dtc report final
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School of Architecture, Building and Design
ARCHITECTURE, CULTURE AND HISTORY 2
(ARC60203)
Project 2: ReportDewan Tunku Canselor, Universiti Malaya, Petaling Jaya.
Tutor: Ms. Shahrianne
Group Members:
Foo Ji Sun 0323550
Heng Rui Ying 0326639
Heng Sy Hua 0321999
Ho Zi Yan 0323698
Hong SeoTaek 0322045
1
CONTENT
1.0 Introduction [3]
1.1 Fast Facts of the Building
1.2 Location
1.3 History of the Building
1.4 The Architect
2.0 Site Context Analysis (Hong SeoTaek 0322045) [10]
2.1 Accessibility
2.2 Relation to the Natural Environment
2.3 Comparison to Surrounding Buildings
3.0 Architectural Layout of the Building (Heng Sy Hua 0321999) [17]
3.1 Plan to Section Analysis
3.2 Circulation
3.3 Spatial Organization
3.4 Hierarchy
3.5 Building Architectural Analysis
3.6 Summary - Comparison of Buildings
3.7 Appendix - Scanned Original Plan
4.0 Architectural Style Analysis (Foo Ji Sun 0323550) [49]
5.0 Building Construction, Structure & Material Analysis (Ho Zi Yan 0323689) [52]
5.1 Building Construction
5.2 Building Materials
6.0 Architectural Elements Analysis (Heng Rui Ying 0326639) [60]
6.1 Superstructure
6.2 Finishes
7.0 Conclusion [69]
8.0 References [70]
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1.0 INTRODUCTIONUniversity Malaya is the oldest university in Malaysia, it is located at the southwest of
Kuala Lumpur and was established in 1962. Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is located within the
campus of University Malaya, constructed in 1965-1966. Dewan Tunku Canselor was opened by
the first Prime Minister of Malaysia and the first Chancellor of the University, the Hon. Tunku
Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. The building was an influence of the International style, Brutalist
Architecture. Famously known by Le Corbusier’s works, similarities can be distinguished from
the buildings in Chandigarh, India with the Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Dewan Tunku Canselor in PJ, Malaysia. Chandigarh in India, by Le Corbusier.
Most of the modern buildings in Malaysia were inspired by brutalist architecture where
the designs consists more of repetitives and angular geometries. The usage of raw concrete
materials was common as it was functionable and affordable. Example of modern Malaysian
buildings are the Bank Negara Malaysia, Bangunan KWSP and many more.
Bank Negara Malaysia. Bangunan KWSP.
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1.1 Fast Facts of the Building
Building Name Dewan Tunku Canselor
Address Dewan Tunku Canselor, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.
Construction Period 1956 - 1966
Architect Dato’ Kington Loo
Capacity 6000 people
Main Functions ConvocationsConcertsSemester examinationsTheatre performancesSeminarsConferences
Historical Events
1966Officially commenced by the first Prime Minister of Malaysia and the first Chancellor of the University, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj.
1966The first ever convocation conducted in Dewan Tunku Canselor.
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2001A fire broke out in the Dewan Tunku Canselor. Damages caused by the fire was estimated to be RM12 million.
2002Officially reopened for the second time by Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
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1.2 Location
Location of Universiti Malaya.
Location of Dewan Tunku Canselor in Universiti Malaya.
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1.3 History of the Building
Dewan Tunku Canselor is the convention center of University Malaya which is built in 1965 by
Datuk Kington Loo who is from BEP Architect. It is renowned as the landmark of the university
and also influenced by Brutalism and modernism architecture. Dewan Tunku Canselor was
declared in 25th Jun 1996 by our first prime minister AL MARHUM TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN AL-
HAJ who was the chancellor of University Malaya during that period of time.
The building first vernissage of ceremony was managed in 1996 to contribute the credential
letter of the graduated students in various graduations of diploma, degree, masters and PHD.
Since that year, students are assembled annually in this building for examinations and
graduations. In addition, there was an incident on 29th Jun 2001 where 90% of the internal
building was on fire. It was then retrieved by the faculty of environment and it was opened
again one year later by Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.
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1.4 The Architect
Name Kington Loo
Date of Birth 17 October 1930
Graduated University University of Melbourne
Buildings designed 1. Rex cinema2. Subang International Airport3. Dayabumi complex4. Dewan Tunku Canselor, UM
Achievements 1. Chairman of Malaysia Institute of Architect Advisory Committee
2. President of Selangor Club3. Chairman of Bukit Bintang MCA4. President of Federation of Malaya Society of Architects
(FMSA)5. Committees of PAM and BBAM6. First PAM’s inaugural Gold Medal winner7. Chairman of Malaysian Zoological Society8. Chairman of Malaysian Arts Council9. Committee for National Art Gallery
Kington Loo was a professional architect during the world war II era and is the person which
brings modernism to Southeast Asia. His mother names Lok Soh June and was a famous piano
player who was also the sixth daughter of Loke Chow Kit, a millionaire businessman.
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Nonetheless, Kington loo’s father was an engineer who was the grandson of Loke Yew, a late
successful businessman. Kington hads only one daughter named Ysa Loo. Kinton was born in
Malaysia but had grown up in different places which included Singapore and India to avoid the
Japanese invasion.
He was then continued his form four education in Victorian Institution after returning to Kuala
Lumpur. He had studied in Government commercial Day School and took engineering course in
Technology College before his great-grandmother, Loke Yew decided to finance his studies to
University of Melbourne in Australia. During his studies of Architecture, he was the best student
by winning the internal competition to design the Dean of Architecture’s Holiday House.
