education at a glance 2015 - global launch
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Global LaunchEducation at a Glance 2015
Andreas SchleicherDirector for Education and Skills
More people have benefited from education than ever before
Percentage of younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014)
Sou
th A
frica
In
done
sia
Bra
zil
Chi
na
Cos
ta R
ica
Italy
M
exic
o Tu
rkey
S
audi
Ara
bia
Chi
le
Col
ombi
a G
erm
any
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
C
zech
Rep
ublic
P
ortu
gal
Hun
gary
S
love
nia
Aus
tria
Gre
ece
EU
21 a
vera
geLa
tvia
Fi
nlan
d N
ew Z
eala
nd
Est
onia
Ic
elan
d O
EC
D a
vera
ge
Spa
in
Den
mar
k P
olan
d Fr
ance
B
elgi
um
Net
herla
nds
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Sw
eden
S
witz
erla
nd
Isra
el
Aus
tralia
N
orw
ay
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Ire
land
Li
thua
nia
Luxe
mbo
urg
Can
ada
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Kor
ea 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education %
Chart A1.2.
Over 80% of young people will complete upper secondary education in their lifetime
Upper secondary graduation rates (2013)
Irela
nd
Isra
el
New
Zea
land
Sw
itzer
land
Por
tuga
l
Finl
and
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Latv
ia
Pol
and
Aus
tria
Den
mar
k
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Chi
le
Slo
veni
a
Can
ada
EU
ave
rage
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rage
Sw
eden
Hun
gary
Italy
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Nor
way
Luxe
mbo
urg
Col
ombi
a
Spa
in
Indo
nesi
a
Turk
ey
Mex
ico
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Over 25 years Below 25 years
Chart A2.1.
Early learning
Some 70 % of 3-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education
Enrolment rates at age 3 and 4 in early childhood education (2013)
Isra
elFr
ance
Bel
gium
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
New
Zea
land
Icel
and
Spa
inN
orw
ayIta
lyS
wed
enG
erm
any
Den
mar
kK
orea
Est
onia
Slo
veni
aN
ethe
rland
sLa
tvia
Japa
nE
U21
ave
rage
Por
tuga
lH
unga
ryR
ussi
an F
eder
atio
nO
EC
D a
vera
geLu
xem
bour
gFi
nlan
dS
lova
k R
epub
licA
ustri
aC
zech
Rep
ublic
Pol
and
Irela
ndC
hile
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Mex
ico
Aus
tralia
Indo
nesi
aC
olom
bia
Bra
zil
Turk
eyS
witz
erla
ndS
audi
Ara
bia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood educational programmes (ISC 01) Enrolment rates at age 3 in pre-primary education (ISC 02) Enrolment rates at age 4 (ISC 02 +ISC 1)
Chart C2.1.
%
8Reading performance of immigrant students, by attendance at pre-primary education
Braz
il
Mex
ico
35
Mal
aysi
a
Cost
a Ri
ca
Kaza
khst
an 3
6
Qat
ar 4
8
Jord
an 3
4
Mon
tene
gro
Gre
ece
Slov
enia
Spai
n 5
2
Swed
en 6
7
Italy
88
Russ
ian
Fede
ratio
n 4
2
Port
ugal
49
Luxe
mbo
urg
40
OEC
D av
erag
e 4
9
Switz
erla
nd
Croa
tia
Serb
ia
Uni
ted
Arab
Em
irate
s ...
