg rT;ks iqfu] [ksg yxkb oSQ nsg l¡okjhA
esg lgs flj] lhr jgS ru] èkwi leS tks iapkfxfu ckjhA
Hkw[k lgh jfg :[k rjs] ij lqanjnkl lgs nq%[k HkkjhA
Mklu Nk¡fM oSQ dklu mQij] vklu ekj~;ks ij vkl u ekjhA
rqylhnkl us viuh ^dforkoyh* esa Hkh dfoÙk&loS;ksa dh jpuk vR;ar ljy :i esa dh gSA oLrqr% ijorhZ;qx esa gnh dfo nksgs dh vis{kk bu Nanksa dks vfèkd viukus yxsA budk dkj.k laHkor% ,d rks budk foLrkjgS] ftlls fdlh Hkh fo"k; dk vfèkd lqxerk ls buesa fu:i.k gks ldrk gSA nwljs] buesa ukn dk ,slk ekèkq;Z]'kCnksa dk ,slk izokg vkSj Hkk"kk dh ,slh ypd dk vkfoHkkZo gks tkrk gS] tks lgt gh Jksrk osQ eu dksvkdf"kZr dj losQA vr% bUgsa yksdfiz;rk izkIr gksuk LokHkkfod gSA
(2) jhfrc¼ eqDrd dkO;μftl izdkj èkeZ&laiznk;ksa osQ vkJ; esa HkfDr vkSj oSjkX; osQ eqDrdksa dhjpuk gqbZ] mlh izdkj jkT;kJ; esa jhfrc¼ eqDrd dkO; dk fodkl gqvkA laLÑr] izkÑr ,oa viHkaz'k esaÜka`xkfjd eqDrdksa dh jpuk izpqj ek=kk esa gqbZ] ¯drq muesa dkO;&'kkL=k osQ y{k.kksa dh iwfrZ dk iz;kl ughafeyrkA oLrqr% laLÑr esa 'kkL=kh; y{k.kksa dk leUo; djus dk iz;kl loZizFke ,d eqDrddkj esa ughaμ,dxhfrdkj esa feyrk gS] ftUgksaus vius ^xhr&xksfoan* esa ukf;dk&Hksn ,oa Üka`xkj osQ fofHkUu 'kkL=kh; HksnksiHksnksadk leUo; mYys[kiwoZd fd;k gSA ¯gnh esa Hkh jhfr dk iz;ksx izkjaHk esa HkDr dfo;ksa }kjk gqvkμlwjnkl dh^lkfgR;&ygjh* ,oa uannkl dh ^jleatjh* ¯gnh dh jhfr&ijaijk osQ izkjafHkd xzaFk gSaA ftl le; HkDr dfobl vksj yxs gq, Fks] vdcj osQ njckj esa ujgfj] czã] jghe vkSj xax vkfn osQ }kjk dfoÙk&loS;ksa esaÜka`xkfjdrk iui jgh FkhA bu njckjh dfo;ksa osQ dkO; esa ukf;dk osQ :i&lkSan;Z] mldh fofHkUu ps"Vkvksa]mlosQ u[k&f'k[k] rFkk iszeh&iszfedkvksa dh yhyk dk fp=k.k gksrk Fkk_ drq mlesa dkO;&'kkL=k osQ y{k.kksa dhiwfrZ dk iz;kl ugha feyrkA ;Fkk chjcy ^czã* dk ;g Nan nsf[k,μ
lstfga rSa mfB ukfj pyh] eu&eksgu tw g¡fl phj xáks]izxV~;ks jfo] dkUg fogku Hk;ks] eq[k eksfj oSQ ;ks e`xuSuh dáksAcsuh nqgw¡ oqQp chp jgh miek dfo czã Hkus fucáks]tuest; osQ euks tK leS nqfj rPNd es# dh lfèk jáksA
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 193
uksVrks bl izdkj vdcjh njckj esa Üka`xkjh eqDrdksa dh cgqr&lh izo`fÙk;ksa dk fodkl gks pqdk Fkk] drq osQ'konkligys jhfrdkyhu dfo gSa] ftUgksaus viuh ^jfld&fiz;k* ,oa ^dfo&fiz;k* esa HkDr&dfo;ksa }kjk xhfrdkO; esaiksf"kr ^jhfrizÑfr* dks Üka`xkfjd eqDrdksa ls lacafèkr fd;kA vkxs pydj rks jhfr vkSj Üka`xkfjdrk dk eqDrddkO; esa ,slk leUo; gks x;k fd fdlh xhfrdkj us jhfr dk uke rd ugha fy;kA
