eeri resilience observatory case study ......2016/02/17  · chris d. poland consulting engineer yu...

EERI RESILIENCE OBSERVATORY CASE STUDY REPORT:

Use of Data for Measuring and Monitoring Recovery following the

Canterbury Earthquake Sequence

AuthorsScott Miles, University of Washington

Liesel Ritchie, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado, BoulderChris D. Poland Consulting Engineer

Yu Xiao, Texas A&M UniversityNick Hedley, Simon Fraser University

February 2016

EERIRESILIENCEOBSERVATORYCASESTUDYREPORT:UseofDataforMeasuringandMonitoringRecovery

followingtheCanterburyEarthquakeSequence

AreportpreparedbytheEarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute

fortheResilienceObservatoryProjectfundedbyNationalScienceFoundationAwardNumber1235573

ScottMiles,UniversityofWashingtonLieselRitchie,NaturalHazardsCenter,UniversityofColorado,Boulder

ChrisD.PolandConsultingEngineerYuXiao,TexasA&MUniversity

NickHedley,SimonFraserUniversity

February2016

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TableofContents

I. Introduction 3

II. Background 4

III. Methodology 5

IV. RecoveryDataandIndicators 7BuiltEnvironment 8Economy 9SocialandHumanWellbeing 11Cultural 13

V. RecommendationsforPractice 14FosterInnovation 14ShareandLinkData 15PromoteDataforDecision-Making 18

VI. PotentialRolesforEERIandOutsideExperts 19AugmentCapacities 19FacilitateData-DrivenDecision-Making 20SupportResearch 21Concerns 22

VII. Acknowledgements 23

VIII. References 23

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I. Introduction

ThisreportpresentsacasestudythatisapartofalargerEarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute(EERI)effortcalled"SeismicObservatoryforCommunityResilience–AProgramtoLearnfromEarthquakes"fundedbytheU.S.NationalScienceFoundationunderawardnumber1235573.Theprojectbuildsonthemulti-decadeandmulti-disciplinaryEERILearningFromEarthquakes(LFE)program.Theprojectisathree-yearearthquakereconnaissancedataassimilationeffortaimedatadvancingknowledgeonresiliencedatapracticesanditsapplicationintheUnitedStates(EERI,2015).Theprojectseekstoidentifyanddefinekeyphysicalandhumanelementsthatcontributeto,orinhibit,seismicresilienceinU.S.communities.Intheprocess,betterunderstandingofthephysical,social,economic,governance,andinstitutionalfactorsthatfacilitateorslowrecoverywillbeachieved.

Aseismicresilienceobservatoryisenvisionedtohousedatadocumentingrestoration,reconstruction,andrecoveryfrompastearthquakesandtoprovidemeansfordisseminating,analyzing,andfacilitatinguseofsuchdata.Thepurposeofsuchanobservatoryistofacilitatecomparisonacrossdisasterstolearntransferablelessonsforestablishingframeworkstoimprovetheresilienceofhumansettlementsaroundtheworldtofutureearthquakes.Beyondthepotentialstorageandmanagementofdata,itisenvisionedthataseismicresilienceobservatorymightfacilitatelong-termrecoverydatacollection(i.e.,reconnaissance)andprovideinstitutionalguidanceforconductingresiliencereconnaissanceefforts(e.g.,byofferingstandardizedmethodsforsystematiclong-termrecoverydatacollection).

Thecasestudydescribedinthisreportisthefirstfieldstudyoftheseismicresilienceobservatoryproject.Itfocusesonthereconstructionandrecoveryprocessesafterthe2010-2011Canterburyearthquakesequence.Thiscasestudywaschosenforseveralreasons.First,theCanterburyearthquakesequenceisoneofthemostdata-richdisastersinhistory.Second,itoccurredinanurbanareasimilartomanyintheUnitedStates.Third,NewZealanddoesnotposealanguagebarrierforprojectinvestigators.

InMarch2014,afive-memberresearchteamvisitedNewZealandfortwoweekstoconductfieldworkforthecasestudy.Thecombinedexpertiseoftheteamincludedsociology,geography,urbanplanning,informationsystems,andcivilengineering.ThegoalofthefieldworkwastoobserveandunderstandhowstakeholdersinNewZealandaremeasuring,monitoring,andactinguponpotentialindicatorsofrecoveryaftertheCanterburyearthquakes.Theresearchteaminterviewedawiderangeofmanagers,decision-makers,andresearchersinvolvedwithorstudyingrecoveryfromthe2010-2011earthquakesequence.

Studyparticipantsincludedhigh-levelusersofdata(e.g.,decision-makersorthosewhorequestedthecreationofthedata)andthemanagersandcreatorsofdata.Theresearchteaminterviewedrepresentativesfromabroadcross-sectionoforganizations.Duringtheseinterviews,studyparticipantswereaskedtodiscusstheirperspectivesonrecoverydatapracticesinNewZealand,includingtheusefulness,exchangeability,andlimitationsofdataandindicatorsformeasuringandmonitoringanyaspectofrecovery.Thepurposeoftheinterviewswastogatherinsightsaboutorganizationaldatapracticesformeasuringandmonitoringdisasterrecovery.Thepurposewasnottorequestoracquire

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anydataorinformationdescribingtherecoveryprogress;ThegoalofthiscasestudywastoidentifysignificantthemesrelatedtorecoverydatapracticesfortheCanterburyearthquakesequencethatcaninformalternativesfordevelopinginstitutionalandtechnologicalarrangementsforfutureseismicresilienceobservatories.

Thisreportisorganizedineightsections.ItbeginswithanoverviewoftheCanterburyearthquakesequence,itsimpact,andaspectsoftherecoveryprocesstodate.Themethodsofthestudyprojectarethendescribed.Subsequently,threesectionsdetailthemesrelatedtothegoalsofEERI'sLearningFromEarthquakesprogramthatwerefoundfromanalyzingandsynthesizingqualitativedatacollectedduringfieldinterviews.Thethemesare1)recoverydataandindicators,2)recommendationsforpractice,and3)roleofoutsideexperts.

II. Background

ChristchurchisNewZealand’ssecond-largestcity,withnearly342,000inhabitants,accordingtothe2013Census.ThegreaterChristchurchmetropolitanareahasapproximately436,000inhabitants(StatisticsNewZealand,2016).Untilthefirstearthquakeofthesequencein2010,thisareahadbeenconsideredaregionofmoderateseismichazardcomparedtoWellingtonandotherpartsofNewZealand(Elwoodetal.,2014).

AnMw7.1earthquakestrucktheCanterburyregionofNewZealand’sSouthIslandonSeptember4,2010.TheepicenterwaslocatednearthetownofDarfield,approximately35kilometerswestofChristchurchonthepreviouslyunknownGreendalefault.Theearthquakecausedwidespreaddamageintheregionandgeneratedhundredsofperceptibleaftershocks,withfourequaltoorgreaterthanmagnitude6(Milesetal.,2014;Elwoodetal.,2014).Sixmonthslater,onFebruary22,2011,anotherpowerfulearthquakestruckthesameregion.TheepicenteroftheMw6.3earthquakewasapproximately6kilometerssoutheastofthecenterofChristchurch,onanotherpreviouslyunknownfault.Theearthquakeextendedtheaftershocksequenceofthe2010earthquakeconsiderablyeastward,althoughthefaultwasnotbelievedtobeaprojectionoftheGreendalefault(EERI,2011).The2011earthquakegeneratedmorethan7,300feltaftershocksinthefirstyear.Theverticalpeakgroundacceleration(PGA)incentralChristchurchexceeded1.8g.Insomeareas,PGAreached2.2g,thehighesteverrecordedinNewZealandandoneofthehighesteverrecordedworldwide(Milesetal.,2014;Bradley,etal.,2014).

TheFebruary2011earthquakekilled185people.Mostofthese185deaths(72%)occurredinthecollapsesoftwomulti-storydowntownbuildings,designedandconstructedinthemid-60sandmid-80s,respectively(Milesetal.,2014;Elwoodetal.,2014).NewZealandTreasuryestimatedthecapitalcostoftheCanterburyearthquakestobearound$40billion(English,2013).Thehighshakingintensity,thesimultaneousverticalandhorizontalgroundmovement,andtheextremeliquefactionoftheFebruary2011earthquakecausedsignificantdamage.Furthermore,manybuildingshadbeenpartiallydamagedandweakenedinthe2010earthquake.MostofthebuildingsintheregionwerenotdesignedtowithstandthehighPGAofthe2011earthquake.Inthecentralbusinessdistrict,alargenumberofbuildingssustaineddamagebeyondrepair,includingseverallandmarkbuildings,hotels,andtheChristchurchcathedral.Damagewasgreatestinolder,unreinforcedmasonrybuildingsthatwere

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constructedbeforestrictearthquakescodeswereintroduced.Followingthe2011earthquake,accessto45%ofthe4,000downtownbuildingswasbannedforsafetyreasons,and1,000buildingsweremarkedfordemolition(Milesetal.,2014).Roughly7,500housesinChristchurchrequireddemolition(CERA,2014),whilealmost100,000unitsneededrepairs(Stuff.co.nz,2011).Damagefromlandslidesandliquefactionledtothedesignationofaresidentialredzone,whichindicatedwherehomescouldnotberebuilt(Milesetal.,2014).