Loo finally graduated in 1953 and he joined the firm of Booty, Edwards & Partners (BEP) after
returning to Kuala Lumpur. He worked in the firm transforming from a graduated architect to a
full-fledged architect and finally become one of the partners in the firm. During his practise, the
involved in the construction various significant landmarks for example Subang International
Airport, Standard Chartered building in kl and also the Dewan Tunku Canselor.
As conclusion, Kington Loo was always a kind hearted and soft spoken man as he also
contributed his time in various preserving society which included the nature and arts. He was
also passionate throughout his career life by constantly improving and innovating his mindset in
design. Lastly, Kington Loo can be said is the role model of all professions in the country who
served himself to the fullness for the society.
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2.0 SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS Hong SeoTaek 0322045
Site Analysis Diagram
- Sun path rise from Kuala Lumpur and set towards Petaling Jaya
- Northwest wind direction with average of 7.7 kph (October 2016 data)
- Average temperature of 28.8 degree Celsius and around 33 degree Celsius during the
hottest time of the day (12-2pm)
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2.1 Accessibility
Site map of DTC indicated with mass pathway and boundary
Amongst the multiple high educational institution around Malaysia, Universiti Malaya is the first
post-independence national university built on 750 acre land in between Kuala Lumpur and
Petaling Jaya. Such huge area of campus is divided into many divisions, each division serving
purpose of educating and leading a certain field of education to contribute in country growth by
well-structured specific education.
The magnificent aspect of design of Universiti Malaya (UM) compared to other high educational
institution is in terms of scale of the building. In the masterplan of UM, is structured in a way to
accommodate multiple types of building required for each division such as administrative,
educational building (lecture halls), students’ accommodation, commercial buildings and faculty
building. The site context of the building shows the potential empty land provided for potential
further extension and expansion of the building as the population and scale of university grows.
Site Context – Circulation around the Building Hong SeoTaek 0322045
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Site map showing the convenient accessibility to other university buildings around DTC
In addition, there are pedestrian movement and traffic patterns that creates effective
circulation around the whole campus. The distance from student accommodation to different
parts of the university is kept to minimum distance to reduce the discomfort for the students by
reducing the distance to walk and provides shelter from sunlight and rain. Such short distances
between different types of building, creates efficient flow of circulation around the university.
Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is located at the site of Universiti Malaya. DTC is placed in the
center of UM, acting as a signature building of the university serving the purpose of holding
large scaled events such as ceremonies and exams, where the distance between other buildings
of university is kept under a kilometer.
Mode of Transport from Outside
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Public Bus Personal Vehicle Transportation
Mode of Internal Transportation (in campus)
Pedestrian Walk Cycling University Shuttle Bus
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2.2 Relation to the Natural Environment
Map of vegetation density and water area
UM intends to create harmony with the natural environment. The placement have to have an
interaction with the environment and also should create obstacles. The major site of UM is
located at an area of high forest density which was not developed after independence. DTC,
being the centralizing building is placed on an area where the forest density is relatively low,
there are still decent amount of green density for visual pleasure with the clear view of DTC.
Also the greenery area all around the UM is the potential land for extension of the university
mentioned above.
The lake and river stream flow on the southern side of DTC provides natural aesthetics and cool
prevailing breeze. It acts as natural drainage system for regular heavy tropical rain in Malaysia
along with the thick vegetation around it to prevent potential water hazard in the campus.
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2.3 Comparison to Surrounding Buildings
Examples of Surrounding Educational Buildings
Faculty of Business and Accounting Faculty of Education High Impact Research CenterExamples of Surrounding Commercial Buildings
Pejabat Pos UM CIMB Bank UM Art Gallery
DTC being the center axis of the UM campus as mentioned earlier in the contents above, the
arrangement of the surrounding is located in a sort of a radial pattern. DTC is where big events
of the university such as final exam, graduation and etc is organized, categorized as an
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educational building block. These facts indicates that, often high population density is held at
the location including students and staff of UM and external visitors. Due to such reasoning,
most of the major commercial component of the campus is located radially around DTC within
100m range for people to conveniently access and fulfil their necessity during the visit to DTC.
Meanwhile, the arrangement shows the functional contrast between the chancellor and other
buildings. DTC would be mainly categorized as an educational block of the campus, however
there are some interesting mixtures. DTC is an educational building which has slight portion of
commercial use. While commercial block and educational block is designated for specific
purpose which could be identified in the name. Every surrounding commercial and educational
buildings share similar characteristics to each other in same category but the fact that DTC is
neither of these 2 is what makes it unique and different from its surrounding.
Pedestrians around DTC
External Visitors UM Students
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3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS Heng Sy Hua 0321999
3.1 Plan to Section Analysis
3.1.1 Location analysis
Dewan Tunku Canselor is actually located at the top of the hill inside UM which made it become
the iconic landmark of the building. Due to its special topography, its concrete foundation can
be seen slanted from the elevation plan in order to create a flat surface. Moreover, Dewan
Tunku Canselor is built more than 80% using concrete, hence, its location at a higher sea level
has actually an advantage of having a better light penetration and wind ventilation. With this,
DTC has a various architectural element which is both for aesthetic but also practical purpose.
