dwdm complete
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DENSE WAVE DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
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OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS
SINGLE FIBER
Wavelength MultiplexingMULTIPLE FIBER
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Wave Length Multiplexing
Multiplexing multiple wavelengths over asingle fiber
Two Major TypesCWDM Coarse Wave Length Division Multiplexing
Channel Spacing 20 nanometers
DWDM Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexing
Channel Spacing 8 nanometers
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WDM Categories
Wrapperless SystemsProtocol Independent
Wrapper Systems
Framed optical channel
Various low-level transmission functions
Error checking
Performance monitoring
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Management channel to support OAM&P
Optical bitstream interpretable by higher-level
protocols
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New Service Offerings
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Emerging Scenario
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TDM Vs WDM
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TDM Vs WDM
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The Shrinking ContinentThe Shrinking Continent
1993
LA NY
2.5 Gb/s/fiber pair 40km between regenerators $20,000 per DS1 (excluding fiber costs)
OC-48
. . .
1998
LA NY
100 Gb/s/fiber pair 400km between regenerators $1,000 per DS1 (excluding fiber costs)
100Gb/s with DWDM
. . .
40x Increase
in bandwidth
Technology is conquering distanceTechnology is conquering distance
10x Increase
in regen spacing
20x decreased
in cost
Advantage - DWDM
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DWDM Evolution
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WAVELENGTH WINDOWS
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ITU-T WAVELENGTH GRID
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Frequency Utilization for Fiber Application
Window Label Range(nm) Fiber type Applications
First -- 820-900 MF LAN-Type
Second S 1280-1350 SMF Single-Third C 1530-1565 NZDSF DWDM1
Fourth L 1565-1620 NZDSF
Fifth -- 1350-1450 SMF AllwaveTM DWDM
Fifth -- 1450-1528 NZDSF
DWDM/MAN2
1DWDM may also include single wavelength application2 Currently, EDFAs do not perform below the range of 1530 nm.
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WAVELENGTH MULTIPLEXING
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Wavelength Multiplexing
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Multiple Lambdas
Delhi
Bombay
Cal
Chennai
NagpurX-Connect
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Optical Amplifier
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OPTICAL ADD-DROP MULTIPLEXERS
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Drop-ADD Wavelength N
1, 2,.., N
OA OA
OADM
1, 2,.., N1, 2,.., N
N N
Fiber Fiber
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Optical Switch
Fiber Fiber
1, 2,.., N 1, 2,.., N
Optical
DemultiplexerOptical
Multiplexer
1 1
Optical 2 X 2 Switch
Drop-Add wavelength 1
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A Typical DWDM Link
Channel 2
Channel 1
Channel N
1
2
N
Opt.MUX
OA OA
Fiber
Opt.De-MUX
1, 2,.., N 1, 2,.., N
OADM
1
2
N
= Laser Diode
= Receiver
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HUB
OADM
OADM
OADM
STM
DWDM Ring Network
IP
1, 2,.., N
1, 2,.., N 1, 2,.., N
1, 2,.., N
O/E
IP
STM
j j
k k
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DWDM Application
O/ETCP/IP
O/EATM
O/ESTM
PLL
OPT.
Demux
1, 2,.., N
Single-Mode Fiber
Detectors
PHY
TCP/IP
ATM
STM
Electronic Regime Photonic Regime
Receive Direction
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DWDM RING - Example
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Optical Transmission Problems
AttenuationLight Absorption
Raleigh Scattering
Bending Losses
Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
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Non-Linearity
Generation of spurious harmonic and sumfrequencies
Unexpected loss effects
Inherent characteristic of electromagnetic
energy passing through a physical medium
Effects
Scattering
Refractive Index Phenomena
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Non Linearity Effects
Scattering PhenomenaStimulated Brillouin Backscattering
Stimulated Raman Scattering
Refractive Index Phenomena
Self phase modulation
Cross phase modulation
Four-wave mixing
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Network Classification
Single-Hop Networks Data stream travels from source to destination as a light stream
No conversion at any of the intermediate nodes
Types
1. Broadcast-And-Select Networks
Star topology with passive star coupler device
Used in LAN/MAN
2. Wavelength Routed Networks
Wavelength selective switching sub-system
a. Wavelength Path Switching
Dynamic signal switching from one path to anotherb. Wavelength Conversion
Reuse of same wavelength in different parts of the same network(different fibers)
Multi-Hop Networks Small no of wavelength channels employed by the network
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FIBEROPTICS - Basics
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Journey through the Optical Tunnel
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TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Snells Law: n1*sin1 = n2*sin 2
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Transmit-Receive Overview
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Transmitter - fundamentals of emission
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Source composition
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Light Source comparison
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Transmitter & Receiver Functions
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Transmitter Simple Block Diagram
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Transmitter Basic Specifications
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Laser/ LED Drivers
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LASER Temperature Compensation
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Receiver Basic Specifications
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Receiver Block Diagram
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Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
DWDM
Standard support 1000 colors of light, only 160 colors
supported today
Key players - Ciena, Cerent (Cisco), Lucent, Marconi, Nortel,
Siemens, Sycamore
Supports PoS packet over Sonet to Wavelength Supports LAMBDA routing
Attenuation
Wavelength 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6(mm)
1.0 dB/KM
0.3
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What is an Optical Wave?
An optical wave is a transponder-based service
which provides unprotected, customized bandwidthprimarily for data traffic and allows data carriers
requiring low restoration rates to provide protection
switching using their own equipment.Wave 1
Wave 2
Wave 3
Wave 4
Wave 1
Wave 2
Wave 3
Wave 4
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Customized Bandwidth
OC-48STM16
OC-3/STM1
OC-12/STM4OC-24/STM8
OC-N
Delhi
Bombay
Cal
Chennai
NagpurX-Connect
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Propagation mode
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Single Mode Fiber
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Number of Modes:
M = V2/2
Multi Mode Fiber
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Graded Index Fiber
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Propagation in Graded Index Fiber
Number of Modes, M = (a/(a+2))*(v2/2)
where a is Profile parameter
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Energy Distribution in SM Fiber
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Attenuation in Optical Fiber
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Power expressed in dbmIts simple to relate to attenuation if Power is also expressed in terms of db.
So if mW is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW)
Where mW is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW)
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DispersionBW Losses
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Dispersions in MM & SM Fiber
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Dispersion in Step Indexed Fiber
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Graded Index Fiber less dispersion
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LED: Typical spectral width 75-125 nm LASER: Typical spectral width 2-5 nm
Chromatic Dispersion
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Material Dispersion
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Wave guide Dispersion
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Polarization
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Bending Losses
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