New
Zea
land
90
Mac
ao-C
hina
81
Irela
nd
Cana
da 4
5
Aust
ralia
54
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Had attended pre-primary education Had not attended pre-primary educationMean score
9
Immigrant students’ performance in mathematics, by country of origin and destination
Australia
Macao-China
New Zealand
Hong Kong-China
Qatar
Finland
Denmark
United Arab Emirates
Netherlands
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
First-generation immigrants' score, after accounting for socio-economic status
PISA score points in mathematics
Students from Arabic-speak-
ing countries in:
Students from China in:
Denmark
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Netherlands
Finland
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95%
Percentage of students with an immigrant backgroundwho reported that they feel like they belong at school
Country of origin and country of destination
Students from Arabic-speak-
ing countries in:
Child staff ratios in pre-primary educationChart C2.2
ChileChina
Indones
iaTurke
y
Portugal
Netherla
nds
Switzerla
ndJa
panKore
aLa
tvia
OECD average
EU21 ave
rage
United S
tates
Norway
Luxe
mbourg
Germany
Russian F
ederatio
n
Estonia
Sweden
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Expenditure on pre-primary education accounts for 0.6% of GDP, on average
Expenditure on pre-primary educational institutions (2012)
Chart C2.4.N
orw
ay
Icel
and
Finl
and
Slo
veni
a
Latv
ia
Pol
and
Fran
ce
Isra
el
Hun
gary
Bel
gium
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Luxe
mbo
urg
Spa
in
Por
tuga
l
OE
CD
ave
rage
New
Zea
land
Ger
man
y
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Aus
tria
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Italy
Net
herla
nds
Kor
ea
Japa
n
Sw
itzer
land
Aus
tralia
Sou
th A
frica
Indo
nesi
a
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Public expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP Public expenditure only
Teachers and teaching
In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 3.7% of their GDP on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund.
Chart B2.2.P,S,PS
New
Zea
land
Den
mar
kIc
elan
dN
orw
ayB
razi
lC
olom
bia
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Por
tuga
lIs
rael
Irela
ndB
elgi
umA
ustra
liaFi
nlan
dM
exic
oS
witz
erla
ndFr
ance
Net
herla
nds
Sw
eden
Slo
veni
aK
orea
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Chi
leC
anad
aP
olan
dLu
xem
bour
gE
ston
iaG
erm
any
Aus
tria
Spa
inTu
rkey
Italy
Japa
nLa
tvia
Cze
ch R
epub
licS
lova
k R
epub
licH
unga
ryIn
done
sia
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
Public expenditure on educational institutions Private expenditure on educational institutions
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
% of GDP
OECD average (total expenditure)
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries between 2005 and 2012
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Chart B1.4.P,S,PS
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
MEX
CHLHUN SVKEST CZE
POL
ISR
POR
KORITA
ESP
JPN FIN
FRA
AUS
UKM IRECANNLD
SWE
TUR
BELUSA
CHE
NOR
RUS
ISL
SVN
R² = 0.345881113162724
R² = 0.298397846059289
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2012, USD)
OECD average
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education
OECD average
Class sizes Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2013)
Chart D2.1.C
hina
Kor
ea
Japa
n
Indo
nesi
a
Chi
le
Col
ombi
a
Isra
el
Turk
ey
Bra
zil
Mex
ico
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Spa
in
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Aus
tralia
OE
CD
ave
rage
Por
tuga
l
Pol
and
Gre
ece
Italy
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Aus
tria
Hun
gary
Icel
and
Slo
veni
a
Finl
and
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Luxe
mbo
urg
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Est
onia
Latv
ia
Bel
gium
(Fr.)
Net
herla
nds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lower secondary education Primary education
Teaching time as a share of working time
Net teaching time that lower secondary teachers spend teaching as a percentage of total statutory working time (2013)
Chart D4.3.
Col
ombi
a
Isra
el
Sco
tland
Eng
land
Chi
le
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Spa
in
Por
tuga
l
Latv
ia
Net
herla
nds
Ger
man
y
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Fran
ce
Est
onia
Den
mar
k
Nor
way
Pol
and
Kor
ea
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Icel
and
Aus
tria
Hun
gary
Japa
n
Turk
ey
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Chart D4.3. Percentage of teachers' working time spent teaching, by level of education (2010)Net teaching time as a percentage of total statutory working time and working time required at school
In many countries, larger classes leave more time for other professional activities, not so in the UK
Relationship between average class size and time spent teaching/learning in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes
Chart Box D2.a.1
14 19 24 29 34 65
70
75
80
85
Australia
Brazil
Chile
Czech RepublicEstonia
Finland
FranceIceland
Israel
Italy Japan
Korea
Latvia
Mexico
Poland
Portugal
Russian Federation
Slovak RepublicSpain
OECD average
Average class size in lower secondary education
Per
cent
age
of ti
me
spen
t tea
chin
g an
d le
arni
ng
In only two countries are teachers' salaries higher than the salaries of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for similarly educated workers or workers with tertiary education (2013). Lower secondary teachers teaching general programmes in public institutions
Chart D3.1.D
enm
ark
Fran
ce
Isra
el
Bel
gium
(Fl.)
Gre
ece
Bel
gium
(Fr.)