The whole DTC area is actually consist of 4 main buildings which is Dewan Tunku Canselor,
Amphitheatre, Canseleri and a small court room
Figure 1 shows the location and topography of DTC
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Topography increasedHeight increased
Diagram 2 shows the influences of topography towards the elevation of building
3.1.2 Location of openings
The opening of DTC is actually according to the direction of its facing part. Openings located at
the North and South area is larger, longer and with bigger openings while the openings in East
and west side are comparatively shorter and smaller with smaller openings or covered with
certain façades and designs. As the area of DTC is also including the Pusat kebudayaan beside it,
different from the Dewan, the Canseleri has actually a large openings in the middle of the
building which leads to a half closure style for the building. Hence, the whole building actually
portrays a half closure and exposure architectural style with a brilliant used of different types of
opening to create the ambiance , wind and light quality that is demanded by the architect.
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Highest point of the hill
Increasing concrete foundation
NORTH
Diagram 3 shows the direction of DTC in compass
Diagram 4 shows the windows and openings of different direction of the main building
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Opening of:Left upper: EastLeft Lower: WestRight first: NorthRight second: South
3.1.3 Natural light penetration and wind ventilation
Continuing from the above, the architect has actually created a lot of architectural element
which is exclusively for DTC in order to achieve the highest amount of wind blow and optimum
light penetration. All these designs are mainly located at the openings at the exteriors and
around the staircases for the interior.
Diagram 5 shows the general penetration of wind and sunlight.
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Light penetration
Wind ventilation
3.1.3.1 Natural light penetration
The brilliant design of allowing optimum light penetration of entre the interior compound can
be clearly seen in slanted façade above the main entrance. The façade is carefully measure and
calculate where half of the opening side of the façade is facing the morning sunlight while the
other half is facing the evening sunlight. The flat surface will be facing the afternoon sunlight.
With this, there will be optimum of sunlight penetration throughout the day without
overheating the interior space. While for the secondary light diffusing area will be all the glass
doors and small opening between 2 concrete façade. These openings are also important to
create a soft and warm ambiance for the interior spaces.
Diagram 6 shows the percentage of sunlight penetration per day and how the façade works to block the excessive sunlight.
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Morning Sunlight 50% penetration
Afternoon Sunlight 0% penetration
Evening sunlight 50% penetration
3.1.3.2 Wind ventilation
Air ventilation is also an important part that is considered by the architect. For the dewan and
amphitheatre double ceiling concept is used to enhance the air ventilation effect. This
architectural concept is being infused into the building due to its main material used is concrete
and it has poor air diffusing characteristics. Hence, double ceiling, concept is introduced where
the ceiling height built at the foyer area is more than 2 storey and almost the same height as
the amphitheatre to allow maximum amount of air flow. Also, the architect has avoided most of
the corner created by flat wall and replaced it with curved wall to make sure that the wind blow
is not being block by all means. Hence, there are 2 curved wall at the side of the foyer (Diagram
7) which is also where the staircase is situated. This is to allow more air to enter the second
flow as minimal air is block by the wall.
Diagram 7 shows the location of curved wall in DTC.
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Curved walls are used in the foyer and staircase area.
3.2 Circulation
3.2.1 Type of plan
The overall architectural plan used by the architect is actually central plan as all the circulations
route are located at the side of the plans while the middle space is used as functional space for
either human activities or ventilation area. For the amphitheatre the central space is where all
chairs are located and is the audience sitting area while the openings are also situated at the
side of the hall. With this, the audience will not be disturbed by the people walking as all the
circulation are situated at the left and right side of the hall. Also, middle area at the foyer will
act as a resting and standing space for the people as most of the human flow is accumulate at
the side. As for the canseleri, an opening skylight is introduced at the centre of the plan as a
way for excellent air and light ventilation. Also, rain water can act as the natural watering
system for the plantation at the small garden area locating at the ground floor of the building.
With this, the ambiance of the building will be more natural and environmental friendly.
Diagram 8 shows the ambience that brought into the space by using a central plan where all the functional and natural element are place in the centre of the plan.
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3.2.2 Point of accessibility
As DTC is built to accommodate a huge amount of visitors, students and also lecturers, there
are quite an amount of entrance act as the point of accessibility to each separated spaces.
However, some of the entrance acts as the primary entrance while some are secondary
entrance. Also, Dewan Tunku Canselor is one of the most important yet huge constructions in
UM, hence, there are more than one type of circulation for easy excess and user friendly.
Diagram 9 shows the position of entrance and the main access way linking the whole building.
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Position of doors
Access way
3.2.2.1 Primary entrance
There are only 5 primary entrances in this building as they are all the main doors connecting
from one space to another. The first entrance is the front door of DTC where it Is the linkage
between exterior and interior. However, the entrance is only opened when there is some
formal event carrying on. Second and third entrance is the links between the foyer and the
amphitheatre which is located at the left and right side of the foyer. These entrance are also the
only entrance in and out of the hall. Next, the link bridge between the hall and the canseleri.
This bridge is also the only linkage between the 2 parts of the buildings. Lastly, the entrance for
the courtroom. As the courtroom Is a private space, there is only one entrance for I and out
purpose.
Diagram 10 shows the primary entrance of DTC.
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Position of doors
Access way
3.2.2.2 Public circulation
About 60% of the circulation in DTC is actually public circulation as circulation is the main
element that connects all the spaces with each other. The foyer of DTC as well as the canseleri
is where the public circulation is placed as both these serves as a study and practising places for
the students in UM. Also, the walkway that connects the foyer and canseleri acts as a shortcut
for UM students to pass through.