TheFebruary2011earthquakedamagedanddisruptedthemainlifelinesystemsofthecity,includingroads,waterandwastewaternetworks,andelectricitytransmissionsystems.Electricpowerwasrestoredto98%ofoccupiedhomeswithintwoweeksoftheearthquake(Giovinazzietal.,2011).Roadsandbridgeswereextensivelydamagedbysignificantliquefactionandlateralspreadingcausedbytheearthquakes,aswerewaterandwastewatersystems.TheChristchurchCityCouncil(CCC)received36,000waterandwastewaterservicerequestsinthefivemonthsfollowingtheearthquake.BytheendofAugust2011,workwascompletedonallpublicsewerpipes,butaround800housesremainedoutofserviceduetoprivatesewerpipedamage(Stevensonetal.,2011).ThelastportabletoiletwasremovedinJanuary2014(Milesetal.,2014).ThewatersystemrestorationactivitiesinChristchurch,completedwithinsixmonths,includedrepairof60watersupplywells,constructionof12kmofwatermains,andrepairorreconstructionof150kmofwatermains,aswellasof100kmofsub-mains.Theresultingliquefactionintheeasternsuburbscausedbridgeapproachestosettle,waterpipestofracture,wastewaterpipesandaccesspointstosurface,roadstosink,landtoshiftlaterally,housesandbuildingstotilt,andblanketedtheareawithsilt(Giovinazzietal.,2011;Milesetal.,2014).

TheSeptember2010earthquakeincreasedlocalandnationalcapacitytodealwiththeFebruaryeventandthesubsequentaftershocks.Thisincludedreformingandrefiningtheregion’sgovernancestructure.AftertheFebruary2011earthquake,localgovernmentsinitiatedarecoveryprocess,whichwassubsequentlyledbytheCrown,withthecreationoftheCanterburyEarthquakeRecoveryAuthority(CERA).CERAwasformedwithinonemonthoftheFebruary2011earthquake.Similarly,SCIRT(StrongerChristchurchInfrastructureRebuildTeam)wasformedtomanageandimplementreconstructionofthehorizontalinfrastructure.

III. Methodology

ThissectiondescribesthemethodologyusedtodeveloptheCanterburycasestudy.Themethodologyconsistsofadatacollectionstrategyandanalysisapproach.Thepurposeofthedatacollectionstrategywastoobtainaqualitativeprimarydatasetthatdescribeddatapracticesacrossabroadrangeofsectorsofrecovery.ThepurposeoftheanalysisapproachwastoidentifyandenumeratemajorthemesrelatedtostakeholderuseofdatainCanterburyastheysoughttounderstandtheprogressoftheirrecovery.Thetwocomponentsofthemethodologyaredescribedbelow.

Thethreeelementsofthedatacollectionstrategyconsistedofstudyparticipantsampling,interviewprotocol,anddatacollection.Thegoalofparticipantsamplingwastoidentifystakeholdersfromgovernmentagencies,academicinstitutions,andprivatesectororganizationsthateitherhadadirectroleinrecoverymanagement(broadlydefined)orresearch.Thegoaloftheinterviewprotocolwasto

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developasemi-structuredguidetoensurerelativeconsistencyacrossinterviewsconductedbytheprojectteam.Datacollectionwasconductedthroughface-to-facemeetings—typicallyinvolvingmorethanonestudyparticipantandmultiplemembersoftheEERIresearchteam.

Foursectorsofrecoverywereusedtofacilitatesamplingofabroadcross-sectionofrecoverystakeholders:builtenvironment,economy,humanhealth,andsocialcapital.(Originally,thenaturalresourcessectorwasincluded,butnocontactedstakeholdersforthissectorrepliedoragreedtobeinterviewed.)Onehundredtwenty-twoindividualswereidentifiedandcontactedtorequestaninterview.Stakeholderswereidentifiedthroughacombinationofexistingrelationships,identifiedreportauthors,andsnowballsampling.Fromthesecontacts,45meetingswerescheduledandconducted.Withrespecttorecoverysectors,13meetingsdealtwiththebuiltenvironment,11dealtwithsocialcapital,eightdealtwitheconomicrecovery,andeightdealtwithhumanwellbeing.Theremainderofthemeetings(five)werewithstakeholderswhomanagedorresearchedmultiplesectors.Meetingswereconductedwithoneormoreparticipantsfrom26differentpublicandprivateorganizations.Inmultiplecases,meetingswereheldwithparticipantsfrommultipledepartmentsoragencieswithinanorganization.Table1liststheorganizationalaffiliationsofallstudyparticipants.

Table1.Participantorganizationsofcasestudy

Building Officials Institute of New Zealand Canterbury Development Corporation Canterbury District Health Board Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority Canterbury Employers Chamber of Commerce Christchurch and Canterbury Tourism Board Christchurch Community Council CORE Education Ltd GNS Science Healthy Christchurch Holmes Consulting Group Human Rights Commission Lincoln University

Massey University Ministry of Business, Innovation, and

Employment Ministry of Education New Zealand Historical Places Trust Pegasus Health Reserve Bank of New Zealand ResilOrgs Strong Christchurch Infrastructure

Rebuild Team Statistics New Zealand University of Canterbury University of Otago Victoria University

Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedduringeachofthe45meetings.Priortobeginningtheformalinterview,theresearchteaminformedparticipantsthattheirnameswouldnotbeassociatedwiththeirresponsesandthattheycouldskipanyquestionsthattheydidnotwishtoanswer.Inallcases,participantswereaskedthefollowingprimaryquestion:HowdoyouoryourorganizationunderstandormonitorrecoveryfromtheCanterburyearthquakesequence?Thepurposeofthisfocusingquestionwastoencourageparticipantstothinkaboutanddiscussthedataanddatapracticesusedtosupportdisasterrecoverywithrespecttotheirresponsibilitiesorresearchinterests.Otherwise,theinterviewersfromtheprojectteamwereguidedbyan18-questionprotocoltofacilitateconsistencyacrossmeetings(Table2).Theaimoftheprotocolwasnottoposeeachquestion,buttohaveamenuofquestionstoallowfor(re)directionoftheconversationtowardrelevantinsightsforthestudy.Inmostinstances,participantswereprovidedtheinterviewprotocolpriortomeeting.

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Qualitativedatawerecollectedduringeachmeeting.Thelargemajorityofmeetingsinvolvedmultipleparticipantsfromaparticularorganization.Theprojectteammembersconductedinterviewsjointly,exceptintwocases.Allparticipatingteammemberstookinterviewnotestoaffordevaluationofconsistencyandcompleteness.Whenpossible,interviewswereaudiorecordedtosupportqualitycontrolofnotes;directtranscriptionswerenotmade.

Thematicanalysiswasconductedonthequalitativedata(interviewnotes)collectedduringinterviews.Eachofthefiveteam-membersgeneratedinitialthemesbasedontheirownnotes,usingexcerptsandquotesasexemplarsoftheirfindings.Oneteammembercombinedtheinitialthemesinafinalsetofoverarchingthemes.Thisteammemberthenre-readallinterviewnotesthroughthelensofthefinalthemes,identifyingexcerptsassociatedwitheachthemetocreateacodedqualitativedatabaseofthecasestudyinterviews.

Table2.Interviewprotocolforcasestudydatacollection

1. What data and indicators are important in your organization’s monitoring, measuring, and evaluation of progress?

2. How do data and indicators vary for different types of your organization’s operations (e.g. finance, logistics), sectors, and/or projects, etc.?

3. How are different data obtained, collected, or created? 4. What data are primary data created or collected by your organization? 5. What data are secondary data collected by your organization (e.g., from Statistics NZ)? 6. How is data collection funded or budgeted for? 7. Who oversees, evaluates, and approves different required data? 8. Who has access to what types of data and who monitors or controls this access? 9. How is data quality or fitness for use managed? 10. With which external organizations does your organization collaborate for data access (e.g., formal data

sharing agreements)? 11. What software and systems are used for data collection, storage, management, and access? 12. What are formal/intended processes that data are used in making different types of decisions? 13. What are formal/unexpected ways that data are used in making different types of decisions? 14. What resource constraints (people, money, time) have limited data access and use? Which constraints were

overcome and how? 15. What data were desired or would have been useful but not accessible or available? 16. What are plans to update, maintain, and use data in the future? 17. How and what data practices (all of the above questions) would you do differently after a future earthquake? 18. What recommendations would you offer to other countries/communities faced with similar data needs as you

faced?

IV. RecoveryDataandIndicators

StudyparticipantsofferedawiderangeofinsightsabouthowtheyunderstoodthestateofrecoveryinCanterbury.ManyagenciesandorganizationsinNewZealandcollectedormanageddatadescribingawiderangeofindicatorsrelatedtotheCanterburyearthquakesequencerecovery.Someorganizations,suchastheStatisticsNewZealand,collectedmanydatapriortotheearthquakebutcoulduseitasabaselinetomonitorthestatusofrecovery.Otherorganizations,suchasCERAandSCIRT,were

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establishedaftertheearthquakeandcollecteddataspecificallytomonitorindicatorsrelatedtoreconstructionandrecovery.Similarly,someresearchersfromvariousuniversitiesandinstitutionscollecteddataspecificallytostudytheeffectsoftheearthquakesandrecoverytrends.Below,anoverviewisprovidedofsomeofthedatacollectedorindicatorsmonitoredbyvariousagenciesandorganizations.

BuiltEnvironmentThemostwidelycollectedandavailabledatafollowingtheearthquakesequencedocumentsanddescribesthebuiltenvironment.TheMinistryofCivilDefenceandEmergencyManagementtookaerialphotographstwodaysaftertheFebruary2011earthquake.TheMinistryhasaerialphotos,spanningatleastthreeyears,thattellanoverallstoryofdamage,demolition,andthebeginningofreconstruction.CERAdevelopeddataaboutbuildinginspections,reconstruction,housingoccupancy,andlanduserelatedtotheresidentialredzone.PriortotransferringfunctionstoinheritingCrownagencies,CERAalsohousedtheCanterburyGeotechnicalDatabaseandalldatafromthedetailedengineeringevaluationofdamagedbuildings.Thegeotechnicaldatabasewasoftencitedasanexemplarindatapracticesrelatedtotheearthquakes.