Aus
tralia
Sco
tland
Eng
land
Finl
and
OE
CD
ave
rage
Nor
way
Hun
gary
Chi
le
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Luxe
mbo
urg
Aus
tria
Slo
veni
a
OE
CD
ave
rage
Pol
and
Net
herla
nds
Est
onia
Sw
eden
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Italy
0
0.5
1
Ratio
Similarly-edu-cated workers
Workers with tertiary educa-tion
Between 2005 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased in some and decreased in other countrie
Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualificationsE
ston
ia
Pol
and
Isra
el
Nor
way
Luxe
mbo
urg
Turk
ey
Aus
tralia
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Mex
ico
Irela
nd
Ger
man
y
Sw
eden
1
Bel
gium
(Fr.)
Bel
gium
(Fl.)
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
OE
CD
ave
rage
Aus
tria
Slo
veni
a
Kor
ea
Fran
ce
Italy
Japa
n
Spa
in
Sco
tland
Icel
and
Eng
land
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Hun
gary
Latv
ia
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Index of change2005 = 100
Chart D3.3.
Between 2000 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased overall in real terms in most countries with available data
Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualificationsE
ston
ia
Pol
and
Isra
el
Nor
way
Luxe
mbo
urg
Turk
ey
Aus
tralia
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Mex
ico
Irela
nd
Ger
man
y
Sw
eden
1
Bel
gium
(Fr.)
Bel
gium
(Fl.)
Den
mar
k
Finl
and
OE
CD
ave
rage
Aus
tria
Slo
veni
a
Kor
ea
Fran
ce
Italy
Japa
n
Spa
in
Sco
tland
Icel
and
Eng
land
Por
tuga
l
Gre
ece
Hun
gary
Latv
ia
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
2013 2000
Index of change2005 = 100
Chart D3.3.
Schools were better equipped with new technologies in 2012 than in 2003
Change between 2003 and 2012 in the index of quality of schools' educational resources (e.g. textbooks, computers for instruction, computer software). Dark blue bars indicate differences that are statistically significant.
Chart D8.2Tu
rkey
Pol
and
Uru
guay
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Latv
iaM
acao
-Chi
naJa
pan
Bra
zil
Can
ada
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Por
tuga
lN
orw
ayIre
land
Cze
ch R
epub
licG
reec
eS
pain
Bel
gium
Hun
gary
Hon
g K
ong-
Chi
naA
ustra
liaS
wed
enO
EC
D a
vera
ge 2
003
Sw
itzer
land
Indo
nesi
aLi
echt
enst
ein
Ger
man
yIta
lyN
ew Z
eala
ndD
enm
ark
Finl
and
Aus
tria
Thai
land
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Luxe
mbo
urg
Net
herla
nds
Mex
ico
Icel
and
Kor
eaTu
nisi
a
-0.7
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
Mean index difference
Teachers’ skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies (ICT) for problem solving (2012) Chart D5.4
Kore
a
Engl
and/
N. Ir
elan
d (U
K)
Czec
h Re
publ
ic
Swed
en
Neth
erla
nds
Japa
n
Cana
da
Norw
ay
Unite
d St
ates
Germ
any
Aver
age
Fland
ers (
Belg
ium
)
Denm
ark
Aust
ria
Slov
ak R
epub
lic
Irela
nd
Russ
ian
Fede
ratio
n*
Esto
nia
Pola
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Group 4 (Good ICT and problem-solv-ing skills)
Group 3 (Moderate ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 2 (Failed ICT core stage 1 or minimal problem-solving skills)
Group 1 (Opted out of the computer-based assessment)
Group 0 (No computer experience)
%
Relationship between teachers’ use of ICT skills at work and proficiency in those skills (2012) Chart D5.4
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 701.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
Austria
Canada
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Ireland Japan
Korea
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Slovak Republic
Average Sweden
United States
Flanders (Belgium)
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Russian Federation*
R² = 0.395098692472512
Proportion of teachers with good ICT and problem-solving skills
Inde
x of
use
of
ICT
skill
s at
wor
k
Students who use computers at school only moderately score the highest in reading
-2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
Index of ICT use at school
Scor
e po
ints
Source: Figure 6.5
Relationship between students’ skills in reading and computer use at school (average across OECD countries)
OECD average
Highest score
Digital reading
Students with a value above 1 use chat or email at least once a week at school, browse the
Internet for schoolwork almost every day, and practice and drill on computers (e.g. for
foreign language or maths) at least weekly
Most students with a value above 0 use email at school at least once a month, browse the Internet for schoolwork at least once a week, and practice and