Diagram 11 shows the main public circulation in DTC.
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Position of doors
Access way
3.2.2.3 Private circulation
Throughout the history, DTC acts as the place for formal functions and activities, hence, VIP
guests and backstage workers will have their own circulation pathway to ensure the safety of te
guests and to ensure a smooth working environment. The entrance to the backstage of the
amphitheatre and stairs to second floor of DTC are actually considered as private circulation.
Also, another private circulation in this area is the entrance to the VIP room and the court room
as it is used for special purposes and guests only.
Diagram 12 shows the private circulation in DTC .
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Position of doors
Access way
3.2.2.4 Position of staircase and fire escape
There a 2 circular staircases situated at the left and right side of the staircase in order to
provide a smooth circulation as well as creating a balance and symmetry architectural plan.
Another staircase is position at the canseleri which act as the only connection to each floor in
the building. However, the staircase had designed in a way that it is more users friendly. From
the diagram below it can be seen that dog-legged stairs is used where user will only require
walking a shorter distance to reach the next staircase compared to the normal staircase.
Moreover, the fire escape introduced in DTC is also nicely considered as there are more than
one connections are designed to excess to each spaces especially when stairs and smaller
entrance are used. For instance, there are 2 circular staircases located at both sides of second
floor to provide a quicker and smoother exit if there is an emergency as well the entrance and
exit for the amphitheatre. All the fire escape will be directed to the space outside DTC and act
as a temporarily gathering area.
Diagram 13 shows the position of fire escape exit and the position of stiacases.
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Fire escape exit
Position of staircase
3.3 Spatial organization
3.3.1. Spatial planning
A good spatial planning is essential to create both, healthy environment and eliminates as much
threats as possible, hence both natural and man-made elements are both considered.
3.3.1.1 Natural element
The architect designed the building in a way that he tried to conserve as much natural
elements as possible while blending the nature in to the building. Hence, a central garden is
being designed to increase the nature element in the building as the architect believed that
greeneries are able recreate a calm and peaceful ambience to the user. Also, the exterior wall
of the courtroom is also planted with climbing plant to create a fusion of nature and man-
made element. It also bring upon a mysterious hint to the space as the court room is the most
private space in the building.
Diagram 14 shows the effect of natural element towards the building.
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The cylindrical façade are mostly covered with climbing plants to enhance the natural element and mysterious effect.
Natural element is added into the building compound as a relax and resting area
3.3.1.2 Spatial experience
On the other hand, impactful spatial experience is created by the changing of volume and
ambiance from one space to another. The spaces are planned and arranged in a way that the
users will feel comfortable and majestic at the while walking t through the spaces as the
architect wanted to bring out the ambience of the holiness of a university. Hence, double
volume is largely used in the hall area as well as large architectural elements for instance, the
slanted façade and the circular wall by the walkway. The other part of the building is designed
half opened as a metaphor of the freeness in the journey searching for knowledge.
Diagram 15 shows how the architecture influences the spatial experience to the viewers.
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Enlarged architectural elements is used to let the viewer feels majestic and holy.
Doubled ceiling is introduced to the foyer in increase the freeness and openness of the space
3.3.2 Spatial relation between each spaces Spatial relation is define as the certainty of a space is placed in relation to one another.
Different types of relation are introduced in DTC to create a highly linked building.
Type 1: Space within a space
Natural space and man-made space are fused together by this relation as the courtyard is
created within the canseleri. With this, the courtyard not only act as the function to filter the air
but also create an eye pleasing view as well as a perfect resting area for the students.
Diagram 16 shows how the courtyard and canseleri is related to one another.
Type 2: Adjacent space
The foyer of DTC and the amphitheatre actually shared a common wall and is link together by
the specific wall. This can be a way to avoid the wastage of spaces and creates a more
functional circulation
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Diagram 17 shows one of the entrance from the foyer toward the amphitheatre and how an
adjacent space related to one another.
Type 3: Spaces linked by a common space
Both the foyer and canseleri is link together by the bridge in the middle. This space acts as the
only connecting for the 2 other spaces. With this, the connecting space will also aid in
enhancing the spatial effect and the ambiance of the architecture.
Diagram 18 shows the enhancement of the ambience that is created by the connecting space.
3.3.3 Spatial relation between site
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The topography, height, ventilation and exterior circulation. DTC is situated on top of a hill,
hence to avoid slanted stairs, and preserving the hill, the architect placed the entrance at the
flat surface and leave the back of the building by the edge of the hill. Also, in order to prevent
traffic congestion when there is function being held In the building, there is no entrance at the
side of the building which is facing the road side. All the architecture elements and position of
the windows are also placed according to the wind direction and sun path.
Diagram 19 shows the site analysis of how the site influences the architecture.
3.3.4 Private and public spaces
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Slope
Slope
Stairs is built according the slope in order to preserve the hill as make DTC at the highest point.
A huge square is built to act as a gathering area for high population. Also, to direct the visitor to the main entrance.
Flat surface
Vehicles passing route
In order to create a smooth vehicle circulation, main entrance is placed avoiding the passing route.
Due to its architectural style, all the public and private space distribution are in a very orderly
and geometrical manner. About 50% of the area are public space, 30% of semi-public space and
20% of the spaces are private space. The most private space would be the court room at the
edge of the building as the space has totally no windows with only a door connecting to a
narrow hallway. The court room also situated inside the private VIP resting room for the guests
including sometimes the Prime Minister of Malaysia. While for the semi-public area, the spaces
are often separated by doors and wall, for example the management office, backstage and
storeroom. As for the public spaces, they are also commonly used as part of the circulation and
also common resting area for all the students. These spaces also mainly situated near the main
entrance for instance, the foyer, amphitheatre and the garden.