CCC’scorporatedatateammanagesmostofChristchurchCityCouncil’sdata,includingthatassociatedwithroads,pipelines,propertydata,andbuildingpermitsdata(consentingdata),whichhavebeenusedforunderstandingrecovery.CCCworkedwithSCIRTtotrackandcommunicateroadclosuredatatothepublic.Thecityalsoconductedpublicsurveystounderstandsatisfactionwithroadconditions.Aftertheearthquake,CCCchangedhowtheyrepresentbuildings;thecentroidofabuildingfootprintisnowtheprimarygeographicidentity.Theytrackthenumberoffloorsassociatedwithabuilding,includingthetypeofoccupancy,suchaswhetheritiscommercialorresidential.ThedetailedengineeringevaluationsdevelopedaftertheFebruary2011earthquakearealsoassociatedwitheachbuildingfootprint.CCCdidnothaveanearthquake-pronebuildingregisterbeforetheearthquake.Asaresult,GNSbuiltadatasettounderstandwhathappenedtoeachbuilding.CCCcreatedthe“ShareanIdea”initiativetogetpublicinputontheredevelopmentforthecentralcityofChristchurch.Over100,000ideasweregatheredforuseintheredevelopmentplanningprocess.The100,000ideasaredatarepresentingtheviewsaboutredevelopmentfromalargecross-sectionofCanterburians.Whilenotdatadirectlyaboutthebuiltenvironment,itisarichdatasetabouthowpeoplefeelabouttheirbuiltenvironment.

SCIRTwassetuptorebuildhorizontalinfrastructureinChristchurch.Theorganizationusedadata-drivendecisionprocessforidentifyingandprioritizingrepairandreplacementprojects.Thisprocessbeganwithdamageassessmentstounderstandbasicneeds.Projectprioritieswerethendeterminedusingmulti-criteriaanalysis.Theprimarycriteriawererelatedtoserviceoperations—thecondition,serviceability,criticality,andmaintenancecostsofproposedrepairorreplacement.SCIRTthengroupedindividualrepairorreplacementprojectswithrespecttosysteminterdependencies(hydraulicandproximal)tocreatealargersingleprojecttoprovidetocontractorsfordelivery.Othercriteriawerethenconsidered,includinginterdependencewithcriticalfacilitiesandpotentialconstructionimpactsonbusinessesortheenvironment.Prioritieswererecalculatedeachquarter.SCIRT’sindicatorsofdesignprogressrevolvedaroundworkflowstepsandscheduling.Constructionprogressindicatorsrevolved

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morearoundthecostaspect,aswellasthenumberofprojectscompleted.SCIRTrepresentativesindicatedthat,dependingonthepurpose,theirprojectdatacanbesummarizedbyproject,network,asset,street,catchments,orwards.Forinstance,designteamsneededindicatorsattheprojectlevel,whereasCCCrequireddataatthestreetleveltosupportmaintenancecrewsbeingabletogetbackintonormalmaintenancecycles.SCIRTutilizedcontractorstocollectsomeprojectdata.Forexample,contractorstookgeo-locatedphotographsrelatedtoprojectsorspecificassets.ThesephotographsweregiventoSCIRT’sGISteamtoenterintoaphotodatabaseandlinkedtospatialdatalayer,whicharemadeavailablethroughtheirweb-basedmapviewer.

LandInformationNewZealand(LINZ)leadsthe“BetterPropertyServices”effort—astandardgeospatialdataframeworkthatservesaprecursortobuildinginformationmodeling(BIM).“BetterPropertyServices”isintendedtomakeiteasierforthepublictoaccesscentralandlocalgovernmentpropertyservicesandinformation,suchaspropertyownership,permits,andconsenting.Atthetimeoftheinterviews,LINZwasbuildingaspatialdatainfrastructuretotracktheChristchurchrebuild.

TherewasaleapforwardinGISdatacollectionanddigitizationatthecitylevel.TheCCC’scorporatedatateamincreasedfrom16to24staffmembersaftertheFebruary2011earthquake.Asnotedabove,therewasnobuildingfootprintdatabeforetheearthquakes.Sincetheearthquakes,hundredsofvariableswerecreatedforbuildings,includingthenumberoffloorsandcommercialratings.Forexample,buildingfootprintandstreetaddressesdonothaveaone-to-onerelationship.Thereweremultipleaddressesforonebuilding.CCCundertookworktocreatethesedatarelationshipstobetterfacilitatedemolitionandreconstructiondecision-making.

ThefirsttwoweeksoftheCCCdatateam’sworkwastocreatebasemapsforplanningresponse.Theymovedontotrackstatusupdatesonindicatorssuchasdamageandporta-loodeliverylocationsandquantities.(Interestingly,aCERAmanagersaidthatporta-loosweredeliveredtothewronglocationsinmanycasesbecausedataaboutwhichhousesrequiredporta-looswerenotavailableatthetime.)ACCCanalystcommentedthatanyanalysisdonewasfairlybasicbecausedecision-makersdidnotmakemanyrequests.CCC’sdatateammainlyservestheneedsofthecitycouncil.Forinstance,CCCusedthedataaboutthebuiltenvironment(e.g.pipelineandstreetdamage)todeterminethecity’sliabilityintermsofinsurance(notforoveralleconomiclossassessment).ThemostsophisticatedanalysiscitedwasestimatingpotentialbuildingcollapsedropzonestofacilitatedecisionsaboutwheretoputtheCBD,aswellaswhentoremovecordonsandfromwhere.

EconomyInitially,theCrownmonitoredeconomicrecoveryindicators.Subsequently,athree-personteamatCanterburyDevelopmentCorporation(CDC)wasresponsibleforthisandreportedtotheCrown.OneeconomicindicatorusedtomonitoreconomicrecoveryprogresswasadjustedregionalGNP,whichwasdevelopedbyCDC.Forthiseconomicindicator,thevalueofreconstructionwasremovedfromtheregionalGNPtomonitorrelevantgrowth.OtherkeyperformanceindicatorsforCDCwerenetagriculturalexportsandsectorsalarylevels.TheEarthquakeCommission(EQC)providedearthquakeinsuranceforresidentialproperty.CDCalsomonitoredrecoverybyusingdataoninsuranceclaimsandpayoutsfromEQC.AVictoriaUniversityeconomistsuggestedtheuseofthepercentageofinsurance

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claimsprocessedovertimeasagoodrecoveryindicator.TheCDCmanagerinterviewedbelievedthatthequarterlyeconomicdatanormallyprovidedbyStatisticsNewZealandwereuseful,butforCDC’spurposestheyhadtodointerpolationandincorporatefinerresolutiondata.AVictoriaUniversityresearcherpointedoutthatnationallycollectedeconomicdataarenotusefulattheregionalscale.Forexample,incomeandpricedatacannotbeeffectivelyde-aggregatedtothedistrictorcitylevel,similartotheUnitedStatesCensusBureau’smetropolitanstatisticalareas.

StatisticsNewZealandisaprimarysourceforsocio-economicdataaboutNewZealand.Itcollectsinformationonhouseholdsandbusinessesthroughvarioussurveysandothermeans.AhouseholdeconomicsurveyisconductedbyStatisticsNewZealandthreetimesayear,whilealaborforcesurveyandemploymentsurveyaredonequarterly.StatisticsNewZealandprovideselectroniccardtransactionsatamonthlytimeinterval.Theyconductanannualbusinessoperationssurveyandtrackmultipleindicatorsaboutthenumber,types,andsizesofbusinessesinthecountry.StatisticsNewZealandtrackswherejobsgo,butnotthemigrationofbusinesses.IntervieweesfromStatisticsNewZealanddiscussedthehousingshortageissue.Theseparticipantsdescribedconcernsonthepartofsomedecision-makersaboutinflationandconstructionofasurplusofhousingthatcouldleadtosignificantmarketdevaluation.Asaresult,theagencymonitoredandmodeledthehousingmarketusingdata,forexample,onbuildingpermits,homesales,andrentalsbonds(damagedepositspaidbyrentersthatmustberecordedwiththeMinistryofBusiness,Innovation,andEmployment(MBIE)bylandlords).Accordingtothoseinterviewed,demandforhousingwasthemostdifficultaspectofthehousingmarkettotrack.Intervieweescommentedthattherentalmarketwasthebiggestissuethatneededtobeunderstoodwithregardtohousing.

AstudyparticipantfromtheCanterburyEmployersChamberofCommerce(CECC)observedthattheCanterburyeconomywasdoingwell.CECC’suseofdatatoassessrecoveryprogressvaried,withmostassessmentsbeingmadebasedonqualitativeinformation,personalrelationshipsandanecdotalinformation,andprofessionaljudgment.TheCECCstudyparticipantreportedthatfinancial(investment)capitalwasanimportantindicatorofrecovery.Accordingtohisassessment,financialcapitalneverlefttheregionandnomeaningfuleconomicdownturnwasexperienced.Thisindividualcitedtheagriculturalsectorashavingperformedparticularlywell;conversely,hestatedthat“90%oftherecovery”wasyettocome.Partofthisstatementwaslikelybasedsimplyonthestageofreconstructionofthebuiltenvironmentatthetimeoftheinterview.Thestatementwasalsobasedontrendsfortwoparticularlyhardhitsectors—tourismandhighereducation.Forbothsectors,therewassignificantreductionindemandfrompeopleoutsideofNewZealand,accordingtodatafromStatisticsNewZealand.IntervieweesfromUniversityofCanterbury,VictoriaUniversity,andResOrgssimilarlynotedtherelativeperformanceofthesesectors.Fortourismrecovery,CECCwasfocusedonmonitoringlostguestnightsfromAustralia,China,andUSA.BroaderindicatorsthattheChambercitedasimportantweretheprogressonadevelopmentofanewconventioncenter,anewsportsfacility,andplannedtouristattractionsintheChristchurchCBD.

