educational psychology, 7 th edition jeanne e. ormrod © 2011 pearson education, inc. all rights...
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Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Understanding research
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-2
Types of data Quantitative
numerical data
Qualitative non-numerical data
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Quantitative studies Descriptive Correlational Experimental
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Research questions Descriptive
“How many students are involved in extracurricular activities?”
Correlational “Do students involved in extracurricular
activities have higher grades than those students not involved in extracurricular activities?”
Experimental “Will joining two extracurricular activities
affect students’ grades?”
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-5
Qualitative studies
In-depth look at certain characteristics or behaviors
Essentially descriptive
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Interpreting research results
Consider alternative explanations Draw causal inferences only from
experimental data
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-7
Theories Integrated set of concepts and
principles
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-8
Collecting data and drawing conclusions
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Assessment practices
Collecting data about student learning
Formal or informal measures
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Action research
Systematic study in one’s own school
Goal = “taking action” more effective strategies in working
with students
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Strategies How can you use research to
guide your teaching practices?
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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General principles of human development
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Development = changes occurring throughout the lifespan orderly adaptive
Maturation
Defining Development
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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General Principles
Development is orderly and predictable
Children develop at different rates Development occurs in spurts and
plateaus Heredity and environment interact
Hmmm, what do we call this in psychology?
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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The brain
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-16
Neurons Communicate across synapses
release of neurotransmitters Grouped for specialized function
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-17
The Brain and Learning Learning involves changes in neurons
and synapses Changes in the brain enable
development of thought processes synaptogenesis & pruning myelination
Many parts of the brain work in harmony
The brain is adaptable throughout life
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-18
Piaget’s Basic Assumptions Children are active, motivated learners. Children construct knowledge from
experience. Children learn through assimilation and
accommodation. Interaction with physical and social
environments is essential. Equilibration promotes progression toward
increasingly complex thought. Children think in qualitatively different
ways at different ages.
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Stages of Cognitive Development
Piaget proposed that children move through four stages.
Periods of time are consistent in age and developmental sequence. Age ranges are averages. Some children are in transition from one stage
to the next.
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-20
Piaget’s Stages
Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)Preoperational (2 – 6/7)Concrete operational (6/7 – 11/12)Formal Operational
Does research support Piaget’s viewpoint?
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-21
Vygotsky’s theory:Sociocultural perspective
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Key Ideas Adults convey cultural interpretations through
informal interactions & formal schooling mediation
Every culture passes along physical and cognitive tools
Thought & language become interdependent self-talk becomes inner speech
Complex mental processes begin as social activities & evolve into mental activities
internalization Children can perform more challenging tasks when
assisted Challenging tasks promote cognitive growth
zone of proximal development Play allows children to stretch themselves
cognitively
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-23
Zone of Proximal Development
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-24
Extensions and Applications Social construction of meaning
mediated learning experience Scaffolding Guided participation in adult
activities Apprenticeships Dynamic assessment
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Language development
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Theoretical Issues Children use what they hear to
construct their own understanding of language
Humans are born with predispositions to learn language language acquisition device? sensitive periods
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
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Trends During the School Years Vocabulary increases
inferring meaning from context often imprecise
Syntax becomes more sophisticated learned via formal instruction
New definition of “listening” emphasis on comprehension
Refined understanding of pragmatics Increase in metalinguistic awareness
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-28
Learning a Second Language
Early exposure may be important especially if languages are different facilitates academic achievement
Benefits of bilingualism greater phonological awareness higher scores on tests of intelligence
and creativity helps to close cultural gap opportunities for more social interaction
Educational Psychology, 7th editionJeanne E. Ormrod © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.1-29
Teaching a Second Language
Immersion second language used almost
exclusively in the classroom Bilingual education
intensive instruction in second language
academic subjects taught in native language
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