vdcjh njckj dk izHkko rRdkyhu 'kkld oxZ osQ vU; yksxksa ij Hkh iM+k] ftlls vusd ujs'kksa] lkearksa vkSjjbZlksa osQ vkfJr dfo jhfrc¼ Üka`xkfjd eqDrdksa dh jpuk esa izo`Ùk gks x,A nso] efrjke] iÁkdj] Xoky vkfnvusd dfo;ksa us jhfr osQ fuokZg osQ lkFk&lkFk vuqHkwfriw.kZ ljl eqDrdksa dh jpuk dh gSA blosQ vfrfjDrgekjs vusd lrlbZ dkjksaμfcgkjh] efrjke] foØe vkfnμus nksgksa esa Üka`xkj&jl dk izfriknu fd;k] ftl ijjhfr dk izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA oLrqr% eè;dkyhu 'kklu oxZ dks #fp osQ izHkko ls gnh dk eqDrd dkO;viuh mUufr dh pje lhek rd igq¡p x;kA
(3) LoPNan isze&ewyd eqDrd&dkO;μeè;dky essa ls dfo;ksa dk Hkh izknqHkkZo gqvk] ftUgksaus oS;fDrdiszekuqHkwfr;ksa dh O;atuk osQ fy, eqDrd&'kSyh dks xzg.k fd;kA ,sls dfo;ksa esa ?kukuan] cksèkk] vkye] jl[kkuvkfn mYys[kuh; gSaA ;|fi bUgkasus jhfrc¼ Ük`axkjh dfo;ksa dh Hkk¡fr dfoÙk loS;k i¼fr dk gh iz;ksx fd;k]¯drq 'kkL=kh; fu;eksa ;k jhfr osQ ipMs+ esa ;s ugha iM+sA HkkokRedrk o vuqHkwfr dh xaHkhjrk dh n`f"V ls budkdkO; eè;dky osQ leLr eqDrd dkO; esa loksZRÑ"V gSA Hkko&i{k Hkh vR;ar izkS<+ gSA O;aX;kRedrk ,oa Hkk"kkizog.k'khyrk osQ dkj.k buosQ eqDrdksa osQ izHkko esa xgjh vfHko`f¼ gks xbZ gSA eqDrd dkO; esa jlkuqHkwfr dh{kerk fdl ek=kk esa fo|eku gS] ;g ns[kus osQ fy, ?kukuan] cksèkk] vkye vkfn dh oqQN iafDr;ksa dk vkLoknugh i;kZIr gksxkμ
vfr lwèkks lusg dks ekjx gS] tg¡ usoqqQ l;kui ck¡d ughaArg¡ lk¡ps pySa rft vkiuikSa] ¯>>oSaQ diVh tks fulk¡d ughaAA^?ku vkuan* I;kjs lqtku lquks] br ,d rs nwljkss vk¡d ughaArqe dkSu lh ikVh i<+S gkS yyk] eu ysgq iS nsgq NVk¡d ughaAA μ?kukuan
+ + +,d lqHkku osQ vkuu iS oqQjcku tgk¡ yfx :i tgk¡ dksA
× × ×tku feyS rkS tgku feyS u¯g] tku feyS rkS tgku dgk¡ dksA
+ + +;g izse dks iaFk djky egk rjokfj dh èkkj iS èkkouks gSA
+ + +lgrs gh cuS u] dgrS u cuSa] eu gh eu ihj fijSch djSA μcksèkk
× × ×tk Fky dhus fcgkj vusdu rk Fky dk¡dfj cSfB pqU;ks djSaA
× × ×uSuu eSa jgrs ts lnk frudh vc dku dgkuh lqU;ks djSaA μvkye
VkLd f}osnh ;qx fdlosQ fy, izfl¼ gS\
(4) uhfr&eqDrd lacaèkh dkO;μtSlk fd ihNs dgk x;k gS] eè;dky osQ oqQN dfo;ksa us osQoyuhfr&lacaèkh fo"k; dks ysdj eqDrdksa dh jpuk dhA buesa o`an] fxfjèkj] ?kk?k] oSrky vkfn mYys[kuh; gSaAdfo;ksa us nksgk] oqaQMfy;k] NIi; vkfn Nanksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA ;|fi fo"k; dh ckSf¼drk osQ dkj.k buosQ
bdkbZ 14 % dkO; osQ izeq[k HksnμeqDrd dkO;
194
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
dkO; esa HkkokRedrk osQ fodkl osQ fy, LFkku ugha Fkk] ¯drq fiQj Hkh 'kSyhxr vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k budhlwfDr;k¡ Hkh i;kZIr jkspd cu xbZ gSa_ nsf[k,μ
Hkys cqjs lc ,d le tkS ykSa cksyr uk¯gA
tkfu ijr gSa dkx fid ½rq clar osQ ek¡¯gAA μo`Un