Ingeneral,participantsdidnotmentionCERAorCCCindescribingeconomicrecoverymonitoring.Thatsaid,CERAhadabusinessrecoverydatateam.Theteammainlygathereddatafromdeveloperstomonitorcommercialreconstructionanddataoninsurancepaymentsforreconstruction.TheCERA

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analystmentionedthatheestimatedfiner-resolutionemploymentdatatounderstandwherejobsweremovingacrossCanterbury.CERAalsotrackedotherindicators,suchasinsurancepayments.

TheReserveBankofNewZealandcollectsandprovidesawiderangeofeconomicdata.Indicatorsincludeinflation,GDP,exchangerates,mortgagerates,homepriceindices,andhouseholddebtlevels.Thetemporalandspatialscalesoftheirdatawerenotalwayscompatiblewithdisasterrecoveryneeds.Representativesinterviewedforthisstudyobservedthattheymightconsiderdifferentdatapracticesinthefutureforsupportofdisasterrecoverydecision-making—perhapsevencapturingdataofthesocial-behavioraldimensionsofNewZealanders.

ResearchersandconsultantshavecompletedorareconductingawiderangeofstudiesoneconomicaspectsofrecoveryfromtheCanterburyearthquakesequence.AresearchteamfromVictoriaUniversitydidastudyofdisplacedemployeesworkingfromhomeaftertheFebruary2011earthquake.ThestudywascommissionedbyInlandRevenueandthePublicServicesAssociation—aunionforgovernmentemployees.Theysurveyedemployeesaboutseveralindicators,includingtheirtypeofworkarrangementsbeforeandaftertheFebruary2011earthquake,lengthoftimetobereadytoworkagain,dailyaveragenumberofhoursworkedfromanalternativeworkplace(e.g.,home),durationofhavingtoworkatanalternativelocation,andvariousmeasuresofjobdemandsandsatisfaction.ResearchersatMasseyUniversitywereconductingafive-yearnationalstudyofsmallbusinesseswhentheearthquakesoccurred.Intheirfinalsurvey(2011),theywereabletoincludeearthquake-specificquestionsaboutimpactsandrecovery.Thesurveyallowedthemtoassessdifferencesbetweenbusinessesinruralversusurbanareas.Lastly,OpusConsultingdescribedtheirstudy,whichanalyzedbusinessmovementsaftertheFebruary2011earthquake,usingmail-forwardingdatafromNewZealandPost.

SocialandHumanWellbeingDemographicsandpopulationchangesarecommontypesofrecoveryindicators.Everyfiveyears,StatisticsNewZealandconductsanationalcensustogatheralargearrayofdata,whichincludesquitespecificquestions—suchaswhyarespondentdecidedtoquitsmoking.InCanterbury,the2011censuswasdelayeduntil2013asaconsequenceoftheearthquakes.RepresentativesfromStatisticsNewZealandindicatedtherewasconsiderableuncertaintyabouthowpeopleansweredcensusquestions—whethertheyansweredusingtheirpre-orpost-earthquakestatus.IntervieweesfromStatisticsNewZealandandCCCobservedthatdatawaslackingoninternalmigration—wherepeoplerelocatedwithinNewZealandasaresultoftheearthquakes.AlsonoteworthyisthatStatisticsNewZealanddoesnotcollectdataonethnicityforexternalmigration.Moreover,CCCdidnottrackwhereresidentswentiftheyleftthecityandCERAdidnotkeeptrackofwherepeoplewentafterbeingremovedfromtheresidentialredzone.TheCERAanalystinterviewedforthisstudystatedthathehadusedelectricityusedatafromOriontoestimatehousingoccupancyintheredzones.

Multipleintervieweesnotedthatdataonhomelessnesswerelacking.Thepracticeofcountingpeopleonthestreetdoesnotappeartobecommonintheregion.ArepresentativefromtheHumanRightsCommission(HRC)notedthat,ingeneral,manyinNewZealanddonotbelievethereisahomelessproblemandseenoreasontomeasureit.AStatisticsNewZealandparticipantagreedthathomelessdatawerenotgenerallycollectedpriortotheearthquakesandthatthegovernmentdoesnothavean

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operationaldefinitionofhomeless.Forexample,manyhomelessindividualssleeponthecouchesoffriendsandrelativesandarethereforedifficulttotrack.Thisparticipantreportedthattheagencydidattempttoestimatepost-earthquakechangesinhomelessness,whichfirstrequiredthedevelopmentofadefinitionofhomeless.ThereweresomeattemptstocollectquantitativedataonhomelessnessaftertheFebruary2011earthquake.StatisticsNewZealanddidsomein-personinterviewswithcommunity-basedorganizationslikeSalvationArmytodevelopqualitativedata.TheStatisticsNewZealandintervieweenotedthattherewasnotenoughstafftoefficientlycollectthesedata.

AresearcherfromLincolnUniversityconductedasurveyofwellbeingoftheimpactedMaoripopulation.Whilenotformallyhomeless,Maoriwhoarenothomeownersoftenhavehighlytransientlivingarrangements,andso,developmentofpopulationandmigrationdataisdifficult.Amongthequestionsincludedonthesurveyweresocio-culturalcapital,suchashowmanyMaoriinstitutionsarespondentengagesinandhowmanygenerationsofMaoritheyinteractwith.Hefoundthatthosesurveyedfollowingtheearthquakesweremostconcernedwithissuesrelatedtohousing,employment,emotionalsupport,andthelossofcommunityspacestositdownandtalk.TheLincolnUniversityresearcherstressedthatitisdifficulttogetdataaboutMaoriandthatlowsamplesizesareacceptable.Asanaside,theresearchersaidthattrackingthewellbeingofMaoriisnotthatimportant—suggestingthatitistheday-to-dayconcernsandconditionsforMaorithatarethemostimportanttounderstand.

AftertheFebruary2011earthquake,CERAstartedconductingawellbeingsurveyeverysixmonths.Thewellbeingsurveyscollectsdatafromhouseholdsrelatedtoindicatorssuchascausesofstress,socialimpacts,andsatisfactionwithpost-quakerecoveryefforts.DatafromthesesurveysandothersourceswerecompiledtocreatetheCanterburyWellbeingIndex.Becausethesamplewasdrawnfromtheelectoralrolls(voterregistry)surveyresponsescouldbegeocoded.CERAalsoconductedaone-timewellbeingsurveyontheyouthpopulationin2013.StatisticsNewZealandperformedaqualityoflifesurveyjustbeforetheFebruary2011earthquake.SomeofthesequestionswereincludedinCERA’spost-quakesurveys,anddatafromthepre-quakequalityoflifesurveyprovidesomewhatofabaselineformonitoringwellbeingrecovery.ArepresentativefromStatisticsNewZealandnotedthatlackofavailabilityofdataabouttheprevalenceofmentalillnessposedamajorchallenge.

ALincolnUniversityprofessorwasrelativelyunsatisfiedwithindicatorsformeasuringwellbeingandhadmanysuggestionsformoreeffectiveindicators.Specifically,shethoughtdatashouldbecollectedonavailabilityandexistenceofsupportgroups,thatmoredatashouldbecollectedonthestatusofcommunitymeetingspacesandtheiravailability,andthatcurrentresearchneglectedtheaccessibilityofelectedofficialsanddecision-makers—animportantindicatorofsocialcapital.Shefurtherlamentedthatmoredatawerenotbeingcollectedaboutcommunityandfaith-basedorganizationstounderstandwhatwashappeningtotheseentitiesandhowmanyresidentsweretakingadvantageoftheirservices.

ThestudyparticipantfromtheHRCbelievedanopportunitywasmissedbytheCrowntousethehumanrightsindicatorframeworkPANTERdevelopedbyUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO).PANTHERreferstoindicatorsaboutparticipation,accountability,non-discrimination,transparency,humandignity,empowerment,andruleoflaw.TheHRCdevelopedindicatorsbasedontheFAO’sPANTHERtomonitorrecovery.Ingeneral,theparticipantfeltthatmorecreativeindicators

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shouldhavebeusedbyrecoveryorganizations,mentioninganinternationalhumanrightsindicatoroftheratioofgirl’stoiletstoboy’stoiletsasanexampleofsuchinnovativethinking.

ParticipantsfromCanterburyDistrictHealthBoard(CDHB)andUniversityofOtagodescribedhowtheAccidentCompensationCorporation(ACC)receiveshealthinsuranceclaimsdatafromallhealthprovidersinNewZealandandprovidethesedatafordecision-makingandresearch.Indicatorsincludepatientpresentations,patientaddresses,deaths,injuries,causes,treatmentchoices,andcosts.SimilartotheACC,CDHBisadata-richorganizationregardlessoftheearthquakerecoveryprocess.OnestudyparticipantfromUniversityofOtagoassistedindevelopingtheRHISE(ResearchHealthIssuesofSeismicEvents)system.ThesystemhelpspartiestosharedataandinformationandprovidesdirectaccessACCinjuryrecordsfromthe2010and2011earthquakes.Ahealthprofessionalinterviewedsaidthatprimarymentalhealthdatacollectedonaregularbasiswasnotsufficientforrecoverymonitoringandthatspecificpost-disasterindicatorsofserviceneedswererequired.Arepresentativefromaprivatehealthproviderstatedthattheyactivelymaintainedadatabaseoftheserviceneedsrequiredbygeneralpractitionersandpharmaciestoconductbusiness.

