economic valuation of goods and services derived from coral reefs results from the south coast of...
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Economic Valuation of Goods and Services Derived from Coral Reefs
Results from the
South Coast of Grenada ReefFix Exercise
Jerry J. Mitchell
Presentation Outline
• Project Background• Overview of Economic Valuation Techniques• Site Background• Methodology • Results
– Coral Reef Valuation- Tourism & Recreation– Coral Reef Valuation- Fisheries– Benefits Value Transfer
• Discussion• Conclusion & Way Forward
Project Background
• Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN)– to promote sustainable development and the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity in the Americas
• ReefFix is an ICZM tool that trains participating countries in ecosystem valuation methodologies and management techniques to conserve marine ecosystems and the associated watersheds through integrated park management
Overview of Economic Valuation Techniques
• Economic valuation assesses the goods and services provided by an ecosystem which contribute to the wellbeing of human life (financial, social, biophysical, etc)
• By attributing a dollar value to natural resources, the benefits of conservation and some of the unforeseen “costs” of mismanagement are realised
Overview of Economic Valuation Techniques
• Thus coral reefs health influences the main economic activity of the region however are not taken into account when major policy decisions occur
• By assessing the ecosystem services, the tangible benefits provided by coral reefs to sustain and improve human life can be quantified.
Overview of Economic Valuation Techniques
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services
Cultural Services
Food
Medicine & Pharmaceuticals
Ornamental Resources
Building Material
Erosion Control
Shoreline Protection
Spiritual Values
Knowledge Systems and
Educational Values
Recreation & Ecotourism
Supporting ServicesSand Production
Primary Production
Overview of Economic Valuation TechniquesTotal Economic Value
Non-Use Value
Existence Value
Future Use(option/bequest value)
Indirect Use(shoreline protection)
Direct Use
Non-Consumptive Use(tourism & recreation)
Consumptive Use(food)
Use Value
Overview of Economic Valuation Techniques
Total Economic Value
Non-Use Value
Existence Value
Future Use(option/bequest value)
Indirect Use(shoreline protection)
Use Value
Direct Use
Non-Consumptive Use
(tourism & recreation)
Consumptive Use
(food)
Overview of Economic Valuation Techniques
Direct Use
Non-Consumptive Use
(tourism & recreation)
Consumptive Use
(food)
Fishing Tourism Recreation
Site BackgroundSouth/southwest coast of Grenada
• Coral reef extent 8400 ha• Extensive mangrove forest• Seagrass meadows• Bounds coastline of two
parishes – St George– St David
• In-cooperates two marine protected areas– Moliniere/Beausjour Marine
Protected Area– Clarkes Court/ Woburn
Marine Protected Area
Site Background•Fishing (Recreational and commercial)•Recreational SCUBA Diving•Recreational Beach Activities•Yachting/yachting services- marina’s /haul-outs •Maritime Transport
Site Background
Threats to resources
• Algal overgrowth
• Coastal development
• Overfishing
• Seasonal storms/hurricanes
• Physical damage (anthropogenic)
– Diving
– Improper fishing methods
– Improper boating practices
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Benefits Value Transfer
• ArcGis shape files• Satellite Images
• Identify, define and measure area of significant land cover types
• Using values from other study sites, apply economic values to current site by unit area (hectares)
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Benefits Value Transfer
Identify Features
Import & Re-Project Features
Outline Features
Calculate Areas & Apply Economic Value
Land CoverAve.$/ha/
yrLower Bound
Upper Bound Area (ha)
Total ESV Flow (US Dollars)
Disturbed and Urban Beach $0Beach 88,000 77,000 99,000 8.71788699 $767,174Beach near dwelling 117000 140,000 94000 0 $0Coastal & Riperian Forest 1826 5542 13,000 0 $0Freshwater Stream 1595 1231 939 0 $0Freshwater Herbaceous Swamp 72,787 32000 96000 5.362221 $390,300Grassland/pasture 118 118 118 0 $0Near shore aquatic habitat 16,283 4630 27935 365.2 $5,946,552Coral Reef environ 100,000 1335.694061 $133,569,406Mangrove 37500 4.339961 $162,749Mangrove 500000 200000 900000 0 $0Mangrove restoration 225 216000 0 $0TOTAL $140,836,180
WRI Coral Reef Valuation
• Utilize data available from:• Fisheries Division• Land Use Division• Grenada Board of Tourism• Statistics Division• Previous Studies• Expert Opinion
• Input values into tool – Estimate of Total Economic Impact is generated
• Values reviewed and adjusted with new data
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Fisheries
• Commercial Fishing• Fish Processing • Local Fishing (consumption,
sale, enjoyment)
Sum of revenue generated from:
