e.g. domestic hot-water system

E.G. Domestic hot-water system

Typical collector design(fig 6.18)

Can we understand the design criteria for each of these components?

What happens if you run such a collector too hot?

National Solar Thermal Test Facility—Sandia National Lab

Parabolic collectors

What is this?

What is oil??

•Complex mixture of MANY different hydrocarbons. More complex molecules (more carbon atoms per molecule) have higher boiling points.

•The refining process separates the crude petroleum into many different types of fuels (based on boiling point, and therefore carbon number)

•Don’t forget, there are also lots of impurities (sulfur, vanadium, nickel, …).

5-10 carbons/mol.11-12 carbons/mol.

13-17 carbons/mol.

18-20 C’s/mol.

Resources vs. Reserves(McKelvey Diagram)

Resources

Reserves

Resources vs. Reserves (McKelvey Diagram)

Resources

Reserves

Proven

Indicated Inferred

More Expensive

More Uncertain

US “Proven Reserves” over the last century (does not include 2006).

US Proven RESERVES (FROM EIA)

05000

1000015000200002500030000350004000045000

1900 1927 1954 1982 2009 2036

Year

Res

erve

s (m

illio

ns o

f BB

L's)

Series1

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_sum_crdsnd_adc_mbbl_m.htm

Changes to US Petroleum reserves

Note: Domestic “production” accounts for only about27% of our petroleum consumption

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf

Gasoline prices (EIA)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/info_glance/petroleum.html

http://www.daviesand.com/Perspectives/Forest_Products/Oil_Reserves/index.html

Oil Reserves

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0872964.html

Two Views of World’s “Oil” Supply

http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/oil/

Oil deposits

Fig. 7.9 from H&K

How do you find oil?

VIBRATOR TRUCKS

Sample seismic section

From Lafond et al. CSEG 2004 proceedings (effect of salt domes etc.)

E.G. Domestic hot-water system

Oil deposits

Fig. 7.9 from H&K

Southern Former Soviet States

Alakska National Wildlife Refuge

Model used for the seismic section

From Lafond et al. CSEG 2004 proceedings (effect of salt domes etc.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves

Well log and synthetic seismic section

Typical LNG tankers

Classic Puteri Firus (130000 m3)(Alstrom marine, 1997)

How much can you get out?

15%

35% (Total)

Up to 45% (Total)

Even out best technologyPresently leaves over halfThe oil in the ground!

Coal

14000 Btu/lb

~13000 Btu/lb

9000 Btu/lb

6000 Btu/lb

Today, 90% of UScoal consumption is used for Electricitygeneration. This accounts for 72%of all electricitygeneration in the U.S.

Energy content and impuritiesboth change with grade and location.

Coal

Strip mining (about 60% of today’sproduction in the U.S.)

Underground mining

http://mysite.verizon.net/sosborne1/underground.html

http://www.mii.org/ReclStories/JacobsRanch/Jacobs.html

Methane Clathrate

“Burning Ice”

Close up of the atomicstructure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate

Methane Clathrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate

Tar sands

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/research/ubcgif/research/petrol.html

Tar sands- Bucket wheels

These devices were used to remove the overburden and remove the Bitumen. The sand was loaded onto 31 MILES of conveyor belt. These Devices were phased out in 2000 in favour of large excavators and trucks.

http://www.www.dykon-explosivedemolition.com/Archives/BucketWheel/BucketWheel.html

Tar Sands

Each truck carries up to 400 TONS, equivalent of200 barrels of crude oil (that’s $16K at 80$/bbl).

Tar sands

http://www.usask.ca/education/ideas/tplan/sslp/yukon/bitumont.htm