dynamics of the dense water formation in the northwestern

GMMC 20-22 Juin 2017 Ifremer Brest herve.giordani@meteo.fr 1

Dynamics of the Dense Water Formation in the NorthWestern Mediterranean during the

HyMeX/ASICS Experiment: A PV-Perspective

H. Giordani and C. Lebeaupin-Brossier

GMMC 20-22 Juin 2017 Ifremer Brest herve.giordani@meteo.fr 2

Month-average surfaceBuoyancy flux -400W/m2

Deep Mixed-Layer Depths 2500 m

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Gliders, Profiling floats, Marisondes, Cruises…Courtesy, P. Testor

01/07/2012 -> 07/10/201330 Glider deployments ~ 13,000 profiles (0-1000m)6 CTD cruises ~ 400 profiles (0-bottom)27 Argo ~ 1,500 profiles (0-1000m or 0-2000m)10 Marisondes and surface drifters

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ASICS-MED : Oceanographic Component of the HyMeX Program

� Two Scientific questions:

1. How the strong wind events interact with the mesoscale & submesoscale oceanic structures ?

2. What are the processes of dense water formation in these mesoscale structures ?

�

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From Marshall & Shott, 1999

Fb

What Dynamics in frontal region ?

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Ocean model: NEMO-WMED36 (Lebeaupin-Brossier et al., 2015)

code: NEMO v3_2 [Madec, 2008] SIMED [Arsouze et al., 2012]

grid: 760 x 480 x 50 z-levelsΔx=1/36° ORCA grid (from 2.2 to 2.5km) bathymetry: v10 Mercator-LEGOSΔt=240s

2 open-boundaries: Alboran Sea (East of the Strait of Gibraltar) and Sicily Channel

river runoff: climatology [Beuvier et al., 2010]

atmospheric surface forcing: hourly AROME-WMED forecasts [Fourrié et al., 2015]

initial and boundary conditions: Mercator Analysis

Simulation: Sept 1 to March 15

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Dynamics & Forcings of DWF in Frontal region ?

DWF > 29.0 kg/m3 Vol Buoyancy (Tziperman, 1986)

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Generation of low-PV water critical to the formation of dense water

Dense Waters characterized by Low PV

q=(ζ+ f )N 2⏟qv

−f (∂U g

∂ z )2

⏟qh

GMMC 20-22 Juin 2017 Ifremer Brest herve.giordani@meteo.fr 9

Generation of low-PV water critical to the formation of dense water

Dense Waters characterized by Low PV

q=(ζ+ f )N 2⏟qv

−f (∂U g

∂ z )2

⏟qh

GMMC 20-22 Juin 2017 Ifremer Brest herve.giordani@meteo.fr 10

Generation of low-PV water critical to the formation of dense water

Dense Waters characterized by Low PV

q=(ζ+ f )N 2⏟qv

−f (∂U g

∂ z )2

⏟qh

Role of the Wind in PV-Destruction in Frontal region ?

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Destruction of Potential Vorticity :Implications for the Formation of Deep Water

PV destruction: Wind oriented down-front Buoyancy loss from the ocean to the atmosphere PV-Flux Divergence changes the Stratification

k

qUJ

z

BfJ

kzz

UfJ

Adv

Diab

gFric

)(

PV-FluxJt

q .

Haynes and McIntyre, 1987

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PV Destruction

Dense Water Formation

Feb 2-4 Feb 6-14 Feb 23-26

PV budget on the volume bounded by > 29.0 kg/m3

Feb 2-4 Feb 6-14 Feb 23-26

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PV Budget DWF

N2 Budget

Connection PVdestruction - DWF

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PV budget in the Frontal Zone

JFlux DWF

JDiab JFric

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JAdvh

JFlux

JDiabent

A B

JAdvv

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A

B

Vertical PV-Advection in the Frontal Section [A-B]

2-4 Feb. 6-14 Feb. 23-26 Feb.

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Western Frontal Section February

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Sentinel-2ABarents

MARS-MENORΔx=400 m(P. Garreau)

Cold IntrusionsSymmetric Instability

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Sentinel-2ABarents

MARS-MENORΔx=400 m(P. Garreau)

Cold IntrusionsSymmetric Instability

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'';'' qvquV

Eddy PV-Flux

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Ug

Wind

Uag Uag

kzz

UfJ g

Fric

kz

BfJDiab

)(

Conceptual Scheme

Vertical cell and turbulence act as a PV pump drawing high PV from the pycnocline to limit the frictional and diabatic PV-destruction at the surface (Giordani et al., 2017)

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PV in TIW (Giordani et al., 2015)

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Intra-Thermocline bolus/eddy of low-PV

J fric=− f∂ U g

∂ z∂ τ∂ zk

Uag

frontal zone

MLD

GMMC 20-22 Juin 2017 Ifremer Brest herve.giordani@meteo.fr 24

Intra-Thermocline bolus/eddy of low-PV

kzz

UfJ g

fric

agU

frontal zone

MLD

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NAC & EDW Formation – Mazé et al., 2011, 2013

Bolus of low-PV

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NAC – EDW Mazé et al., 2011, 2013

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Kuroshio – STMW Rainville et al.

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Kuroshio – STMW Rainville et al.

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Conceptual Scheme

Jf,Jb q<0 ageostrophic circulation & turbulence

Eddy

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2

2

.5000

.500

mWy

bM

mWF

e

Batm

Subduction

y

bMFF e

Batm

Beff

Conditions favorable à la destruction de EPV par la tension de surface: conséquences énergétiques des « cold-air outbreaks »

dans les grands systèmes frontaux(Joyce et al., 2010)

Destruction de PV

⊙vent & courant

eM

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EnergeticsEquivalent Buoyancy Flux

(Giordani et al., 2017)

op

diab

gpfric

RBg

CEBF

z

U

g

CEBF

10

0

Friction

Diabatic

GMMC 20-22 Juin 2017 Ifremer Brest herve.giordani@meteo.fr 32

EnergeticsEBFfric EBFdiab

Buoyancy Flux

• Appropriate x to resolve energy trapping in fronts and eddies

• Parameterize EBF in climate models ?

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Sentinel-1ABaltique

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Sentinel-2ABarents

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SST gradients at small-scale are as energetic as large scales(Held et al., 95; Lapeyre & Klein, 06; Tulloch & Smith, 09)

Lapeyre & Klein, 06

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Vertical Velocity – February 7

NEMO EKMAN

WQ-FLX

Strain field associated with the flux-structures interactions induces intense vertical motion

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Conclusions

ASICS-MED: alternative approach based on the PV-flux to estimate the processes of DWF along the cyclonic gyre in the WestMed

PV-Budget : Turbulence and ageostrophic cell act as PV pump drawing high PV water from the pycnocline to limit the frictional and buoyancy PV-destruction at the surface. Horizontal Advection also limits the PV-destruction at the surface

Frictional and diabatic EBF result from wind and submesoscale interactions (Scale selection in OA coupling) and involve KOLOSSAL energy exchanges at the surface

OA coupling is not limited to surface fluxes

How to restore the dynamics of the oceanic deserts in models ? -> NH-Model CROCO