drugs : organization by pharmacology. narcotic drugs pharmacologically classified as an analgesic ...
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Narcotic DrugsNarcotic Drugs Pharmacologically
classified as an analgesic
Central Nervous System Depressants
Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene
Pharmacologically classified as an analgesic
Central Nervous System Depressants
Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene
HallucinogensHallucinogens Marijuana
Derived from the plant Cannabis Hashish – concentrated Sinsemilla – unfertilized
flowering tops of the female Cannabis plant
Active ingredient is THC Potency is normally 4-5% Simsemilla averages 6-12% Liquid hashish averages 8-
22% Potential medical uses
Marijuana Derived from the plant
Cannabis Hashish – concentrated Sinsemilla – unfertilized
flowering tops of the female Cannabis plant
Active ingredient is THC Potency is normally 4-5% Simsemilla averages 6-12% Liquid hashish averages 8-
22% Potential medical uses
HallucinogensHallucinogens LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus
of certain grains and grasses Powerful drug Visual hallucinations, changes in
moods, anxiety, tension, etc Flashbacks possible Phencyclidine – PCP
Human response unpredictable Dangerous drug – paranoia and
violence possible Schizophrenic behavior possible
days after use Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(aka MDMA or ecstasy) Originally patented as appetite
suppressant Severe adverse reactions,
including fatal side effects
LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus of certain grains and grasses
Powerful drug Visual hallucinations, changes in
moods, anxiety, tension, etc Flashbacks possible Phencyclidine – PCP
Human response unpredictable Dangerous drug – paranoia and
violence possible Schizophrenic behavior possible
days after use Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(aka MDMA or ecstasy) Originally patented as appetite
suppressant Severe adverse reactions,
including fatal side effects
DepressantsDepressants Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze,
etc.) Central nervous system depressant Legalized and most widely used drug A common effect is impairment Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL
Barbiturates All are derivatives of barbituric acid Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital,
phenobarbital, pentobarbital and butalbital
Methaqualon . Tranquilizers
Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam
Inhalants Volatile organic solvents – toluene,
naphtha, gasoline among others Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed
by impaired judgment, drowsiness and stupor
Danger of liver, heart and brain damage
Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze, etc.) Central nervous system depressant Legalized and most widely used drug A common effect is impairment Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL
Barbiturates All are derivatives of barbituric acid Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital,
phenobarbital, pentobarbital and butalbital
Methaqualon . Tranquilizers
Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam
Inhalants Volatile organic solvents – toluene,
naphtha, gasoline among others Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed
by impaired judgment, drowsiness and stupor
Danger of liver, heart and brain damage
StimulantsStimulants Amphetamines
Initial feeling of well-being and alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite
Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites
Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties
Cocaine First used medically by Freud in
Europe Medical use is now limited Extracted from the leaves of coca
plant (Erythroxylon coca) “Crack” cocaine is the drug of
choice Cocaine produces the strongest
psychological compulsions for continued use
Amphetamines Initial feeling of well-being and
alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite
Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites
Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties
Cocaine First used medically by Freud in
Europe Medical use is now limited Extracted from the leaves of coca
plant (Erythroxylon coca) “Crack” cocaine is the drug of
choice Cocaine produces the strongest
psychological compulsions for continued use
Drugs: Organized by Control Laws
Drugs: Organized by Control Laws
Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances
The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules
The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.
Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances
The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules
The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.
Controlled Substances ActControlled Substances Act Schedule I
No medical use High potential for abuse Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana High potential for abuse Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting
barbiturates
Schedule II Accepted medical use Potential for psychological or physical dependence Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting
barbiturates
Schedule III Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II Currently accepted medical use Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological
dependence Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and some barbiturate
preparations (phenobarbital not included)
Schedule I No medical use High potential for abuse Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana High potential for abuse Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting
barbiturates
Schedule II Accepted medical use Potential for psychological or physical dependence Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting
barbiturates
Schedule III Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II Currently accepted medical use Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological
dependence Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and some barbiturate
preparations (phenobarbital not included)
Controlled Substances ActControlled Substances Act Schedule IV
Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs Currently accepted medical use Relatively low limited dependence risk Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and
chlordiazepoxide
Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Less potential for producing dependency Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic
medicinal ingredients
Designer drugs Can be placed under schedule I Fentanyl analogues
Control of chemical precursors Example – precursors to amphetamine, methamphetamine and
PCP are controlled as schedule II substances
Schedule IV Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs Currently accepted medical use Relatively low limited dependence risk Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and
chlordiazepoxide
Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Less potential for producing dependency Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic
medicinal ingredients
Designer drugs Can be placed under schedule I Fentanyl analogues
Control of chemical precursors Example – precursors to amphetamine, methamphetamine and
PCP are controlled as schedule II substances
Extraction, Separation and isolation Liquid-Liquid TLC HPLC
Characterization Color tests - often termed presumptive tests
Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines
Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana
Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine
Characterization UV and IR Spectroscopy GC-MS
Extraction, Separation and isolation Liquid-Liquid TLC HPLC
Characterization Color tests - often termed presumptive tests
Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines
Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana
Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine
Characterization UV and IR Spectroscopy GC-MS
Drugs: Organized by ChemistryDrugs: Organized by Chemistry
Note that the neutral classification includes thosedrugs that have no ionizable center and those which are amphoteric
Alkaloids are generally derived from plants ehile the nonalkaloids are syhtthetic or semisynthetic
Methyl Salicylate - AspirinpKa = 3.5
MorphineamphotericDia(acetyl)morphine - opiod,
active ingredient in heroinpKa = 8
HPLC Separation of Methamphetamines
Column: C8, 4.6 x 150 mm
Mobile Phase: 85% 25 mM phosphate buffer15% ACN
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min
Temperature: 35°C
Detection: 254 nm
Sample: Amphetamines pKa1. Phenylpropanolamine 9.42. Ephedrine 9.63.Amphetamine 9.9 4. Methamphetamine 10.15. Phenteramine 10.1
5. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has a of 3.5. The pH of the stomach is approximately 1, while the pH of the intestines is approximately 6. Calculate the fraction of aspirin that is ionized in each area (show your work), anduse the results to predict where the drug is preferentially absorbed.
6. Repeat the calculation in Question 5 for caffeine, a weak base with a of 0.6.
7. Diazepam tablets are supplied in 2-, 5-, and 10-mg increments. Suppose several tablets are received in a laboratory as evidence and, using the Physician’s DeskReference, an analyst was able to tentatively identify them as Valium®, 10 mg. Suppose further that you learn that the tablets also contain anhydrous lactose,starches, dyes, and calcium stearate. Describe a method for isolating the active ingredient from fillers, using a LLE scheme. Justify and explain each step ofthe method.
8. Quinine is a dibasic molecule with of 5.1 and 9.7. It is encountered as a diluent (cutting agent) for heroin. To extract quinine from an aqueous solution, what pH should be used and why?
9. Devise a solvent extraction method that could be used to separate a mixture of powdered sugar, cornstarch, cocaine, and amphetamine. Justify each step and separation.
Problems; Bell page 128
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