Theeducationconsultantsinterviewed,aswellasthosefromtheMinistryofEducation,saidthatthemovementofstudentsandtheirfamilieswasdifficulttotrackandnotformallydone.Theeducationconsultantsdealtwiththisbygoingtoretailcentersandshoppingmallstointerviewparentsofchildren.Thisprovidedaqualitativeunderstandingofrecoveryissuesforstudentsandfamilies.

CulturalDataandindicatorsfortheculturalaspectsofrecoverywerenotacommontopicraisedbystudyparticipants.ThemostexplicitexampleofculturaldataisthatassociatedwiththeUniversityofCanterburyinitiativeUCCEISMIC(CanterburyEarthquakeImages,StoriesandMediaIntegratedCollection).UCCEISMIChascompileddataordatalinkstoqualitativedatarelatedtothedisaster—photos,videos,newarticles,researcharticles,buildingconsentrequests,andbuildingsiteplans,amongmanyotherdata.Thereareover100,000itemsinCEISMICwithaspirationsforover1millionitems.UCCEISMICincludesfirstpersonphotoaccountsofrescuesandvideoofCanterburyresidentstellingtheirstoringoflossandrecovery.UCCEISMIChasmultiplevolumesof“ThePledge”campaign—statementsthatresidentssignedtoshowtheircommitmenttoChristchurchandtheirintenttostay.ThePledgedatahaveallbeendigitized,includingname,age,location,andthesignatories’comments.Thereisdocumentationofmanyofthecreativeendeavorsundertakenbyresidentsaftertheearthquakes,suchastheGapFillerpublicartinitiative.Dataabouttheinitiativenotonlyincludephotographs,butalsootheritemssuchasradioprogramsaboutGapFillerandbrochuresforaGapFillerscavengerhunt.Apriorityistocreatespatialdatabygeo-taggingdata,butthevolumeofdatamakesthemanualtaskslow.AnotherambitiousobjectiveofUCCEISMICistranscribingallaudioandvideodataentries.ResearcherscollaboratingwithUCCEISMIChavedonevoiceandgestureanalysistoseehowpeopletalkaboutdisasters.TheUCCEISMICresearchersinterviewedforthestudysaidthatthey"donotdiscriminate"againstanytypeofdataordatasource.Anobjectiveoftheinitiativeistocollectdatathatpeopledonotevenknowtheutilityforyetbecauseitmightbeusefulinyearstocome.

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TheCERAwellbeingsurveycontainedafewquestionsrelatedtoculture.Forexample,thequestionnaireincludedquestionsabouttheimpactofthelossofrecreational,sports,andculturalfacilities,aswellasthelossofopportunitiestoengageinrelatedpursuits.ThewellbeingsurveyofMaoriconductedbytheLincolnUniversityprofessoraskedaboutrespondents’senseofMaoriculture.Interestingly,hesaidhedidnotfindastrongcorrelationbetweenastrongsenseofMaoricultureandresilience.Beyondtheaboveexamples,theonlyotherculturalindicatorsmentionedbystudyparticipantswasprogressofspecificprojects,suchasreconstructionoftheChristchurchcathedral,repairoftheCanterburyMuseum,andconstructionofanewrugbystadium.

V. RecommendationsforPractice

Manyparticipantsinthisstudyrecommendeddatapracticesforfuturedisasters,describedlessonstheyhadlearned,orexplainedhowtheywouldhavedonethingsdifferentlygiventheopportunity.Fourgeneralrecommendationswereidentifiedfrominterviews:1)fosterinnovation,2)shareandlinkdata,3)promotedatafordecision-making,and4)balancespeedanddeliberation.

FosterInnovationSpatialdatawassaidtobeveryusefulinsupportingdecision-making.ParticipantsfromtheCCCandCERAmentionedthattheuseofspatialdatacanleadtobetterrecoverydecisions.Duetothelackofspatialdata,CCChadtodealwithgeocodingthebuildingandaddressdataaftertheearthquakes,whichturnedouttobeabigproblem.Becausethebuildingfootprintsdatawerenotwellmaintainedpriortotheearthquake,theyfacedproblemssuchashowtoassignmultiplestreetaddressestoonebuildingfootprint,aswellashowtolocateaddressesafterabuildingwasgone.Therehassincebeenapushinotherdistrictstodobetterbuildingfootprintcollectionand,moreimportantly,maintenanceofthisdataregularly.AparticipantfromCDHBalsorecommendedinnovationsassociatedwithaddressdata.Theparticipantrecommendedtonotoverwritepatientaddressesinanymedicalrecordssystemafteranaddresschangeupdate.Havingachainofaddressescanbeveryvaluabledatafordoingrecoverymonitoringandanalysis.

Manystudyparticipantsmentioneddigitaldatacollectionandautomateddataprocessingasmeanstospeedupdatapractices.Theanalogapproach(e.g.,paperforms)todatacollectionusedintheimmediateaftermathcausedsubsequentdelaysandtranscribingerrors.Textrecognitionsoftwarecouldbeusedtoautomatetheprocessoftranscription.ParticipantsatCERAandSCIRTsuggestedusingmobiledevicesandcrowdsourcingtoassistdigitaldatacollection.IntervieweesatSCIRTalsosuggestedtheneedforautomaticuploadingandqualityassuranceofdata.Thatsaid,aparticipantfromtheMinistryofCivilDefenceandEmergencyManagementnotedthattheuseofmobiledevicesforbuildinginspectionswasnotacompletesuccess,withsomeusersresortingtothemorefamiliarpaper-and-pencilapproach.Further,theministryrepresentativewasnotenthusiasticaboutthecrowdsourcingeffortsaftertheearthquakes.ACERAanalystsaidthatifeffectivecrowdsourcingsolutionscanbedeveloped,thesetoolsshouldbeusedinfuturedisasterrecoverydatacollectionpractices.ACERAmanagerlamentedthatcrowdsourcingofdatawasnotdonetoalargerdegree,notingthattheydidnotthinkaboutitintheearlystagesofrecovery.TheCERAanalystproposedthatitcouldbepossibleto

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developageneralizablepost-disasterdataschemaandsystemforcollecting,managing,andservingresponseandrecoverydata.AUniversityofCanterburyengineeringresearcherfeltthatinthefuture,constructioncontractorsbebetterutilizedforcollectingdatasuchasphotographsandlocationaldata.

Therewerealsosuggestedinnovationsfornewdatameasurestoinformrecoverydecisions.ParticipantsatCERA,OpusConsulting,andStatisticsNewZealandmentioneddatacollectionfromnon-traditionalsources.Forinstance,cellphoneusageandpostalforwardingformswereusedtotrackpopulationandbusinessrelocations.HomemeterreadingsdatafromOrionwereusedtoestimateoccupancyofhousesintheredzone.Thisrequireddecidingwhataminimalmeterreadingistoclassifyahouseasoccupied.StatisticsNewZealandwasattemptingtoaddressthelackofdataoninternalmigrationusingfourkeydatasources:primaryhealthenrollments,schoolenrollments,electoralenrollments,andlinkedemployee/employerdata(LEED)(e.g.,welfarepayments).Thesedatahavehighertemporalandspatialresolutionthancensusdata.AStatisticsNewZealandintervieweesaidthatthesesourceshavelimitationsbecausesuchlagsinaddresschangeupdates.Healsonotedthatyoungmalesdonottendtovisitdoctors,soareunderenrolled.Further,welfareandelectoralenrollmentsdonothavedataaboutyouth.

ThedigitalhumanitiesinitiativeUCCEISMICisleadbyfacultyintheUniversityofCanterburyCollegeofArts.TheresearcherssaythatUCCEISMICisanecosystemoforganizationsandtheirdataintegratedusingopensourcesoftware.TheUCCEISMICsystemstoresandaffordsaccesstodataheldatUniversityofCanterbury,butmoreimportantlyintegratespartnerorganizations’databases,protocols,andAPIs(applicationprogramminginterface).UCCEISMICusesandenforcesstandardmetadatainordertomaintainarecordofattributesofthedata,suchassourceanddateofcreation.TheconsortiumincludestheNationalLibrary,theMinistryforCultureandHeritage,CERA,ChristchurchCityLibraries,TePapa,NZOnScreen,theCanterburyMuseum,theNgaiTahuResearchCentre,andTheFilmArchive.UCCEISMICrepresentativesexplainedthattheirgoalistocreatea“bucketforeverything”withanapplicationprogramminginterface(orAPI)thatallowsanyonetoseamlesslysearchandaccessearthquake-relateddatafromacrossconsortiummembers.UCCEISMICresearchersfeltthatasimilartoolcouldbecreatedfordeploymentafterfuturedisasters.UCCEISMICintervieweesproposedthere-developmentoftheirsystemtofacilitatedeploymentofsuchatoolafterfuturedisastersaroundtheworld.

ShareandLinkDataResearchersandpractitionersinterviewedseemedtoagreethatsomeorallaspectsofdatasharingagreementsshouldbeworkedoutbeforethenextdisaster.AnintervieweeatMBIEsaidthatthereneededtobemoreforethoughtaboutmitigatingprivacyconcernsrelatedtoproprietaryorhumansubjectsdatatofacilitatefasteraccessafterdataiscollected.AparticipantatUniversityofCanterburymentionedthatprioragreementswouldgreatlyspeedupthedatasharing.AnintervieweefromUniversityofOtagowassomewhatskepticaloftheutilityofthis,notingpeopleoftendonotreadtheirdataagreementsandsomightnotevenchangepost-disasterpracticesafteranearthquake,evenifitwasagreedtobeforehand.Itwasnotedthatthereisawealthofpotentialknowledgeabouthowtosetupdatasharingagreements.Forexample,UCCEISMICsetupmanyagreements,includingwithFairfax

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Media,forprovidingpublicaccesstonewspaperissuesandphotographs.ManagersfromSCIRTandCERAsuggestedexpandingtypicalmutualaidagreementstoincludedatasharing,notjustworkcrews.Further,themutualaidagreementcouldhavespecificationofastandardorunifieddatasystemorGIS.ACERAmanagersaidthattheprimeministershouldhavesetupanofficeinChristchurchtohelpgetpeopletosharedataandgiveorganizationsconfidencetoshare,notingthatsomeorganizationsneedpoliticalcovertofeelcomfortablesharingtheirdata.TheCERAanalystmadeasimplerecommendationforothercommunities:getthebaselinedatayouneedsoonafterafuturehazardeventwhenpeoplestillfeellikesharing.

