ecosystems and biomes energy flow in ecosystems key ideas: the energy role of an organism is that...

Ecosystems and Biomes

Energy Flow in EcosystemsKey Ideas: The energy role of an organism is that of a producer,

consumer, or decomposer. Producers are the source of all the food in an ecosystem. Consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores,

and scavengers. Decomposers return nutrients to the environment where

they can be used again. A food web shows feeding relationships. At each level in an energy pyramid, there is less available

energy than at the level below.Additional Key Terms: food chain

Ecosystems and Biomes

Food Chains and Food WebsThe movement of energy though an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs.

- Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Ecosystems and Biomes

Building VocabularyA definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words.

- Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Key Terms: Examples:

food chainconsumerherbivoreomnivorecarnivorescavenger

In a food chain, a consumer could be an herbivore, an omnivore, or a carnivore, including a scavenger.

decomposer Decomposers are nature’s recyclers.

Key Terms: Examples:

energy pyramidfood webproducers

An energy pyramid shows how much energy moves from one level to another in a food web, beginning with the producers.

Ecosystems and Biomes

End of Section:Energy Flow in

Ecosystems

Ecosystems and Biomes

Cycles of MatterKey Ideas: Matter cycles through an ecosystem. Energy must be

supplied constantly. The processes of evaporation, condensation, and

precipitation form the water cycle.Additional Key Terms:

Ecosystems and Biomes

The Water Cycle

- Cycles of Matter

The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the water cycle.

Ecosystems and Biomes

The Carbon and Oxygen CyclesIn ecosystems, the processes by which carbon and oxygen are recycled are linked. Producers, consumers, and decomposers play roles in recycling carbon and oxygen.

- Cycles of Matter

Ecosystems and Biomes

The Nitrogen Cycle

- Cycles of Matter

In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air.

Ecosystems and Biomes

SequencingSequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the water cycle. Write each event of the water cycle in a separate oval.

The Water Cycle

Water evaporates.

Clouds form.

Precipitation falls.

Precipitation runs off or becomes

groundwater.

- Cycles of Matter

Ecosystems and Biomes

End of Section:Cycles of Matter

Ecosystems and Biomes

BiogeographyKey Ideas: Means of dispersal or organisms include continental drift,

wind, water, and living organism. Three factors that limit dispersal are physical barriers,

competition, and climate.Additional Key Terms: biogeography, native species, exotic species, invasive species

Ecosystems and Biomes

Continental DriftOne factor that has affected how species are distributed is the motion of Earth’s continents.

- Biogeography

Ecosystems and Biomes

Relating Cause and EffectAs you read, identify Three Causes of Dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.

Dispersal of species

Wind

Water

Living things, including humans

- Biogeography

Causes

Effect

Ecosystems and Biomes

Relating Cause and EffectAs you read, identify Three Limits to Dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.

Limited dispersal of species

Physical Barriers

Competition

Climate

- Biogeography

Limits

Effect

Ecosystems and Biomes

Limits to Dispersal

- Biogeography

The typical weather pattern in an area over a long period of time is the area’s climate.

Ecosystems and Biomes

End of Section:Biogeography

Populations and Communities

SuccessionKey Ideas: Primary succession occurs where no previous ecosystem

exists. Secondary succession occurs after a disturbance.Additional Key Terms: succession, pioneer species

Populations and Communities

Primary succession is the

series of changes that occur in

an area where no soil or organisms exist.

Changes inCommunities

Primary Succession

Populations and Communities

Secondary SuccessionSecondary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist.

Changes inCommunities

Populations and Communities

Factors in Succession

PrimarySuccession

Secondary Succession

As you read, compare and contrast carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in a table like the one below.

Possible causeVolcanic eruption Fire

Type of areaNo soil or organisms exist.

Soil and organisms exist.

Existing ecosystem?No Yes

Changes inCommunities

Comparing and Contrasting

Living Resources

Environmental IssuesKey Ideas: Three types of environmental issues are resource use,

population growth, and pollution. Making environmental decisions requires balancing

different viewpoints and weighing the costs and benefits of proposals.

Additional Key Terms: renewable resources, nonrenewable resources, development viewpoint, preservation viewpoint, conservation viewpoint

Living Resources

Main Idea

Detail Detail Detail

Identifying Main IdeasAs you read the section “Types of Environmental Issues,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea.

Three types of environmental issues are…

Resource use Population growth Pollution

- Environmental Issues

Living Resources

End of Section:Environmental

Issues

Living Resources

BiodiversityKey Ideas: Factors that affect biodiversity include area, climate, and

diversity of niches. Human activities that threaten biodiversity include habitat

destruction, poaching, pollution, and introduction of exotic species.

Three techniques for protecting biodiversity are regulating capture and trade, captive breeding, and habitat preservation.

Additional Key Terms: keystone species, extinction, endangered species, threatened species

Living Resources

Diversity of SpeciesThe number of different species in an area is called its biodiversity.

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

Factors Affecting BiodiversityFactors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area, climate, and diversity of niches.

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

The peregrine falcon, the world’s fastest bird of prey, was nearly extinct in the United States in 1970. The pesticide DDT was weakening peregrine eggshells, so eggs rarely hatched. In 1972, the United States banned DDT. Use the graph to answer questions about the peregrine population in California.

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

Time interval in years is on the x-axis. Number of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons is on the y-axis.

Reading Graphs:

What variable is plotted on the x-axis? What variable is plotted on the y-axis?

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

The population grew steadily, except for a brief drop around 1980, until 1994, when the number of breeding pairs remained the same for the four following years.

Interpreting Data:

How did California’s peregrine population change from 1976 to 1998?

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

There were only a few breeding pairs at first, and they could produce only a few young. These, in turn, had to grow up before they had a chance to breed. As more pairs grew to breeding age, more and more young could be produced.

Inferring:

Why do you think the peregrine population grew fairly slowly at first?

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

California Peregrine Falcon Recovery

The graph probably would have sloped downward from left to right, possibly reaching zero breeding pairs.

Predicting:

What might this graph have looked like if DDT had not been banned?

- Biodiversity

Living Resources

Building VocabularyAfter you read this section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence using each Key Term.

- Biodiversity

Key Terms: Examples:

biodiversity The biodiversity of ecosystems can have great economic value.

keystone species A keystone species is a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem.

gene Genes are the structures in an organism’s cells that carry its hereditary information.

extinction The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth is called extinction.

endangered species Species in danger of becoming extinct in the near future are called endangered species.

Key Terms: Examples:

threatened species

habitat destruction

habitat fragmentation

poaching

captive breeding

Species that could become endangered in the near future are called threatened species.

The major cause of extinction is habitat destruction.

Breaking larger habitats into smaller, isolated pieces, or fragments, is called habitat fragmentation.

The illegal killing or removal of wildlife species from their habitats is called poaching.

Captive breeding is the mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves.

Living Resources

Biodiversity Concept Maphttp://

www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/ebook/products/0-13-036740-0/shockwaveinteractivities/inl1sxgobiodiver/simbase.htm

Living Resources

End of Section:Biodiversity

Living Resources

Graphic Organizer

Ecological value

Biodiversity

is valued for

is threatened by

can be protected by

Economic value

Habitat destruction Pollution

Laws

Captive breeding

Habitat preservation

Poaching Poaching