Diagram 21 shows the separation of public and private spaces.
3.4 Hierarchy
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Public
Semi public
Private
3.4.1 Spatial flow
As the building is part of the modernism architecture, the spatial flow is often very gentle in an
orderly way where a transition volume or ambience will be created by the architect.
3.4.1.1 From public to private
The private and public spaces are being separated clearly in DTC and the architect will give a
clear hint by changing the surrounding architecture. The way from the canseleri to the court
room is the perfect example. A VIP resting room is created as a transitional space from the
public space to private area as the wall of the room is mimic as a display cabinet while the
entrance of the room is situated at the side. Upon reaching the court room, users will have to
pass through a walkway which height is only about 2.3metres and a width of about 1.3 metres.
The sudden changed of volume imposed a clear sense of privacy and mysterious. There are also
no window in the courtroom and the space is designed in a circular shape where it mimic as a
maintenance area looking from the outside.
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3.4.1.2 From interior to exterior
The architect brilliantly used the change of ambience by manipulating the light penetration and
wind ventilation to allow the user has a more comfortable experience. For instance, the
amphitheatre is darker and more sorrow in the ambience as light penetration is limited by the
curtains and walls. However, while walking towards the foyer which acts as a transitional space
from the interior and exterior, more opened windows and glass walls are used to allow more
light entering the space. The user will be able to adapt to the gentle change before expose
themselves under the sunlight.
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Private
Diagram 22 shows the volume of space shows a strong sense of hierarchy as it goes from public to private space.
Public Double ceiling height
Normal ceiling height
Lower ceiling height
Diagram 23 shows the hierarchy of natural light intensity
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Interior
Exterior
Low natural light intensity which makes the users feel enclosed.
Optimum natural light intensity as a transitional space for the users to adapt.
High natural light intensity where the users are exposed
3.4.2 Spatial function and purpose
The architecture of the building will change and adapt to the spatial function and purpose. DTC
has 4 main spaces in the building and each of it has its own purpose served to the users.
Foyer: This space acts as a gathering area for the guests before entering the amphitheatre. Also
acts as the practising area for the performers.
Amphitheatre: Large hall which can accommodate 25000 people. Venue for most of the formal
function organized by UM for instance, convocation, annual dinner and musical performance.
Canseleri: Former canseleri, currently has changed into classrooms and management office for
DTC, also named as Pusat Kebudayaan where some culture artefacts are exhibited here.
Court room: A small, enclosed, private place which act as a court room to discuss about legal
cases in UM and also making classified discussion within the leaders of the University.
Diagram 24 shows the main spatial function of DTC.
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Canseleri Court room
Foyer Amphitheatre
3.4.3 Person-container relationship
The volume of the space is determined by the amount of user that will accommodate the space
and the publicity of the space. Hence, public space like the foyer and amphitheatre will have
double volume and more exposed space while space that will only need to accommodate lesser
people like the court room will have lower ceiling height and a more enclose surrounding.
Diagram 25 shows the relationship of space volume and publicity.
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As the publicity of the space become higher, the volume of the space will increase to accommodate more human and kinds of activity which includes passive and active activities.
As the publicity of the space become lower, the volume of the space will decrease less human activity will be achieved for example, passive activities.
3.5 Building Architectural Analysis
3.5.1 Repetition
Due to its modernism architectural period, the architecture element used in DTC are often
repeated. From the exterior design, repeated concrete shapes can be seen as a part of aesthetic
as well as functioned as to control the light intensity of the interior spaces. As influenced by the
architecture period, the architecture aims to achieve a more harmonious ambience hence,
repeated concrete slabs can be seen around the building with only a slight change of width and
height. A unity can be seen as all the materials and architectural elements used are constantly
repeated.
Diagram 26 shows the repetition of architecture elements available at the elevation of DTC.
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3.5.2 Symmetry and balance
The plan of the building is symmetry and balance which also reflects to mission of UM,
representing the balanced development in producing talent. Beside to achieve an aesthetically
balanced architecture, the balanced and symmetry plan will also ensure a smoother and direct
circulation which is also user friendly to the visitors.
Diagram 27 shows how the plan of DTC is being sectioned symmetrically.
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3.5.3 Repetitive to unique
Although simple and repeated geometric shapes are used for the plan, however, the architect
experimented with different combining method by overlapping, intersecting and fusing the
shapes with each other to create a unique yet harmonious plan. For instance, the courtyard
which is situated in the centre of the canseleri is a result of overlapping 2 different size of
squares with each other. The circular stairs are also the production of intersection of circle and
rectangular.
Diagram 28 shows how repetitive geometric are arranged in a unique way to create special
architectural effect.
3.5.4 Additive and subtractive
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overlapping
Intersecting
Additive and subtractive method is imposed into the building associate with the geometric plan.
A cuboid is subtracted from the plan to create the courtyard while a cylinder is added in to the
cuboid courtyard as stairs. A contrast between straight and curvilinear lines can be seen by
adding the cylinders around the cuboid plan.
Diagram 29 shows how 3 dimensional geometric shapes are added or subtracted to create the
desired architectural effect.