SCIRTofferedtechnologyinsightsonhowtosharethedata.ASCIRTanalystsaidthatjurisdictionsshouldgetassetownerstoinventorywhatassetstheyhaveandhaveestablishedGIS-basedplatformsformanagingassetdata.OtherSCIRTparticipantssuggestedstandardizingspatialmetadataandmakingdatainteroperablebetweenowners,contractors,anddesigners.Forexample,assetownersneedfullydetailedandcompletespecificationsforwhatdatatheyareexpectedtocollectandsubmit.Datapracticesshouldnotdiffersignificantlybetweenorganizations’departments,management,andpartners.ASCIRTinformationspecialistdescribedtheneedtochoosesoftwarefordailyoperationsthatcanscaletomeetdisasterrecoveryneeds.Learningdatasets,software,andprotocolsisextremelytime-consuming;sostaffneedstimetogetproficientwithprocessoutsideofadisastercontext.Thechoiceofsoftwareshouldconsiderthepotentialworkflowsinbothcontexts.Theanalystsuggestedthatorganizationsshouldlookforefficienciespriortoanyeventsandneverbesatisfiedwithcurrentdatapracticesorthedataanorganizationhas.Theysaidthatitisimportanttokeepquestioningprocessesanddatatolooktowardfuturetechnologies.

CERAdevelopedapubliclyavailableweb-mapsystemthatallowsthepublictoexportspatialdatainGISformatandtabulardataasexcelfiles.Metadataisavailableforalldata,aswell.AlldatalayersarealsoavailablethroughanAPIordatabaseconnectiontofacilitateintegrationwithothertoolsorsystems.SCIRThadaweb-basedtoolforsharingdata—primarilyspatialdata.Thesystemwasnotpublicallyaccessible.SCIRThadaprocesstocontrolaccessbyexternaluserswithprojectuserprofilesthatdescribethepersonrequiringaccessandthepurposeoftherequest.Accesswasprovidedoncetheapprovalhadbeengranted.Therewere28differentuserrolessetupwithintheSCIRTdatasharingtoolthatwereusedtocontrolaccessandusageprivileges.Forexample,constructioncontractorswereassignedarolewithaccessspecifictoconstructionneeds.

Awidelygivenexampleofpublic-privatedatasharingwastheCanterburyGeotechnicalDatabase,whichisacentralrepositoryforcollectivelycontributingandaccessingsoilsdataforamajorityoftheCanterburyregion.ThedatabasewasfundedbyEQC,butwasservedandmaintainedbyCERA.ThedatabasewasfirstpopulatedaboutninemonthsaftertheFebruary2011earthquake.Datawascontributedbygovernmentagencies,universityresearchers,andprivatecompanies,particularlycontractorsforSCIRT.Thedatabaseisaccessibletocredentialedusersthroughawebbrowser.Afterloggingin,userscansearchrecordsbasedonlocationandothersearchcriteria.CurrentlydataisonlyprovidedinPDFformat;rawdatafilesarenotavailable.StatisticsNewZealandcreatedthepublicallyaccessibleEarthquakeInformationPortalthatcataloguesstatisticaldataandreportsrelatedtotheCanterburyearthquakes.StaffatMBIEcalledthedatabaseagame-changerforthereconstructioneffort.

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AparticipantfromCERAdescribedthedatabaseasanamazingexampleofcollaborationbetweenagenciesandtheprivatesector;aCCCparticipantalsocalleditagreatexampleofinterorganizationalcollaborationanddatasharing.TheparticipantsfromMBIEandCERAbelievedthedatabaseshouldexistbeyondthereconstructionprocessandbecomeanationalsystem.AGNSscientistsuggestedthatthesystemwouldbeevenmorevaluableifthegeotechnicaldatawaslinkedtobuildingdata.

Studyparticipantscitedmanyexampleofsharingbetweengovernmentagencies.StatisticsNewZealand’sdatawascitedoftenasthemosttransparentandwidelyuseddatabygovernmentagenciesandresearchers.ManyparticipantsmentionedusingStatisticsNewZealanddata,includingCERA,ReserveBankofNewZealand,CECC,Christchurch&CanterburyTourism,OpusConsulting,andseveraluniversityresearchers.CERAregularlyreleasedreportspresentingtheresultsofeachwellbeingsurvey.AparticipantfromCERAsaidthatpolicymakerscouldmakespecificrequestsforanalysistobedonebyaCERAanalyst.CDHBsharedtheirdataonmentalhealthservicesbeingprovidedwithCERTAtoassistwithCERA’swellbeingindex.SCIRThadrelationshipswithmanyagenciesand,accordingtoSCIRTrepresentatives,providedaccesstotheirweb-basedGISdatatootherorganizations(afteranapprovalprocessanduserprofilecreation).Lastly,aGNSscientistsaidthatgeospatialdatawaswellbygovernmentagencies.Inparticular,hehighlightedSCIRT’sefforts.

ResearchersfromUCCEISMICatUniversityofCanterburysaidtheyhadunprecedentedsuccessingettingmediacompaniestoprovidepublicaccesstodata.Theresearcherssaidtheyestablishedformalprotocolsforhandlingcopyrightsandintellectualproperty,citingthefactthatdifferentprovidershavedifferentrequirementsandneeds.Anexternalcommitteewassetupthatincludesupperleveluniversityadministratorstoreviewandsignoffonlegalissues.UCCEISMICprovidesdifferentlevelsofaccesstoinformation,suchasinterviewconsentforms,basedonauser'srole.

ACDHBrepresentativesaidtheagencyexperiencedsignificantincreasesinrequestsfordatafromgovernment,media,andresearchers.Thisrequiredthattheyimprovetheirdatamanagementandsysteminteroperabilitycapacity.Alargenumberofparticipantsmentionedtheneedforintegratingdatafrommultipleagencies.Recoveryrequireslinkingdatatounderstandthebigpictureandcomprehensivelyassesstheconsequences.Dataintegrationrequiresresolvingquestionsofcustodianshipandbalancesbetweencentralizedanddecentralizedstorageandmanagement.Sharingrequiresconsiderationsofinter-operability.AsaStatisticsNewZealandanalystcomplained,dataisrarelyintheformatyouwant.

AGNSscientistobservedthatdatashouldbekeptbythosewhocreateitandthendatashouldbesharedinadistributedmanner—acentralizeddatabaseisnotworkable.AnMBIEmanagerfeltthatseamlesssystemintegrationacrossorganizationsisunrealisticandsointer-organizationalprotocolsforsharingarejustasimportantasinteroperabilityoftechnology.OneparticipantatCCCsaidthatintheNewZealandcontextanexternalagencyisbestsuitedtolinkdataacrossagenciesandsilos.Anotherpossibilitymentionedwastemporarilytransferringdataownershipandmaintenanceresponsibilitiesfromtheoriginaldataownertotherebuildagencyduringtherebuildperiod.Theseparticipantsalsosaidthatagenciesshouldworktogetherandhelpeachotherevenifitmaynothaveanimmediatebenefittotheagencybecausecollaborationmaycomebackwithbenefitsinsomeunexpectedway.A

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participantfromGNSfeltthereisaneedforgovernmentagenciestoadvertisewhatdatatheyhave,whatformatitisin,andwhototalkto.Anyfeedbackfromexternaluserswillhelpaprovider’sdata.BothCERAandCDHBparticipantsfeltthatpractitionersoutsideNewZealandcouldbenefitfromcomingtolearnfromagenciesandtheirtechnologicalapproachestodatasharing.

PromoteDataforDecision-MakingIntervieweessuggestedwaystomakeorganizationsusemoredatafordecision-making.OneGNSscientistsuggestedagovernment-widemissiontointegratescientificdataacrossagenciesandpromotetheirusewithindecisions.Hesaidthiswouldrequirethelargetaskoftailoringdeliveryandanalysisofdata.AresearcheratMasseyUniversitysaidthatuniversitiesshoulddomorerelationshipbuildingtogetstakeholderstouseresearchresultsfordecision-making.AmanageratCERAechoedthatsocialrelationshipswithscientistsareneededtomakescientificdatauseful.Hearguedthatwithoutpersonalrelationships,datawouldnotmatterinthedisastercontext.TheMasseyUniversityprofessoralsostressedthatcommunitiesshouldworknowtodefinetheresearchquestionsthatneedansweringinthepost-disastercontext.Thiswillmakedatamorerelevanttorecoverydecision-making.Lastly,aCDCmanagerstressedthatorganizationsneedtocommunicatewitheachotherandthepublichowdataareusedtosupportdecision-making.HecitedspecificallythefailureofCERAtotellthepublichowthe"ShareanIdea"campaigndatawereusedinrecoveryplanningaftertheFebruary2011Canterburyearthquake.