drill on computers (e.g. for foreign language or maths) at
least once a month
Students who do not use computers in maths lessons score highest in mathematics
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
Index of computer use in mathematics lessons
Scor
e po
ints
Source: Figure 6.7
Relationship between students’ skills in reading and computer use at school (average across OECD countries)
Paper-based mathematics
Computer-based mathematics
Highest score
OECD average
Almost one in five teachers in OECD countries feels a need for further training in how to use ICT in the classroom
Percentage of lower secondary education teachers who report having a high level of need for professional development to improve their ICT skills for teaching
Chart D8.4M
alay
sia
Italy
Geo
rgia
Icel
and
Bra
zil
Japa
nS
wed
enFr
ance
Kor
eaIs
rael
Est
onia
Mex
ico
Bul
garia
Cro
atia
Ser
bia
Latv
iaD
enm
ark
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Rom
ania
OE
CD
ave
rage
Nor
way
Finl
and
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
New
-Zea
land
Net
herla
nds
Cze
ch R
epub
licS
pain
Aus
tralia
Chi
leC
ypru
sS
inga
pore
Pol
and
Bel
gium
(Fla
nder
s)A
bu D
habi
(UA
E)
Por
tuga
lU
nite
d S
tate
sE
ngla
nd
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50%
Different des-tinations
There are more vocational upper secondary graduates than ever before
Trends in vocational upper secondary graduation rates (2005 and 2013)
Finl
and
Aus
tria
Net
herla
nds
Fran
ceS
witz
erla
ndS
love
nia
Aus
tralia
New
Zea
land
Cze
ch R
epub
licS
lova
k R
epub
licP
ortu
gal
Bel
gium
EU
21
aver
age
Den
mar
kO
EC
D a
vera
geLu
xem
bour
gIta
lyG
erm
any
Pol
and
Chi
naIs
rael
Sw
eden
Nor
way
Gre
ece
Chi
leTu
rkey
Spa
inIn
done
sia
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Latv
iaJa
pan
Hun
gary
Kor
eaE
ston
iaM
exic
oC
olom
bia
Bra
zil
Can
ada
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2013 2005
%
Chart A2.2.
Across OECD countries, 77% of adults with a vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary attainment are employed
Employment rates among adults whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation (2014)
Icel
and
Sw
eden
Sw
itzer
land
Nor
way
New
Zea
land
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Ger
man
yD
enm
ark
Net
herla
nds
Por
tuga
lC
zech
Rep
ublic
Aus
tralia
Col
ombi
aB
razi
lA
ustri
aE
ston
iaC
anad
aO
EC
D a
vera
geC
osta
Ric
aFi
nlan
dM
exic
oFr
ance
EU
21 a
vera
geB
elgi
umR
ussi
an F
eder
...Is
rael
Luxe
mbo
urg
Kor
eaH
unga
ryC
hile
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Latv
iaIta
lyLi
thua
nia
Slo
veni
aIre
land
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Pol
and
Spa
inTu
rkey
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Vocational and general orientation Vocational orientation General orientation
Chart A5.3.
Tertiary edu-cation
Some 50% of today's young people are expected to graduate from tertiary education at least once during their lifetime
First-time tertiary graduation rates (2013)
Aus
tralia
New
Zea
land
Japa
n
Den
mar
k
Slo
veni
a
Latv
ia
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Aus
tria
Spa
in
Chi
le
OE
CD
ave
rage
Finl
and
Sw
itzer
land
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Turk
ey1
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Net
herla
nds
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Nor
way
Por
tuga
l
Sw
eden
Ger
man
y
Italy
Luxe
mbo
urg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
First-time tertiary graduation rates%
Chart A3.1.
More than 40% of students who graduated with a doctorate earned it in either science or engineering
Percentage of students who graduate from sciences and engineering at doctoral level (2013)
Fran
ceC
hile
Can
ada
Luxe
mbo
urg
Isra
elS
wed
enE
ston
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zech
Rep
ublic
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ombi
aA
ustri
aB
elgi
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nite
d K
ingd
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ew Z
eala
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lyE
U21
ave
rage
Spa
inIre
land
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CD
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rage
Ger
man
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ark
Por
tuga
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d S
tate
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k R
epub
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an F
eder
a...
