discuss with your group: 1. compare and contrast weather and climate 2. what causes wind?
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Goals for Chapter 16
►What is climate?►What factors determine climate?►What causes seasonal changes?►What is the ozone layer and how is it
being altered?►Describe how human actions are
changing the make up of the Earth’s atmosphere and what are the potential consequence of that.
Section: Climate and Seasons
GOALS:►Explain the difference between
weather and climate.►Identify four factors that determine
climate.►Explain why different parts of the
Earth have different climates.►Explain what causes seasons.
4 Factors that determine Climate
1) Latitude2) Atmospheric Circulation (direction of the
wind)
3) Ocean Circulation4) Topography
Climate Factors
1) Latitude: the distance north or south from the equator impacts a regions climate►What is 0o?
Climate Factors
2) Atmospheric Circulation: the direction the wind comes from impacts climate
►Which way generally does wind blow across the U.S.?
Atmospheric Circulation
Prevailing Winds: winds that blow predominantly in one direction
►Westerlies ►Trade Winds►Polar Easterlies
Climate Factors
3) Ocean Circulation Patterns: Oceans carry heat from the equator or cool waters from the poles
►Surface currents caused by winds
Climate Factors
3) Ocean Circulation Patterns: Oceans carry heat from the equator or cool waters from the poles
►Surface currents caused by winds
Climate Factors4) Topography:
the shape of the land influences climate greatly
►Mountains can impact temperature and precipitation patterns
When is the daylight hours longest and the shortest?
December 21st at 7 PM EST: WHY DOES IT LOOK LIKE THIS
Section Review
►Explain the difference between weather and climate.
►Identify four factors that determine climate.
►Explain why different parts of the Earth have different climates.
►Explain what causes seasons.
Section : Global Warming
GOALS:►Explain how the greenhouse effect works►Describe why carbon dioxide is important in
the atmosphere, but why scientists find it troubling that levels are rising
►Analyze what a warmer world might look like
►DO NOT CONFUSE OZONE DEPLETION WITH GLOBAL WARMING!!!
Has Earth’s Climate Always Been Like Today’s?
►How is it possible that you can find shark teeth far from the ocean inland?
►How is it possible that you find fossils of Palm Trees in parts of Canada?
►Today, global average temp = 59oF
Has Earth’s Climate Always Been Like Today’s?
Over past 4.7 billion years climate has changed by
►Volcanic eruptions►Changes in solar
output►Continents moving►Meteorites►Natural variations in
CO2
Some changes slow, some quickly
Why does a greenhouse stay warm in the winter?
Why does the inside of the car heat up quickly on a sunny day?
Greenhouse Effect
►Naturally occurring process in the atmosphere where gases trap in heat.
►Like a blanket covering planet
►Known about for over a century
►Without it Earth would be COLD
Greenhouse Gases
►Major greenhouse gases include
►Carbon Dioxide►Water Vapor►Methane►CFCs►All act to trap in
heat
Measuring CO2 Since 1958 in Mauna Loa Hawaii
What does this data show?
What trends does it show?
Why does it go up and down each year?
Chemist Charles Keeling’s CO2 measurements
Why measure here?
CO2 rates rising quickly
1764 --- 276 ppm 1995 --- 360 ppm2010 --- 390 ppm
Rising CO2 Levels
►Most CO2 in atmosphere is coming from burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas
►Never 390 ppm in last 420,000 years (possibly 20 million)
►Continue to rise rapidly
►WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR THE FUTURE?
Where is the CO2 Coming From?
42% Coal powerplants24% transportation20% industrial
processes14% residential and
commercial usages
Exhale, drive, turn on light, burn log in fire
1 gallon of gas burned equals 20 pounds of CO2
Where is the CO2 Coming From?
4.6% of the world’s population, yet 24% of emissions of CO2
From just U.S. coal burning exceeds 146 other nations with 3/4th of world population
Per capita yearly 500 tons
It’s All About Carbon
►http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9943298
Global Warming
Earth’s global average temperature continues to rise due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Global Warming
Earth’s global average temperature continues to rise due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
How Can You Predict The Future?
►Very Complex Computer Models
►Those models are saying…
It is likely that the world will warm 1.4oC to 5.8oC (2.5oF to 10.4oF) between 2000 and 2100
WHY CARE? It’s not like I can do anything. Plus, I Love my car.
Some potential benefits of global warming
Consequences of a Warmer Earth
1) A Grand Experiment With Potentially Major Changes
2) Melting Ice = Higher Seas
3) Change in Weather Patterns
4) Human Health Problems
5) Agriculture Changes6) Effects to plants and
animals
Impacts on Organisms•Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes.
•Migrations start earlier in the spring.
•Loss of ice makes hunting seals difficult for polar bears
Impacts on the Oceans• An increase in ocean
temperature is associated with a process called coral bleaching.
• Changes in ocean acidity, resulting from an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide, can harm organisms.
International Agreements►What make Global
Warming a difficult issue for political leaders to deal with?
1) Complex Issue2) Consequences in Future3) Need behavior changes4) International5) Wealth Companies
International Agreements
►Why are international agreements needed?
►What makes them hard to negotiate?
►What differences exist between the developed and developing countries?
Kyoto Protocol
►1997 International Treaty accepted by 160 countries to limit CO2 pollution
►1990 levels by 2012
►U.S. did not ratify►New treaties
trying to negotiate
Section Review
►Explain how the greenhouse effect works
►Describe why carbon dioxide is important in the atmosphere, but why scientists find it troubling that levels are rising
►Analyze what a warmer world might look like
►DO NOT CONFUSE OZONE DEPLETION WITH GLOBAL WARMING!!!
(What are some similarities/differences)
Agree or Disagree
►Developed countries should help countries with tropical rain forests so those poorer countries can afford to leave their forests intact.
►Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring molecule and rising levels in our atmosphere should not be worried about.
Section : The Ozone Shield
GOALS:►Explain how the ozone layer shields
the Earth from harmful radiation.►Describe how CFCs are damaging the
ozone layer.►What are impacts for a thinner ozone
layer.
Ozone LayerOzone Layer:►An area of the
stratosphere with high concentrations of ozone gas
►Acts like a sun screen blocking out UV rays
►Ozone = O3
►Good ozone vs. Bad Ozone
Ozone DepletionChlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)►Man-made
chemical►“Miracle Chemical”►Damages the
ozone layer►Takes a LONG time
to get to ozone layer and destroys many ozone molecules
Impacts of Thinning Ozone Layer
►Damage to skin cells (including skin cancers)
►Damage to eyes►UV Light damages
DNA►Kills phytoplankton
(single-celled organisms) which are the base of most ocean food chains
►UV light damages crops
Protecting the Ozone LayerMontreal Protocol:
international agreement in 1987 to phase out CFC usage
►Second conference in 1992 in Copenhagen
►WHY WILL IT STILL BE A PROBLEM FOR MANY MORE DECADES?
Section Review►Explain how the ozone layer shields the
Earth from harmful radiation.►Describe how CFCs are damaging the
ozone layer.►What are impacts for a thinner ozone
layer.►DO NOT CONFUSE OZONE DEPLETION
WITH GLOBAL WARMING!!!(What are some similarities/differences)
►http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUfVMogIdr8
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