SeveralparticipantspointedoutpossiblereasonswhywellbeingdatawerenotusedsufficientlybyCERAfordecision-makingdespitetheirdiligenteffortincollectingthedata.Oneproblemnotedwasthelackofengagementofthepublicinthedesignofthesurvey,leadingtopotentiallyusefulquestionsnotbeingasked.AmanageratCERAsaidthattheagencydidnotaskquestionsinawaythatleadtousefulanswersand,thus,data.Moreworkisneededtodetermineeffectivewaystoaskpeoplequestionsabouttheirrecovery.AmanagerfromCCCagreedandsaidthatCERAshouldhavetalkedmoreeffectivelytothepublic.ResearchersfromUniversityofCanterburyandMasseyUniversitypointedoutthatdatapracticesshouldchangesothatpeople,includingthepublic,takeownershipofdataandthedecisionsmadefromthem.Amongotherthings,thismeansbroadlyaskingthepublicabouttheirwantsandneeds.ACCCelectedofficialechoedthisstatement,emphasizingunderstandingthewantsandneedsofthepublic.AresearcherfromMasseyUniversitythoughtthatpeopleatthefront-lineofrecoverypracticewithinthegovernmentshouldbeconsultedtodefinetheresearchquestionssothatthecorrectquestionsareasked.

OneCDCparticipantapplaudedtheorganizationalmodelofSCIRTforbeingsupportiveofdata-drivendecision-making.HeobservedthatSCIRTeffectivelyuseddatatodefineandprioritizeprojects,aswellasevaluatecontractorperformance.ThisparticipantfeltthatSCIRTwasmoreeffectivethanotherorganizationsintheiruseofdatafordecision-makingbecauseoftheirinnovativeorganizationalarrangement,leadership,andrelativeindependencefromgovernmentbureaucracy.ASCIRTanalystsaid“dataistheplatformfortherebuild.”TwootherstudyparticipantsbroughtupSCIRT’suseofdataasanexemplarfororganizationsinvolveinmanagerrecoveryoffuturedisasters.

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AnintervieweefromtheCDCwasenthusiasticabouthisorganization’suseofdatatoaddressissuesofaffordablehousinginthemonthsafterthedisaster.Heexplainedthattheyobservedapoortrendonthehorizon—areductioninaffordablehousingstocks—and,workingwithgovernmentstakeholders,useddatatocommunicatetheproblemtothecityandtotheministry.Thisprocessresultedinanagreementbetweenthecityandtheministrytosubsidizedeveloperstobuildaffordablehousing.TheCDCmanagersuggestedthat,ingeneral,Maslow’shierarchycouldbeusedtomakedecisionsaboutrecoverypriorities.

VI. PotentialRolesforEERIandOutsideExperts

OneofthemajorthemesfrominterviewswithstudyparticipantswasregardingtheroleofoutsideexpertsforsupplementingdatapracticesduringtherecoveryprocessoftheCanterburyearthquakesorfuturedisasters.Thiscanbeconceivedaspartofapost-disasterlong-termrecoveryreconnaissanceeffortwheretopicalexpertsfromoutsidetheimpactedcountryarrivetoassistinsomeaspectofrecoverydatapractices.Foursignificantsub-themeswereidentifiedfromtheinterviewdata:augmentcapacities,facilitatedata-drivendecision-making,supportresearch,andpotentialconcernsrelatedtoexperts“parachuting”intotherecoveryprocess.

AugmentCapacitiesThemostcommonrolesuggestedbystudyparticipantsforoutsideexpertsisaugmentingthecapacitiesofgovernmentagencydatapracticesformonitoringandmanagingrecovery.SocialscienceandpublichealthresearchersinterviewedsaidthatgovernmentagenciesacrossNewZealanddonothavethecapacitytododatacollectionandanalysis.Agenciestendtocontractconsultantsbecausetheydonothavetheappropriatecapacity.Therecanbeaperceptionthatin-houseresearchisexpensiveingovernmentagencies.Unfortunatelythiscreatesatreadmillwhereintheresearchcapacityisneverdeveloped.

OneparticipantfromChristchurchCityCouncilsaidthatitwouldbeusefultohaveoneormoreexpertsin(geographic)informationsystemsarrivewhohaveemotionaldetachmentfromtheimpactsofthedisasterandthepoliticalconflictsinrecovery.Theseoutsideexpertscouldserveasgoodleadersandcoordinatorsforrecoverydatapracticesbecauseoftheirexperiencefrompastdisastersandtheirobjectiveabilitytoseethebigpicture.Thoseexternaltorecoverymanagementmighthavemoretime,energy,andabilitytofundraiseinordertolinkdataacrossagenciesandsilos.Theseexpertscouldalsobufferthosedirectlyinvolvedinrecoverymanagementfromuselessrequestsandfigureouthowtousedonatedequipmentandvolunteers.SocialscientistsatUniversityofCanterburylamentedthemissedopportunityfor“embedding”externalresearcherswithinrecoveryactivities,suchasSCIRTworkcrews,tofocusondatacollectionandusability.Onepublichealthresearcherfeltthattop-levelmanagersofrecoveryaresubmergedintheirresponsibilities.Thisparticipantalsoraisedtheneedforemotionaldetachment.Externalresearchersandpractitionerscanprovideanincreasedabilitytoidentifythemostimportantquestionstoguidedatacollection,aswellassuggestpeoplebestsuitedforthiswork.InformationsystemsexpertsfromUniversityofCanterburyandCERAthoughtthatexternalresearchers

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couldplayalargeroleinevaluatingthefitnessforuseandusabilityofdataproducts—anissuethatoneparticipantfromtheMinistryofEducationsaidbecameasubjectofpubliccomplaintforthem.

Sevenofthoseinterviewedfeltthattheprimarycapacitytoaugmentwithoutsideexpertsisthecapacitytoconductdataanalysis,ratherthandatacollection.TheGNSscientistinterviewedthoughtthat,ingeneral,enoughdatahadbeencollectedtoinformrecoverydecision-makinginCanterbury.Onepublichealthresearcherwentsofarastoarguethatgovernmentagencieswerebeingunethicalbycollectingsomuchdataandnotanalyzingittosupportdecision-making.Asocialscientistechoedtheneedtoanalyzethelargevolumeofschool-relateddata,whileaneconomicsresearcherfeltthatanalysisofbusiness-leveldatawouldbemostimportantintheyearstocome.ThisparticipantpredictedthatthevolumesofcensusdatawouldnotbeanalyzedindepthtounderstandmigrationandchangesindemographicsaftertheCanterburyearthquakes.TheypointedoutthatStatisticsNewZealandonlycompletedacursoryanalysisonthedata.TheresearcherlastlyobservedthatitisunlikelythatanyagencyorNewZealandresearcherwouldtrytolinktherangeofresearchthathasbeendonetogetacomprehensivepictureofrecovery.AUniversityofCanterburyresearcherandaCERAanalystnotedthatmanyagenciessimplydonotknowwhatdataanalysisispossibleorfeellikethereistoomuchpotentialdownsidetospendingthetimeandeffortonanalysisandinnovation.Therefore,inthewordsofoneparticipant,itisimportantthatexternalresearchersdomore“publicrelations”togetstakeholderstoconductorcommissiondataanalysis.

AstudyparticipantfromChristchurchCityCouncildescribedanexampleofleveragingoutsideresearcherstoassistwithanalysisoftheirdata.DatawaspostedonlineaftertheFebruary2011earthquakeandarequestsentouttoNewZealandanalystsoutsideofCanterburytoanalyzethedata,particularlygeographically.Thisvolunteercrowd-sourcedapproachcouldleverageresearchersfromallovertheworld.Theparticipantnotedthatthisapproachwouldrequiremakingfinitetasksinordertoproduceauseableproduct.Thistakestimethatthosedirectlyinvolvedinrecoverymanagementandmonitoringmaynothave,thereforerequiringexternalassistanceincoordinatingtheactivity.

Afinalcapacitythatcouldbeexpandedisthatofvisualizingandcommunicatingdata.Thiswasbroughtupinparticularbyahigh-levelmanageratCERA,asocialscienceresearcheratMasseyUniversity,andamanagerattheMinistryofEducation.TheparticipantfromtheMinistryofEducationgaveanexampleofamissedopportunityrelatedtocommunicatingtheneedforschoolclosuresandconsolidation.Representativesfromtheministryadmittedtheirpresentationoftheirdataatpublicmeetingswasnotsimplifiedenough.Anoutsideexpertcouldhavehelpedtodeterminethebestwaytocommunicatethedata.

FacilitateData-DrivenDecision-MakingOneoftheprimarygoalsofthisstudyistounderstandwhetherandhowdatahasbeenusedtoinformdecision-makingforrecoveryfromtheCanterburyearthquakes.Ingeneral,studyparticipantsdidnotthinkthattherewasawidespreadpracticeofdata-drivendecision-making.However,atleastsixofthestudyparticipantsbelievedthatdata-drivendecision-makingcouldbefacilitatedwiththehelpofexternalexperts.PerhapsthestrongeststatementgivenwasfromaCCCparticipantwhosaidexternal

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researcherswouldbenefitCanterburyresidentsbymakingboldandpotentiallycontroversialconclusionsfromdataanalysis(e.g.,"thedatasuggeststheneedtospeeduprecoverybyamonth").

AnintervieweefromtheHumanRightsCommissionsaidthatoutsideexpertscouldcomeinearlyandadviseonwhatdatasetsshouldbecollectedtobestinformrecoverydecision-making.Frompastresearch,theseexpertscouldhelpidentifywhatwellbeingindicatorsarenormallycollected(i.e.,notassociatedwithadisaster)thatcanbeleveragedforthedisasterrecoveryprocess.Suchexpertscouldalsohelpdecision-makerstounderstandtherelevanceandimplicationsofindicatortrendsandanalysisresults.AGNSscientistspeculatedthathavingoutsideexpertscomeinandaskquestionsmaybegoodenoughtogetgovernmentagenciestodomorewiththeirdata.