Slo
veni
aLa
tvia
Gre
ece
Aus
tralia
Kor
eaJa
pan
Sou
th A
frica
Hun
gary
Net
herla
nds
Mex
ico
Turk
ey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sciences Engineering, Manufacturing & ConstructionSciences and Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction (international students)
Chart A3.4.
%
More than 30% of adults are more educated than their parents
Intergenerational mobility in education (2012)
Kor
ea
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Pol
and
Finl
and
Irela
nd
Spa
in
Eng
land
/N. I
rela
nd (U
K)
Fran
ce
Can
ada
Japa
n
Net
herla
nds
Ave
rage
Flan
ders
(Bel
gium
)
Den
mar
k
Est
onia
Aus
tralia
Nor
way
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Italy
Sw
eden
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Ger
man
y
Aus
tria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
22
10
16
Downward mobility (lower educational attainment than the highest level reached by parents)Upward mobility to upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educationUpward mobility to tertiary education%
Chart A4.1.
Annual spending per tertiary student ranges from USD 2 089 to USD 32 876
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Tertiary education
Chart B1.2.T
Luxembourg
United States
Switzerland
United Kingdom
SwedenNorway
Netherlands
Finland
Germany
Japan
Australia
Austria
BelgiumFrance Ireland
New Zealand
SpainIsrael
Slovenia
South Africa
Brazil
Czech Republic
Italy
Korea
PolandIceland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
HungaryEstoniaMexico
Chile
TurkeyLatvia
ColombiaIndonesia
Canada2, 3
Russian Feder...
Greece
0
2 0 00
4 0 00
6 0 00
8 0 00
10 0 0 0
12 0 0 0
14 0 0 0
16 0 0 0
18 0 0 0
20 0 0 0
22 0 0 0
24 0 0 0
26 0 0 0
28 0 0 0
Exp e nd i tu re p e r s tud e nt (eq u iv a le n t USD c o nv erte d u sin g PPPs )
OECD a ve ra ge
Exp e nd i tu re p e r s tud e nt (eq u iv a le n t USD c o nv erte d u sin g PPPs )Exp e nd i tu re p e r s tud e nt (eq u iv a le n t USD c o nv erte d u sin g PPPs )In e qu iva len t U SD c o nv e rte d u sin g PPPs )32 87 6
Between 2005 and 2012, expenditure per tertiary student increased by 10%, on average
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Tertiary education
Chart B1.4.T
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 806 0007 0008 0009 000
10 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 00016 00017 00018 00019 00020 00021 00022 00023 00024 00025 00026 00027 000 USA
CHE
SWE
NOR
FINNLD
JPN
FRABEL IRE
ISRESP
BRA CZESVN KORPOLPOR
ISLCHL
SVKTURMEX EST
RUS
ITAHUN
AUS
R² = 0.0654264089067798
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
Annual expenditure per student (2012, USD)
OECD average
Tertiary education
OECD average
About 30% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2012)
Chart B3.1K
orea
Japa
nC
hile
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Col
ombi
aA
ustra
liaN
ew Z
eala
ndIs
rael
Por
tuga
lH
unga
ryC
anad
aU
nite
d K
ingd
omR
ussi
an F
eder
atio
nLa
tvia
Italy
Mex
ico
OE
CD
ave
rage
Net
herla
nds
Indo
nesi
aS
pain
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Pol
and
EU
21 a
vera
geE
ston
iaC
zech
Rep
ublic
Fran
ceTu
rkey
Irela
ndG
erm
any
Slo
veni
aS
wed
enB
elgi
umIc
elan
dLu
xem
bour
gA
ustri
aN
orw
ayFi
nlan
dS
witz
erla
ndD
enm
ark
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
75% or more students in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States benefit from public loans or scholarships/grants
Distribution of scholarships/grants and public loans to students in Bachelor's or equivalent level (2013-14)
Chart B5.3
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Aus
tralia
New
Zea
land
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Nor
way
Turk
ey
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Bel
gium
(Fl.)
Italy
Bel
gium
(Fr.)