jfg, yVin dkfV fnu c# èkke¯g eSa lks;A
Nk¡g u ckdh cSfB,] tks r# irjks gks;A
tks r# irjks gks; ,d fnu èkks[kk nsgSA
tk fnu cgS c;kfj VwV rc tj rsa tSgSAA
dg fxjèkj dfojk; Nk¡g eksVs dh xfg,A
ikrk lc tfj tk; rmQ Nk;k esaa jfg,AA fxjèkj&dfojk;
(5) ohj&jlkRed eqDrd&dkO;μizk;% eè;dky dks Ük`axkjh&;qx dgk tkrk gS] ¯drq bl ;qx esaohj&jlkRed dkO; dh jpuk Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esa gqbZ] ftldh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA bl dkO; dks nksmiHksnksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSaμ
(1) jktLFkkuh dfo;ksa }kjk ¯Mxy Hkk"kk esa jfpr vkSj (2) vU; dfo;ksa }kjk cztHkk"kk esa jfprA izFke oxZesa i`Fohjkt] ck¡dhnkl] nqjlk th] lw;Zey feJ vkfn dfo vkrs gSa] ftUgksaus ohjHkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDrvuqHkwfriw.kZ 'kCnksa esa dhA ml ;qx osQ jk"Vª uk;d egkjk.kk izrki dh ohjrk] niZ ,oa efgek dks ysdj bUgksausvusd vkstiw.kZ eqDrdksa dh jpuk dhA vk'p;Z rks ;g gS fd i`Fohjkt vkSj nqjlk th dk vdcjh njckj lsxgjk lacaèk gksrs gq, Hkh mUgksaus egkjk.kk osQ xkSjo&xku esa fdlh izdkj dk ladksp ugha fd;k] vfirq egkjk.kkosQ vkxs vdcj dh ghurk] rqPNrk ,oa y?kqrk dk izfriknu [kqys 'kCnksa esa fd;k gS_ oqQN mfDr;k¡μ
ekbZ ,gM+k iwr t.k] tsgM+k jk.k izrkiA
vdcj lwrks vkS>osQ] tk.k fljk.kSa lk¡iAA
vkbjs vdcfj;kg] rst rqgkyks rqjdM+kA
ux rx uhlfj;kg] jk.k fcuk lgjktohA μi`Fohjkt
vdcj xjc u vka.k ghanw lg pkdj gqokAA
nhBksa dksbZ nhok.k] djrh yVdk dVgMS+AA μnqjlk th
dfo jktk lw;Zey feJ us viuh ^ohj lrlbZ* esa eè;dkyhu jktiwrh vkn'kZ dh O;atuk liQyrkiwoZd dhgSA jktLFkkuh dfo;ksa us eq[;r% nksgk o mlls feyrs&tqyrs Nanksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
cztHkk"kk esa ohj jl osQ eqDrdksa dh jpuk djus okys oxZ esa loZJs"B dfo Hkw"k.k ekus tkrs gSa] ftUgksaus egkjktN=klky vkSj N=kifr f'kokth osQ ;'k dk xku dfoÙk&loS;ksa esa rFkk iQM+drh gqbZ Hkk"kk o vkstLoh 'kSyh esafd;k gSA muosQ vfrfjDr iÁkdj] Xoky vkfn dfo;ksa us Hkh vius vkJ;nkrkvksa dh iz'kalk osQ fy, oqQN ohjjl osQ Nanksa dh jpuk dh Fkh] ftuesa cgqr oqQN Hkw"k.k dk vuqdj.k gqvk gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd eè;dky dk eqDrd lkfgR; fo"k;&{ks=k dh n`f"V ls cgqr O;kid gSA HkfDr]oSjkX;] Üka`xkj] uhfr vkSj ohj jl osQ vfrfjDr bl ;qx esa ^csuh osQ HkaMkSos* vkSj ^[kVey&ckblh* tSlhgkL;&jl dh Hkh eqDrd&jpuk,¡ fy[kh xb±A oLrqr% 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls jhfr&dky dks ge eqDrd&dky* Hkhdg nsa rkss vuqfpr ugha gksxkA