3.5.5 Geometric
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Subtracted method is used to create the courtyard
Additional method is used for the cylindrical parts.
The building emerges from the combinations of geometric circles and rectangular shapes. The
shapes are placed in orderly manner without having any organic shapes which is also influenced
by the architectural style. The spatial function and organization can easily be determined as it is
planned according to the simple repeated geometric shapes.
Diagram30 shows how geometric shapes are planned in the plan and the space organisation.
3.5.6 Building massing
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Rectangle 1 space 1 Rectangle 2 space 2
Rectangle 3 space 4
Rectangle 4 space 6
Circle 1 space 3
Circle 1 space 5
Circle 1 space 7
The building massing is created by overlapping cylinders and cuboid while its volume and height
is determined by its function and publicity. Apart from that, the massing is further furnished by
brise soleil which acts as the design and façade of the building.
Diagram 31 shows how publicity and human activities determine the massing of the building.
3.6 Summary – Comparison of buildings
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Volume: largeHeight: highPublicity: highUsage: to create multiple floors for mass usage
Volume: smallHeight: lowPublicity: lowUsage: for private discussions
Volume: largeHeight: highPublicity: highUsage: for public function which involve large human count
Volume: largeHeight: highPublicity: highUsage: as gathering area before function
3.6.1 Chandigarh by Le Corbusier
Dewan Tunku Canselor Chandigarh
Exterior
The balanced development in
producing talent
Building
concept
The majestic of law and the power of
fear of law
Usage of both circular and rectangular
geometric shapes
Architectura
l Plan
Only rectangular geometric shapes
available
Amphitheatre, canseleri and court
room
Function High court, Offices
All circulation is linked together with
each other
Circulation Each courtroom has individual
entrance from outside
Courtyard Sub space Car park
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available
All the window and opening size
changed in a hierarchy
Exterior
opening size
Window and opening size changed in
huge distinguish
Involved linear and curvilinear shapes Building
massing
Only linear shapes are involved
As conclusion, both DTC and Chandigarh share some common architectural element like the
huge façade and oversize style. However, DTC is richer in its hierarchy, harmony and ambience
which can be said that DTC is a more sensational, considerate yet majestic ones.
3.7 Appendix- Scanned original plan
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Amphitheatre floor plan
Canseleri floor plan
Right elevation
Left elevation
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4.0 ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS Foo Ji Sun 0323550
Brutalist architecture gained momentum in the mid-twentieth century. Communities
that were facing economic depression had to rely on low cost construction methods. Brutalism
stretches the limit of how concrete can be used. However, these buildings lack the appearance
of international style buildings due to the prominent use of raw concrete.
The Dewan Tunku Canselor adopts the Brutalist style of the 1950s and 60s. It is one of
the first structures that is influenced by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. This style
incorporates the use of appropriate building materials, without using ornamentation of the
building. British architects saw the success of Le Corbusier’s work and started stepping into
brutalism.
Facade of the DTC facing the main road. Facade of the main entrance of the DTC.
As seen in the pictures above, concrete is very prominent because it is said to reveal the
raw nature of its construction.
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Vertical louvres. Brise Soleil.
The building is also designed with repetition of modular elements forming a unified
mass. This gives the building a massive and blocky appearance.
Prominent water tower at Hunstanton School. Exterior staircase at the DTC.
A common feature in brutalist architecture is the exposure of the building’s functions,
ranging from structure and services to human use. For example, the Hunstanton School in
Norfolk, England, placed the facility’s water tank on a prominent and visible tower, instead of
keeping it hidden like other building’s service features.
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Other examples of brutalism in Malaysia
Bank Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Menara DBKL, Kuala Lumpur.
Wisma Equity, Kuala Lumpur. Dewan Sri Pinang, Georgetown.
Brutalist architecture saw a rise in Malaysia when the colonial era was coming to an end.
Brutalism became popular mostly with governmental and institutional buildings. Another one
of the more notable architects that adopted brutalist architecture in Malaysia is Hijjas Kasturi,
who designed one of the most prominent brutalist buildings in Malaysia, Wisma Equity.
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5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Building Construction Ho Zi Yan 0323698
Figure 5.1: the panoramic view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Dewan Tunku Canselor is a building that was constructed with raw concrete or bare concrete
that is named as “betron brut” along with “egg-crate” concrete. The main purpose of using
these materials is to enhance the durability of the building. Moreover, precast concrete is used
because it has made the construction work easier since it implemented repetitive elements in
the architecture.
Figure 5.2: the facade view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
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5.1.1 Concrete Ribbed Slab Ceilings
The concrete ribbed slab ceilings are being used in the building. Ribbed floors consist of equally
spaced ribs that are supported by columns. This construction is common due to the formwork
costs and the low fire rating. The ribbed slabs are for supporting medium to heavy loads. From
the ribs to the soffit of the slab, it actually reduces the quantity of concrete and the weight of
the floor.
Figure 5.3: the ribbed slab ceiling of the interior. Figure 5.4: zoom in view of the ceiling.
Figure 5.5: the drawing details of the ribbed ceilings.
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CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE:
1. Arranging the framework2. Fixing the connectors3. Fixing the framework4. Providing a horizontal
connector5. Placing the Pods6. Fixing pods to the
connectors7. Removing framework8. Removing connectors 9. Removing pods10. Providing stacking
5.1.2 Precast Concrete
Precast concrete is a product that is factory-made piece manufactured with concrete and later,
together with other pieces, will become a larger structure. It is a 20th century development, it is
believed that precasting increases the strength and decreases time and construction costs.