Fishing
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Tourism & Recreation
Tourism
Recreation
• Accommodation Sector
Sum of revenue generated from:
• Snorkeling & Boating• Diving• Local Use
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Fisheries
Total Estimated Landings- cost of fishing (wages, operating costs)
Commercial Fishing
Total Estimated Processing Revenue(processing, cleaning)- cost of operations (wages, operating
costs)
Fish Processing
TOTAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
FISHINGLocal Fishing
Fishing for (sale, enjoyment, consumption)
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Tourism & Recreation
Total Estimated Revenue (occupancy rates, room rates, # rooms, % visitors using reef)
- labour, operating costs, tax rates, service charges, leakages
Accommodation
Total Estimated Diving Revenue (# divers, certifications, equipment, all inclusive trips)
- labour, operating costs, tax, service charges
DivingTOTAL
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM &
RECREATIONLocal Use
Beach use, reef-associated use
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Fisheries
• Case study assumes that the South/southwest coast nearshore reefs provide supporting services to the fished reefs
• No known multipliers • Quality data was limited
– Exact location of catches are not known– Unknown # of local fishers – Non-labour operating costs unknown– No data on fish cleaning activities
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Tourism and Recreation
• Quality data was limited– occupancy rates were rough estimates
(high room rate properties can skew data)– Tax revenue dependant on accountability
of operators– Recreational dive data out dated– No snorkel data
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Strengths
• Facilities dynamic data (allows updating and expansion)
• Detailed and allows for categorization of results• When data is available, outputs of results &
corrections are generated instantaneously • Sensitivity analysis as response to
errors in data
• Accounts for often overlooked value of local use • More data improves applicability of results (not
general output)
WRI Coral Reef Valuation- Weaknesses
• Data gaps increases reliance of local expert opinion• Requires full cooperation of relevant agencies and is
dependent on the quality of their data• Errors are magnified with some calculations (e.g.
fisher surveys)• Can encourage overconfidence in results if
warnings about possible error ignored. • Results are not visual and not as easy to
communicate as the Value Transfer method
Benefits Transfer Valuation- Strengths
• Availability of data source
• No data collection required; not dependent on quality of data from various sources
• Results are visual and can be easily communicated
Benefits Transfer Valuation- Weaknesses
• Results are static• Dependent on quality
of aerial/satellite data (if absent requires intensive ground-truthing)
• Requires knowledge of mapping software
•
Other Case Study Sites
Benefits Transfer ValuationPros• Produces both graphic and numeric results• Low dependence on external/hard to locate
data sourcesCons• Multipliers (values) developed for NE United
States• Challenging to develop local values, which
are critical to the accuracy and validity of the tool
Montego Bay Marine Park (Brian Zane)
Other Case Study Sites
WRI Coral Reef ValuationStrengths• Highly detailed results• Triangulates ESV of coral reefs• Tools – MS Excel
Weaknesses• Data - Heavily dependent upon external data
sources• Aspects not yet developed (Coastal Protection)• Dependencies/Assumptions (built into formulas)• Complexity reduces probability of widespread
adoption
Montego Bay Marine Park (Brian Zane)
Other Case Study Sites
WRI Coral Reef ValuationStrengths• Highly detailed results• Triangulates ESV of coral reefs• Tools – MS Excel
Weaknesses• Data - Heavily dependent upon external data
sources• Aspects not yet developed (Coastal Protection)• Dependencies/Assumptions (built into formulas)• Complexity reduces probability of widespread
adoption
Tobago Cays Marine Park( David Gill)
Conclusion
• The results from this exercise indicate the value of Grenada’s coastal and marine resources
• The significance of the results only emphasize the need for proper management, sustainable use of these resources, and effective management would ensure the longevity of these resources
Further Research Options
• In order for this tool (WRI) to be more effective, an assessment should be carried out on the study to find gaps in the data set.
• A short term data gathering exercise should be carried out to collect necessary data, and implement a data collection program.
• The development of a comprehensive habitat map for Grenada and update existing maps.
• Expand data collection within the various government entities.
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