Aus
tria
Sw
itzer
land
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
benefit from public loans only or from public loans AND scholarships/grants benefit from public loans only
benefit from scholarships/grants only benefit from public loans AND scholarships/grants
DO NOT benefit from public loans OR scholarships/grants% of students
The returns to tertiary education remain strong
47
The employment benefit of tertiary education is significant, but not in all countries
Unemployment rates, by educational attainment (2014)
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Spa
inG
reec
eLi
thua
nia
Latv
iaC
zech
Rep
ublic
Irela
ndP
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unga
ryE
U21
ave
rage
Slo
veni
aIta
lyP
ortu
gal
Bel
gium
Fran
ce1
Sw
eden
OE
CD
ave
rage
Finl
and
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion1
Ger
man
yE
ston
iaA
ustri
aC
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nite
d S
tate
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rkey
Den
mar
kA
ustra
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ingd
om2
Luxe
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Isra
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osta
Ric
aN
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New
Zea
land
Chi
le1
Icel
and
Bra
zil1
Mex
ico
Kor
ea
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary%
Chart A5.1.
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than those with only below upper secondary education
Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education (upper secondary education=100)
ChileBraz
il
Colombia
Hunga
ry
Mexico
Turkey
Irelan
d
United
Stat
es
Czech
Rep
ublic
Sloven
ia
Slovak
Rep
ublic
Poland
Portug
alIsr
ael
OECD avera
ge
Luxe
mbourg
EU21 av
erage
Netherl
ands
Switzerl
and
France
Austria
Japa
nSpa
in
United
King
dom
Greece
Finlan
dKore
aIta
ly
Canad
a
Belgium
New Zea
land
Estonia
Austra
lia
Denmark
Norway
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Below upper secondary Tertiary
upper secondary education
Chart A6.2.a
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than those with only below upper secondary education
Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education (upper secondary education=100)
ChileBraz
il
Colombia
Hunga
ry
Mexico
Turkey
Irelan
d
United
Stat
es
Czech
Rep
ublic
Sloven
ia
Slovak
Rep
ublic
Poland
Portug
alIsr
ael
OECD avera
ge
Luxe
mbourg
EU21 av
erage
Netherl
ands
Switzerl
and
France
Austria
Japa
nSpa
in
United
King
dom
Greece
Finlan
dKore
aIta
ly
Canad
a
Belgium
New Zea
land
Estonia
Austra
lia
Denmark
Norway
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Below upper secondary Tertiary
upper secondary education
Chart A6.2.a
The higher the level of education, the higher the relative earnings
Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers, by level of tertiary education (2013)
Italy
Den
mar
k
Sw
eden
Nor
way
Slo
vak
Rep
u...
Finl
and
New
Zea
land
Fran
ce
Aus
tralia
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ch R
epu.
..
Kor
ea
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Kin
...
OE
CD
ave
...
Isra
el
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Por
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l
Aus
tria
Hun
gary
Gre
ece
Irela
nd
Bra
zil
Chi
le
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Bachelor's or equivalent Master's, doctoral or equivalentIndex450 564
Index450 564
Chart A6.1.
Adults completing tertiary education benefit from substantial returns on their investment
Private net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)C
hile
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Pol
and
Hun
gary
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Slo
veni
a
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Por
tuga
l
Aus
tria
OE
CD
ave
rage
Net
herla
nds
Aus
tralia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Ger
man
y
Can
ada
Isra
el
Italy
Finl
and
Nor
way
Est
onia
Den
mar
k
Sw
eden
Spa
in
New
Zea
land
Kor
ea
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
Men Women
Chart A7.1
Taxpayers benefit significantly too
Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)U
nite
d S
tate
s
Hun
gary
Slo
veni
a
Ger
man
y
Net
herla
nds
Italy
Por
tuga
l
Aus
tria
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Finl
and
Aus
tralia
Chi
le
OE
CD
ave
rage
Pol
and
Den
mar
k
Nor
way
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Can
ada
Sw
itzer
land
Spa
in
New
Zea
land
Est
onia
Sw
eden
Kor
ea
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Men Women
Chart A7.3
The higher the level of skills, the more likely the participation in employer-sponsored education
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by skills and readiness to use information and communication technologies for problem solving (2012)
Den
mar
k
Nor
way
Finl
and
Net
herla
nds
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Sw
eden
Aus
tralia
Eng
land
/N. I
rela
nd (U
K)
Can
ada
Est
onia
Ave
rage
Irela
nd
Ger
man
y
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Flan
ders
(Bel
gium
)
Kor
ea
Aus
tria
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Japa
n
Pol
and
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Group 4 (Good ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 3 (Moderate ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 2 (Failed ICT core test or minimal problem-solving skills)
Group 0 (No computer experience)
%
Chart C6.1.