Precast concrete components consists of slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairways, modular
boxes and bathrooms that is featured with precast figures.
THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST
BOSTON CITY HALL
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The Boston City Hall is one of the building that meets the similarity in Tunku Dewan Canselor where both of the buildings is brutalism architecture. The city hall is constructed with precast Portland cement concrete and some masonry.
Figure 5.6: one of the façade view that shows precast concrete material.
Figure 5.7: the picture of the Boston City Hall
5.1.3 Béton Brut
Béton brut is a smooth architectural surface that is made of concrete. After casting, the
concrete is left unfinished and remained exposed visually. The final state of the surface where
the framework is removed, the framework joints are reflected on the concrete surface. It is
used in Dewan Tunku Canselor as a main part of material of the construction.
THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST
UNITE D’HABITATION
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The Unite d’Habitation is designed by Le Corbusier. The building is constructed in béton brut same as Tunku Dewan Canselor because steel at that period of time was expensive.
Figure 5.8: the pathway to the Canselor.
Figure 5.9: the pathway in Unite D’habitation.
5.1.4 Spiral Staircase
A staircase is used to connect between one levels to another in a building. The building
materials of staircase can be varied from timber, stone, steel or concrete. In brutalism
architecture, concrete is the material that is widely used. Since Dewan Tunku Canselor is
influenced by brutalism, its main material, concrete, is being implemented in the building,
which includes part of the main feature of the building, the spiral staircase.
THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE WEST
VILLA SAVOYE
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One of the most famous brutalist architects is Le Corbusier. The Villa Savoge is one of his renowned work and this residential building features a spiral staircase that is designed by him.
Figure 5.10: the spiral staircase of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Figure 5.11: the spiral staircase of Villa Savoye.
5.2 Building Materials
5.2.1 Concrete
In brutalist architecture, concrete is mainly used as construction material. It is believed that
concrete is the basic nature of construction. Dewan Tunku Canselor is constructed by
reinforced concrete. The exterior of the building are made out of bare concrete structure,
béton brut and reinforced concrete. The staircase is also made by concrete and its railings
consist a mixture of timber and concrete.
Figure 5.12: the front view of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
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The picture of the building that is made of reinforced concrete.
Figure 5.13: the back view of the spiral staircase.
5.2.2 Glass
The glass is part of the materials that is used in the construction of Dewan Tunku Canselor. It is
implemented in the installation of windows and skylights. Laminated glass, float glass and
stained glass are the 3 types of glass that are used. For the skylights which is the roofing system
of the building is constructed by using laminated glass. It reduces the risk of causing injuries as
laminated glass is a type of safety glass that is able to hold together when shattered. Float glass
is applied in windows installation. It is a decorative and highly transparent glass that enhance
the clarity of the windows. Stained glass is implemented in the foyer as a purpose of
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Spiral staircase that is made of concrete.
decoration. It is a type of glass that is also known as coloured glass. The floral pattern stained
glass adds visual attraction to the building.
5.2.3 Tiles
The tiles on the floor are commonly applied in the building construction of Dewan Tunku
Canselor. There are 2 types of tiles being implemented which is the granite tiles and the
porcelain tiles. The flooring of the building is constructed with granite tiles. Granite tiles are
formed under high heat and they have similar strength to porcelain tiles. The porcelain tiles are
used to cover up the toilet flooring. Porcelain tiles are strong and durable. They are easy to
clean and maintenance as it is one of the stain-proof material.
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Laminated glass used in roofing system
Float glass used in windows
Stained glass used in the foyer
Figure 5.14: the roof system of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
Figure 5.15: the windows of the building.
Figure 5.16: windows of the foyer that uses flowered glass.
Figure 5.17: the tiles of the spiral staircase in the building.
Figure 5.18: the wall tiles of the restrooms in the building.
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Ceramic tiles used in staircases
Porcelain tiles used in restrooms
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS/ COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
6.1 Superstructure Heng Rui Ying 0326639
6.1.1. Roof
Extended waffle slabs to the exterior.
Dewan Tunku Canselor has a cantilevered roof surrounding the building. The roof is part of the ceiling slabs which is extended outwards. The slabs also hold and supports the roof.
Flat roofing.
Spaces on the rooftop is utilized.
(Left: Dewan Tunku Canselor ; Right: The Assembly Place, Chandigarh, India)
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Roof Drainage
The roof of the building is flat; presence of drainage system can be found on the roof which prevents the accumulation of rainwater on the flat roof surface. By utilizing the flat spaces above the roof, services are placed on top of the roof. Comparing to Le Corbusier’s building in Chandigarh, The Assembly Place. The roof of the building is also utilized as similar with the Dewan Tunku Canselor.
6.1.2. Ceiling / Slab
Dewan Tunku Canselor’s waffle slab.
Waffle slabs can benefit as it can withstand heavier loads and also span longer distances compared to the usual flat slabs. These systems are light and only the usage of light framework is required. The coffered underside can be seen from the interior to promote aesthetic visual appearances.
6.1.2. Windows
Floral and abstract patterns on the windows of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
The fixed windows located on the ground floor of Dewan Tunku Canselor uses stained glass windows with abstract and floral patterns that the foyer. It gives a pleasant visual
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aesthetic meanwhile it also creates a soft essence rather than just concrete rigid structure and also a welcoming sensation.
Windows at the administration office area.
