east asia in the late traditional era
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Chapter
The Heritage of World CivilizationsBrief Fifth Edition
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Brief Fifth EditionAlbert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
18
East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
Late Imperial China• Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynas
ties
Japan• Warring States Era (1467–1600)• Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)
Seventeenth-century screen painting of a Shintō river festival
Introduction
• East Asian countries shared many cultural elements But differed in institutions and history
Introduction (cont’d)
• Common influence of Confucianism China and Japan were furthest apart Chinese dynastic cycle continued in Ming and
Qing Japan’s history was closer in some ways to
that of Europe Korea and Vietnam closer to China
Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
• What features of Japan or China, other than those mentioned above, bear on their lack of progress from commerce to industry? What other factors presented in the chapters on Europe are relevant?
• Why was Tokugawa Japan more open to Western learning than Qing China? Was population a plus, a minus, or a factor that did not matter?
Late Imperial ChinaMing (1368–1644) and
Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties
Ming and Qing Dynasties:Land and People
• Ming-Qing continuities: longest stretch of good government in Chinese history
• China’s population doubled from 1368 to 1644 60 million to 125 million 410 million by mid-nineteenth century
Ming and Qing Dynasties:Land and People (cont’d)
• Increase in food supply Rice and new crops such as maize
• Yangzi valley was densely populated
• Ming cash crops – silk and cotton
Third Commercial Revolution
• Expansion between 1500 and 1800 Followed First (Han) and Secont (Song)
commercial revolutions Commerce expanded in mid-sixteenth
century- Population surge- Relaxation of government controls
A porcelain enameled plate
Third Commercial Revolution (cont’d)
• Stimulus of imported silver
• Favorable balance of trade
• Urban growth – mainly market towns
• Women still restricted by Confucian edicts Spread of footbinding
Figure 18–1. A Bound Foot
Ming-Qing China:The Emperor
• Strong emperors
• More direct control Secretariat abolished Personal government
• Despotic power
• Forbidden Palace, Beijing Rebuilt Centered on emperor’s rule
The Thin Horse Market
The Thin Horse Market
Ming-Qing China:Bureaucracy
• Similar to Tang, Song times
• Manchus strongly centralize
• Revenues restored But fixed Emperors lose out as production rises
• Officials, later called “mandarins” Competition to enter civil service Examinations
Gentry
• More important than in the past
• Between bureaucracy and village
• District magistrate Lowest level Over population of up to 300,000 by late Ming “Law of avoidance” – placed outside of home
province
• Urban, not rural, not landed
Pattern of Manchu Rule
• Manchu (Qing) takeover was smooth Short transition Manchus were already Sinicized
• Manchus adopted institutions to maintain themselves as an ethnically elite group Manchu troops segregated
Examination Stalls
Pattern of Manchu Rule (cont’d)
• Dyarchy For each key post, one Chinese, one Manchu
• Able Rulers Kangxi: model emperor, patron of culture and
learning, encouraged trade Qianlong: Kangxi’s grandson, prosperous
rule, but corruption at end
Emperor Qianlong
Chronology: Late Imperial China
Ming Foreign Relations
• Vigorous expansion under early Ming Tribute system
• Naval exploration under Zheng He First armada – 62 major ships, 28,000 sailors Half century earlier than Portuguese voyages
• Chief threat came from Mongols
Ming Foreign Relations (cont’d)
• Also threat from Japanese and Chinese pirates Ming invasion of Korea in late sixteenth
century
Map 18–1. The Ming Empire and the Voyages of Zheng
Giraffe with Attendant
Qing Foreign Relations, Culture
• Manchu takeover in 1644 Threat still came from north and northwest
• Conquest of Tibet
• Increasing European contact Jesuits appeal to Kangxi Christianity later banned
• Macartney mission to China
Jesuit Missionary
Ming-Qing Culture
• Increasingly turned inward Reaction to Buddhism under Song Ming-Qing antipathy to Mongol rule
• Gu Yanwu Example of intellectual refusing to serve
Manchu Philology Works only rediscovered in late 1800s
Ming-Qing Culture (cont’d)
• Traditional arts favored: painting, calligraphy, poetry, philosophy
JapanWarring States Era (1467–1600)
Warring States Era (1467-1600)
• War of All Against All
• Foot Soldier Revolution
• Foreign Relations and Trade
Japan – Warring States Era
• Warring States Era (1467-1600) Ashikaga equilibrium was precarious Warfare among the daimyo “The strong eat and the weak become the
meat”
• Unification in stages Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)
Foot Soldier Revolution
• Foot soldier replaced the aristocratic mounted warrior as the backbone of the military Warfare and society changed as well
• Daimyo took all land revenue Multigeniture to unigeniture
Foot Soldier Revolution (cont’d)
• Rise of larger armies – 100,000s New weapons Thrusting spear Musket, from Portuguese
Daimyo Castle
Societal Transformation
• In some respects, Japan resembled postfeudal Europe Most of the military class were soldiers, not