vkèkqfud dkyμvkèkqfud dky dk izkjaHk Hkkjrsanq ;qx ls gksrk gSA bl ;qx esa eqDrdksa osQ Hkko&{ks=k ,oafo"k;&{ks=k esa i;kZIr fodkl gqvkA Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz us ,d vksj iwoZorhZ dfo;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,HkfDr&Hkkouk vkSj isze ls vksrizksr eqDrdksa dh jpuk dh rks nwljh vksj ns'k&isze] lekt&lqèkkj] gkL; vkSjO;aX; vkfn fo"k;ksa ij NksVs&NksVs eqDrd fy[ksA muosQ lkfgR; esa vuqHkwfr dh fo'knrk] Hkkoksa dh Li"Vrk vkSj
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uksVHkk"kk dh LokHkkfodrk o dkseyrk loZ=k n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA mudk eqDrd dkO; Hkh bu xq.kksa ls oafpr ughagSA muosQ ;qx osQ vU; dfo;ksa us Hkh Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz dk vuqdj.k fd;kA
f}os}h&;qx izcaèkkRedrk osQ fy, izfl¼ gSA bl ;qx osQ dfo ,oa ys[kd jk"Vªh;&tkxj.k osQ mís'; ls foxr;qx osQ egkiq#"kksa osQ thou dk fp=k.k djuk pkgrs Fks] tks izcaèk&'kSyh esa gh laHko gSA fiQj Hkh ukFkwjke^'kadj*] v;ksè;k¯lg mikè;k; gfjvkSèk* jkejus'k f=kikBh vkfn us eqDrd jpuk dh] ftuesa mins'kkRedrk dhizèkkurk gSA bl ;qx osQ dfo;ksa dh 'kSyh esa bruk vfèkd foLrkj feyrk gS fd og eqDrd jpuk osQ mi;qDrugha yxrh] vr% buosQ eqDrdksa esa visf{kr HkkokRedrk ugha vk ldhA vkxs pydj Nk;koknh vkSj izxfroknh;qx osQ dfo;ksa us Hkh eqDrdksa dh vis{kk xhfr&'kSyh dk vfèkd iz;ksx fd;k] ¯drq fiQj Hkh mUgksaus ;=k&r=kvPNs eqDrdksa dh jpuk dh gSA bl ;qx esa ,slh NksVh&NksVh dforkvksa dh Hkh jpuk gqbZ] ftuesa Nanksa dh la[;kik¡p&lkr gS rFkk tks xs; u gksdj ikB~; gSaμbUgsa ^izyac eqDrd* dgk x;k gSA eqDrd&'kSyh esa jfpr ^vk¡lw*vkSj ^eèkq'kkyk* tSlh vR;ar yach jpuk,¡ Hkh fy[kh xbZ gSaA
bèkj ^iz;ksxokfn;ksa* us ^ubZ dfork* esa ,d ,slh 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] tks eqDrd vkSj xhfr osQ chp dhdgh tk ldrh gSA* vkdkj izdkj dh n`f"V ls budh jpuk,¡ eqDrd gh gS_ ¯drq mudk lLoj ikB gksus osQdkj.k os xhfr dk :i èkkj.k dj ysrh gSA budh jpukvksa esa HkkokRedrk dh vis{kk ckSf¼drk] vuqHkwfr dhvis{kk fopkjksa dh vfèkdrk gS_ vr% bUgsa lwfDr;ksa ;k mfDr;ksa dh laKk nh tk ldrh gSA
mi;qZDr i;kZykspu ls Li"V gS fd fofHkUu ;qxksa esa gnh eqDrd&dkO; dh èkkjk fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ èkjkry ijizokfgr gksrh gqbZ fujarj vkxs c<+rh jgh vkSj lnk c<+rh jgsxhA
14-5 lkjka'k (Summary)
izkphu Hkkjrh; vkpk;ks± us izcaèk&dkO; osQ foijhr :i vFkkZr~ vizcaèk&dkO; osQ fy, eqDrd 'kCn dkO;ogkj fd;k gSA vfXuiqjk.k us ,sls 'yksdksa dks eqDrdksa dh laKk nh gS tks vius vFkZ|ksru esa Lor%leFkZ gksaμ^^eqDrd 'yksd ,oSQd'peRdkj{ke% lrke~A**
vfHkuoxqIr us bldh ,d fo'ks"krk vkSj crkbZ gS fd og mlesa foHkko] vuqHkkokfn ls ifjiq"V bruk jlHkjk gksrk gS fd og ikBd dks jlkuqHkwfr iznku dj ldrk gSA
vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy us eqDrd osQ Lo:i dk vfèkd Li"Vhdj.k djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ^^eqDrd esaizcaèk osQ leku jl dh èkkjk ugha jgrh ftlesa dFkk&izlax dh ifjfLFkfr esa vius dks Hkwyk gqvk ikBdeXu gks tkrk gS vkSj ân; esa ,d&LFkk;h izHkko xzg.k djrk gSA blesa rks jl osQ NhaVs iM+rs gSa ftulsân;&dfydk FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, f[ky mBrh gSA ;fn izcaèkdkO; foLr`r ouLFkyh gS rks eqDrd ,dpquk gqvk xqynLrk gS] blh ls ;g lHkk&lektksa osQ fy, vfèkd mi;qDr gksrk gSA**
laLÑr fo}kuksa ,oa vkpk;ks± us eqDrd osQ dbZ HksnksiHksn fd;s gSaA naMh us mlosQ eq[; rhu Hksn fd,gSaμeqDrd] oqQyd dks"k vkSj la?kkrA
fo'o dh izkphure miyCèk jpuk ½Xosn Hkh eqDrd :i esa gh jfpr gSA vkxs pydj ikfy vkSjizkÑr lkfgR; esa Hkh eqDrd dh izèkkurk feyrh gSA
iwoZorhZ izkÑr] laLÑr ,oa viHkaza'k osQ eqDrd lkfgR; dks fo"k; dh n`f"V ls bu rhuksa oxks± esa foHkDrdj ldrs gSaμ(1) ckS¼ ,oa tSu dfo;ksa osQ èkeZ ,oa oSjkX; lacaèkh eqDrdA (2) xkFkk lIr'krhdkjve#d_ xksc¼Zukpk;Z vkfn osQ Üka`xkjh eqDrdA (3) Hkr`Zgfj o vU; dfo;ksa osQ uhfr lacaèkh eqDrdA
vkèkqfud dky dk izkjaHk Hkkjrsanq ;qx ls gksrk gSA bl ;qx esa eqDrdksa osQ Hkko&{ks=k ,oa fo"k;&{ks=k esai;kZIr fodkl gqvkA Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz us ,d vksj iwoZorhZ dfo;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, HkfDr&HkkoukvkSj isze ls vksrizksr eqDrdksa dh jpuk dh rks nwljh vksj ns'k&isze] lekt&lqèkkj] gkL; vkSj O;aX; vkfnfo"k;ksa ij NksVs&NksVs eqDrd fy[ksA
bdkbZ 14 % dkO; osQ izeq[k HksnμeqDrd dkO;
196
,sfPNd ¯gnhμII
uksV
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
14-6 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
lekfo"V μ lekfgr
jlkuqHkwfe μ jl dh vuqHkwfr
fu"ifÙk μ iw.kZrk
14-7 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ^eqDrd* osQ lacaèk esa vkpkpZ jkepanz 'kqDy osQ fopkj O;Dr dhft,A
2- eqDrd osQ LohÑr 9 Hksnksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
3- jhfrc¼ eqDrd dkO; ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ Li"V dhft,A
4- ohj&jlkRed eqDrd dkO; dk fooj.k nhft,A
mÙkjμLo&ewY;kadu (Answers–Self Assessment)
1- xqynLrk 2- oqQyd dks"k 3- eqDrd dkO;
4- (d) 5- (x) 6- (d)
14-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- vfHkuo ¯gnh O;kdj.kμ:iukjk;.k f=kikBh] ';ke izdk'kuA
2- eqX/cks/ ¯gnh O;kdj.kμÑ".k ukjk;.k izlkn ekx/A
3- ¯gnh O;kdj.k dh vH;kl iqfLrdkμth-ih- 'kekZ] vksfj,aV CySd LokuA
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