The windows around the administration area uses normal windows. The area is not exposed to public therefore it emphasizes more on functionality than aesthetics compared to the stained glass used at the foyer of the building.
6.1.3. Doors
Glass double doors located around the side entrance of the building.
(Left: Glass double door at the side entrance of the building’s exterior; Right: Door entrance towards the main
hall of Dewan Tunku Canselor)
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The prominent usage of glass double doors can be seen throughout the building. Apart from walls, doors play an important role in circulating the people throughout the building. The building itself holds functions and certain activities which often brings in a number of crowd. Double doors ease the circulation of the people entering and exiting the building.
The doors are mostly made of glass to bring in natural light into the building. The building is made of concrete which blocks most of the natural lightings. With the usage of glass doors, it enhances the lightings into the building giving it a brighter environment for the interiors.
6.1.4. Staircase
W shape staircase.
3 types of staircases can be seen in the building. The W shape stairs can be seen at the other side of the building where the ‘Pusat Kebudayaan’ is. It connects the levels between the upper floor and lower floor, also allowing the flow of people in two directions.
Half landing staircase.
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The emergency exit from the hall which leads to the half landing staircase. The picture on the right shows the
door exit towards the staircase.
The half landing staircase is located at the exterior of the building which is connected to the grand hall. It is used as an emergency exit.
Spiral staircase.
Left: Unattached steps of stairs.; Right: Studded mosaics at the sides of the step flooring.
The spiral staircase is at both sides of the hall connecting the ground floor to the upper mezzanine floors. The steps of the spiral staircase are not connected but attached to the walls. Presence of slightly studded pieces of mosaics at the edge of each steps which helps to prevent people from slipping. Besides, the lighting around the stairs is a little dull therefore, the when lighting shines upon the mosaic it reflects and tells the user that there’s another step ahead.
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Emergency Exits
6.1.5. Skylight
The skylight can be seen at the cantilevered shade at the side entrance of the building.
The position of the skylights is placed in front of the door entrances.
Skylights were used decades ago by the Ancient Romans. ‘Open’ skylights can be seen in buildings such as the Pantheon where the oculus serves for daylighting purposes. However later during the Industrial Revolution, ‘Closed’ skylights were introduced as machines has lightened the burden people to manufacture glasses.
Skylights are used for the exterior of Dewan Tunku Canselor at the side entrance. The skylight allows more natural sunlight entering the area. As the cantilevered roof is fully covered, the two skylights are placed right in front of the door entrance by increasing the amount of natural lightings and also bringing in a welcoming first impression. The usage of skylights also promotes energy conservation where artificial lightings is not needed much.
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Door Entrance
Door Entrance
6.2 Finishes
6.2.1. ‘Brise Soleil’
The Brise Soleil of Dewan Tunku Canselor.
The interior of the building itself, showing how light affects the interior spaces with the sunscreen on the façade.
The usage of brise soleil is similar as The Palace of Assembly in Chandigarh by Le Corbusier.
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‘Brise Soleil’ also known as sunscreen, is the most prominent element that can be seen from the façade of Dewan Tunku Canselor. The concreted sun shading devices itself stands out compared to other buildings which are present in the area. These sunscreens deflect sunlight, provides the interior a cooler space by reducing its heat gain. Each level of the screen is alternated in the opposite way to allow lights from different direction entering the building. Similarity can be seen between Le Corbusier’s work in Chandigarh.
6.2.2. Tensile Fabric Canopy
Tensile Fabric Canopies can be seen at parts of the building.
The effect of the canopy providing a suitable shading and brightness.
Shading devices were available in the building itself. To shade the open spaces within the buildings, tensile fabric canopies are used to shade the open area where the small rest area and garden is. The fabric is translucent; therefore, it provides a comfortable level of illumination compared to the usual outdoor brightness. The small pores on the fabric not only allows ventilation but it can also hold up rain water.
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6.2.3. Acoustic Panels
The walls of the hall incorporate with part concrete and part of it with acoustic panels.
Acoustic panels are alternately arranged along the walls of the grand hall.
Acoustic panels are excellent soundproofing materials that prevents echoes. The grand hall is a place with functions and events which can accommodate a lot of people. Echoes are likely to happen therefore with the installation of acoustic panels along the wall, it absorbs the sound and reduces the reflection of sound which causes echoes. Without using the panels fully but incorporating with other materials of the wall itself. It gives a pleasant visual appearance to the hall as well.
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Acoustic Panels
7.0 CONCLUSION
Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is one of the first known post-independence architecture of
Malaysia by Datuk Kington Loo, adopting the style of brutalism architecture as a part of
Universiti Malaya campus. Such brutalism architecture were seen and thought as a hard and
monotony architecture style which may not be suitable for such signature building of an
institution on one side of many different perspectives.
Despite that, this brutalism explored on architectural honesty, simplicity and emphasis on
sculptural qualities of the construction material itself, concrete. Texture, colouring and other
internal characteristics of concrete as the major part of design and construction, provided sense
of rigidness to the viewers, but it also symbolized the great and majestic strength. This style of
architecture allowed the extreme expression of external elevations and perspective and whole-
site architectural plan. This was again the application of modernism’s basics.
The interior of DTC has been designed with relation to tradition and culture of post-
independence Malaysia, creating a contrasting harmony with the modern technologies to adapt
to the tropical climate of Malaysia. Overall such achievement from constructing Dewan Tunku
Canselor brought in a major positive influence to modern post-independence architecture in
Malaysian architecture industry.
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