aristocrats Military class had reached 7 to 8% of
population Recruitment of village warriors added
significantly to power of daimyo Commercial growth continued through the
dark decades of Warring States period
Chronology: Warring States Japan and the Era
of Unification (1467-1600)
Foreign Relations and Trade
• Increased trade with China Shogun appointed “King of Japan” “Tribute missions” sent to China
• Progress of Japanese crafts
• “Vermilion-seal trade” after Hideyoshi
Arrival of the Portuguese in Japan
Foreign Relations and Trade (cont’d)
• Seclusion Trade limited to small community of Chinese
merchants in Nagasaki Japanese could not leave Japan Large ship construction prohibited
• Arrival of European ships – Portuguese
Christianity
• Jesuit missionaries Jesuits directed efforts towards Samurai 300,000 converts by 1600
• Christianity seen as new Buddhist sect Cosmic Buddha of Shingon and Christian
God seen as similar Also Bodhisattva Kannon and Virgin Mary
Christianity (cont’d)
• Hideyoshi banned Christianity in 1597 Persecutions under Tokugawa Ieyasu Nagasaki uprising in 1637 – 37,000 died
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)
• Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the Seventeenth Century Hideyoshi’s Rule Establishment of Tokugawa Rule The Seventeenth-Century Economy
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) (cont'd)
• Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The Forty-Seven Ronin Cycles of Reform Bureaucratization The Later Tokugawa Economy
• Languages of East Asia
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) (cont'd)
• Hideyoshi’s rule Problem of dealing with armed peasantry Hideyoshi ordered “sword hunt” in 1588
• Hideyoshi moved to freeze society Marrying within own class Clothing styles dictated
• Surveys of lands Standardization of weights and measures Made systematic land tax possible
“Picture-treading” Plaque
Tokugawa Leyasu
• Final unification in 1600 Confiscated lands of defeated enemies Rewarded vassals and allies Reshuffling of domains
• Regulation of legal codes
• Hostage system
Map 18–3. Tokugawa Japan and the Korean Peninsula
Tokugawa Leyasu (cont’d)
• National policy of seclusion No foreigners to enter Japan
• “Bakufu-domain system”
Edo Castle
Seventeenth-Century Economy
• Doubling of agricultural production New techniques and innovations Population grew from 12 million in 1600 to 24
million in 1700 Growth of byproducts: cotton, silk, indigo,
lumber
• Growth of national economy Taxes Richness and diversity of urban life
The Commercial District of Osaka
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
• Rate of growth and changes slow Different form of changes began
• Forty-seven rōnin Loyalty was deeply internalized State was above ethics Loyalty and idealism applied to women
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (cont’d)
• Alternating periods of reform and laxity Reformist cliques of officials Retrench domain’s finances, eliminate
extravagance, austere way of life
Bureaucracy and Economy
• Balance – centralization and decentralization No attempts to overthrow the bakufu
• By 1700 the economy approached limit of expansion under available technology Commerce grew slowly
Bureaucracy and Economy (cont’d)
• Population of 26 million in the eighteenth century Same in mid-nineteenth century Contraception and abortion were
commonplace Infanticide in hard times
• Scholars disagree about relationship between Tokugawa economy and later rapid industrialization
A Closer Look:Bridal Procession
• Yohime, the twenty-first daughter of the eleventh shogun, approaches the main Edo estate of the Kaga daimyo.
Bridal Procession
Tokugawa Culture
• New urban culture with merchant influence New secular consciousness
• Revitalization of Zen Buddhism Hakuin – 1686-1769
• Two urban cultures Samurai – serious, Chinese styles favored Townspeople – lowbrow popular culture
• Bashō (1644-1694) The Narrow Road of Oku
Mother Bathing Her Son
Literature and Drama
• Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693) The Life of an Amorous Man The Life of an Amorous Woman
• Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1724) Wrote for Kabuki and puppet theater
• Kabuki From 1600s Women forbidden to perform, 1629 More human than Nō
Confucian Thought
• Tokugawa elite drawn to Confucianism
• Difficult task of fitting Confucianism to Japan No room for shogun in Confucianism
- Answer – emperor had mandate of heaven – entrusted political authority to shogun
Japanese “feudal system” of lord-vassal View of China as central kingdom
- Manchus lost claim to universality
Confucian Thought (cont’d)
• Tremendous intellectual vitality
National Studies
• Attempt to find in Japanese classics the original true character of Japan before Chinese influence Japanese spirit as free, spontaneous, clean,
lofty, honest Chinese spirit as rigid and artificial
• Reaffirmation of Japan’s emperor institution
National Studies (cont’d)
• Weaknesses of National Studies No substitute for philosophy Chiefly literary
Chronology: Tokugawa Era (1600-1868)
Dutch Studies
• Ban on Western books lifted in 1720 Recognition that Western anatomy texts were
better than Chinese ones
• Also interest in Western astronomy, geography, botany, physics, chemistry, art
• Expanded into Western Studies during 1860s
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