Internationalisation continues
61
OECD countries attract 73% of all foreign and international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2013)
Russian Federation 3%
Canada 3%
China 2%
Italy 2%
Saudi Arabia 2%
Korea 1%Turkey 1%
Chart C4.3.
Students from Asia form the largest group of international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2013)
Asia53%
Europe25%
Africa8%
Latin America and the Caribbean
5%
North America3%
Oceania1%
Not specified5%
Chart C4.4.
International student enrolments vary greatly across countries
International or foreign student enrolments as a percentage of total tertiary education
Luxe
mbourg
Austra
lia
United
King
dom
Switzerl
and
Austria
New Zea
land
Netherl
ands
Denmark
Belgium
France
Canad
a
Finlan
d
German
y
Icelan
d
Irelan
d
Sweden
Hunga
ry
Slovak
Rep
ublic
Portug
al
United
Stat
esLa
tvia
Norway
Japa
n
Estonia
Spain
Sloven
ia
Poland
Chile
Mexico
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Total tertiary education OECD Average
OECD Average
Chart C4.1.
%
Gender dif-ferences
Women are more likely than men to have attained tertiary education
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds who have attained tertiary education, by gender (2014)
Kor
eaC
anad
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ussi
an F
eder
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Nor
way
Luxe
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d K
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Est
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ance
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and
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EC
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di A
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ta R
ica
Bra
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Indo
nesi
aS
outh
Afri
ca
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Men Women%
Chart A10.1
There is a large difference between the shares of women with bachelor's and doctoral degrees
Percentage of female graduates in tertiary levels of education (2013)
Sw
eden
Latv
iaN
orw
ayS
lova
k R
epub
licC
zech
Rep
ublic
Slo
veni
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ew Z
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outh
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Sau
di A
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aD
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ark
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ada
Bel
gium
Aus
tria
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21
aver
age
Finl
and
Italy
Isra
elR
ussi
an F
eder
atio
nA
ustra
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pain
Col
ombi
aO
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D a
vera
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nite
d S
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bour
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nite
d K
ingd
omC
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Mex
ico
Indo
nesi
aC
hina
Ger
man
yS
witz
erla
ndTu
rkey
Japa
n
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bachelor’s or equivalent Doctorate or equivalent
%
Chart A3.3.
The public benefit for a man attaining tertiary education is higher than that for a woman
Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)U
nite
d S
tate
s
Hun
gary
Slo
veni
a
Ger
man
y
Net
herla
nds
Italy
Por
tuga
l
Aus
tria
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Finl
and
Aus
tralia
Chi
le
OE
CD
ave
rage
Pol
and
Den
mar
k
Nor
way
Isra
el
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Can
ada
Sw
itzer
land
Spa
in
New
Zea
land
Est
onia
Sw
eden
Kor
ea
-50 000
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
Men Women
Chart A7.3
Boys tend to perform worse in school than girls
Gender differences in the percentage of 15 year-olds students who are low achievers in all subjects (e.g. mathematics, reading, science) (PISA 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Girls Boys%
Chart A10.2
The highest proportion of female teachers are concentrated in the earlier years of schooling and shrink at each successive level of education
Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education (2013)
Chart D5.3La
tvia
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Est
onia
Icel
and
Isra
elS
love
nia
Italy
Hun
gary
Sw
eden
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Nor
way
Cze
ch R
epub
licP
olan
dFi
nlan
dA
ustri
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ortu
gal
Den
mar
kB
razi
lE
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ave
rage
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eaC
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ave
rage
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Gre
ece
Ger
man
yN
ew Z
eala
ndFr
ance
Bel
gium
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Spa
inLu
xem
bour
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bia
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itzer
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Indo
nesi
aM
exic
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rkey
Chi
naN
ethe
rland
sJa
pan
Can
ada
Irela
nd
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lower secondary education Pre-primary education Primary education Upper secondary education All Tertiary education%
www.oecd.org/edu Andreas.Schleicher@oecd.org
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