Threeparticipantssuggestedthatsomeagencieswere“cherrypicking”datatosupporttheirdecisionsorideology.AMasseyUniversityprofessorsuggestedthatexternalorganizationscanhelpdealwiththeissueofcherrypicking.ThisissomethingthathesaidonlytheNewZealandmediahasdealtwithuptothispoint,oftenaskingagenciesforthedatathatsupporttheirdecision.Externalorganizationsmaybeabletocreateamorecollaborativerelationshipwithgovernmentagenciesthanmediahave,thusimprovingtrustbetweenstakeholders.ThisparticipantexpressedworrythatifNewZealandresearchersplaythisrole,theymightgetfrozenoutoftheadvisoryrolethatmanyhave.Regardless,hesuggestedthatresearchersstartdevelopinga“newethicsofdataadvocacy”thatrevealsissuessuchasdatacherrypicking.

SupportResearchAhandfulofintervieweesadvocatedforoutsideexpertstofacilitatecomprehensivedisasterrecoveryresearchthroughimproveddatapractices.AGNSscientistarguedthatthereisaneedforarepositoryofcasestudiesofrecoveryandsomeexternalorganizationmaybeabletodevelop,feed,andmaintainsucharepository.ParticipantsattheHRCexpressedconcernthat,withouthelpfromexternalexperts,lessonsfromthisdisasterwillbelostandthereforenotinformrecoverypracticesforfuturedisasters.Additionally,onepublichealthresearcheratMasseyUniversitywarnedthatthecommonpracticesofgovernmentagencieshiringconsultantstoconductlimitedresearchmighthindercrosscasestudycomparisonbetweendisasters.

Non-profitresearchorganizations,suchastheEarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute(EERI),oruniversity-basedresearchconsortia,couldfocusonensuringtheabilitytomakecrosscasestudycomparisonsbetweenevents.TheGNSscientistsuggestedthatEERIorsimilarlycredibleorganizationscoulddevelopdata“templates”tostandardizelearningrecoverylessonsacrossdisasters.Whiletherewillbesignificantdifferencesacrosscases,therewillbesomegenericlessonsthatneedsystematicdatapracticestoidentify.ParticipantsfromUCCEISMICobservedthattheirsystemcouldbemodifiedandexpandedtosupportthisneed.

SocialscientistsatUniversityofCanterburyandVictoriaUniversitynotedthatgovernmentagenciesthathavearoleinmanagingrecovery,suchasCERAandSCIRT,simplythinkaboutstoringandpreservingdata,notaboutmakingitusefulforresearchers.Theseagenciestypicallydonothavealong-terminterestinrecoverydata,northecapacitytomaintainitandenhanceusability.Thisisamajorreason

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whyresearchersshouldbethefacilitatorsandhostsofdatathatisintendedfordisasterresearch.ACCCanalystechoedthesentimentthatgovernmentmaynoteffectivelymaintaindata,particularlyifbudgetsaretightorifthedataisnotusefulforday-to-dayoperations.

ConcernsTherewasclearsupportfromstudyparticipantsfortheideaofoutsideexpertsaidingdatacollection,analysis,anduse.Therewerealsomultipleconcernsexpressed.Thetwolargestwereconcernssurroundingincreasedworkloadsforrecoverystakeholdersandtheneedtoestablishandmaintaintrustbetweenrecoverystakeholdersandexternalexperts.

AnanalystatCERAexplainedthatoutsidepeopleparachutedintohelpcollectandmanagebuildinginspectiondata.Hesaidthatthisworkedwelluntilthepeopleleft,creatingalargevoid.Atthatpoint,hefounditdifficulttokeeptrackofwhatbuildingshadbeeninspected.Similarly,anintervieweefromCCCstatedthatonlyabout18monthsaftertheFebruary2011earthquakedidherworkloadallowhertomanageoutsideassistancefordoingdatacollectionandanalysis.Priortothis,therewereinstanceswheredatacollectionequipmentandpeoplewerevolunteered,buttheywereaburdenratherthanaboon.Peopleshoweduptoherofficeandaskediftheycouldhelp.However,shedidnothavetimetodothenecessarytrainingtointegratethesepeopleintothedepartment’sworkflow.

Thereisapotentialforvolunteerstodownloaddata,dopre-identifiedtasks,andprovideaproductbacktorecoverystakeholders.Unfortunately,makingdataaccessibleandlistingtasksforexternalexpertstakessignificanttime.AGNSscientistinterviewedcautionedthatresearchersneedtoknowwhattheywantandwhattheycanofferinordertoreducetheburdenplacedonrecoverystakeholders.SCIRTwasrelativelyopentotheideaofresearchersusingtheirdata.SCIRT,however,hadastrictpolicythattheywouldprovidedataif—andonlyif—researchershavesomethingtogivebackthatwasusefulforSCIRT.ResearchersatMasseyUniversityandUniversityofCanterburyobservedthatthisisaconditionthatmaynotbefeasibleordesirabletomeet.Manyresearchersdonothavethetimeormotivationtogiveback,particularlywithinatimeframethatcanbeusefultoagencies,suchasCERAandSCIRT—bothtime-limitedorganizations.OneresearchconsortiaatUniversityofCanterburywasconcernedaboutprovidingaccesstodatatoexternalresearchersifthoseresearchersdidnotprovidetheirownadditionaldataoranalysisresultsinreturn.

Threedifferentparticipantsspokeatlengthregardingtheestablishmentoftrustbetweenrecoverystakeholdersandresearchers,particularlyinternationalresearchers.OnefromUniversityofCanterburycivilengineeringfeltthatitisimportantthatgovernmentagenciesreachouttoresearcherssoonafteradisaster,notingthatthisisrarelydone.However,hepointedoutthatthisisoftenjustifiedbecausetrusthasnotbeenestablishedwithmanyresearchers,makingitdifficultfortheagenciestoassessthewisdomoftherelationship.Anotherresearcherinterviewedelaboratedthatmanyingovernmenttendnottorespondwelltounsolicitedresearcherrequests,andthatgovernmentagenciesprefertoinitiatetherelationship.Oneparticipantobservedthatbecauseofthelownumberofstronggovernment-researcherrelationships,theknowledgeandinnovationsdevelopedwithinacademiawereunknownoruntrustedbythosewhocouldbenefitfromthemaftertheCanterburyearthquakes.Unfortunately,inpost-disastersituationsthereismuchlesstimetoestablishtrust,accordingtotheengineering

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researcher.Asaresult,relationshipsneedtobecreatedbetweengovernment,universities,andprivateconsultantsbeforeadisaster—somethingthatcanbecoordinatedbyorganizationssuchastheEarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute.AGNSscientistnotedthatiftrustmustbebuiltinthepost-disastercontext,thebestwayisforexternalorganizationstosendoremploythesamepeopleduringeachresearchtriptoavoidtheperceptionofwhathecalled“disastertourismbyscientist”—sendingnewresearcherseachtime.

VII. Acknowledgments

ThisprojectisfundedbyNationalScienceFoundationgrant#1235573“SeismicObservatoryforCommunityResilience-AProgramtoLearnfromEarthquakes.”LogisticalsupportwasprovidedbytheNewZealandSocietyforEarthquakeEngineeringandtheNewZealandNaturalHazardsResearchPlatform.

VIII. References

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CanterburyEarthquakeRecoveryAuthority,2014.ZoningMilestonefortheFlatlandresidentialredzone,GreaterChristchurchRecoveryUpdateFebruary2014,availableat:http://cera.govt.nz/sites/cera.govt.nz/files/common/greater-christchurch-recovery-update-issue-29-february-2014.pdf

EERI,2011.EERISpecialEarthquakeReportontheM6.3Christchurch,NewZealand,EarthquakeofFebruary22,2011,EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute.May2011.

EERI,2015.LearningfromEarthquakesResilienceObservatorywebpage,EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute,availableathttps://www.eeri.org/projects/learning-from-earthquakes-lfe/resilience-observatory/

Elwood,K.,Comerio,M.,Cubrinovski,M,Davis,C.,Johnston,D.,O’Rourke,T.,andPampanin,S.,2014.Preface,EarthquakeSpectra,Vol.30,No.1,vii-ix,February2014.

English,B.,2013.BudgetPolicyStatement2014,NewZealandTreasuryMinistryofFinance,availableat:http://www.treasury.govt.nz/budget/2014/bps/06.htm

Giovinazzi,S.,WilsonT.,Davis,C.,Bristow,D.,Gallagher,M.,Schofield,A.,Villemure,M.,Eidinger,J.,andTang,A.,2011.LifelinesPerformanceandManagementfollowingthe22February2011ChristchurchEarthquake,NewZealand:HighlightsofResilience,BulletinoftheNewZealandSocietyforEarthquakeEngineering,Vol.44,No.4,December2011.

Miles,S.,Brechwald,D.,Davidson,R.,Demeter,K.,Johnston,D.,Pampanin,S.,andWilkinson,S.,2014.BuildingBackBetter:CaseStudyofthe2010-2011Canterbury,NewZealandEarthquakeSequence,EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute,February2014.

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StatisticsNewZealand,2016.2013CensusQuickStatsaboutgreaterChristchurch,availableat:http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-greater-chch/population-change.aspx

Stevenson,J.R.,Kachali,H.,Whitman,Z.,Seville,E.,Vargo,J.,andWilson,T.,2011.Preliminaryobservationoftheimpactsofthe22FebruaryChristchurchearthquakeonorganisationsandtheeconomy:areportfromthefield,(22February–22March2011),BulletinoftheNewZealandSocietyforEarthquakeEngineering,Vol.44,No.2,June2011,p.65-76.

Stuff.co.nz,2011.ThousandsofearthquakedamagedChristchurchhomesfacedemolition,availableat:http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-earthquake/4740358/Thousands-of-Christchurch-homes-face-demolition.July3,2011.