disaster recent

NIT PATNA

DISASTER MANAGEMENT• Presented by : • Uttam Kumar (304/08)• Pankaj Kumar (305/08)• Rupasha Rani (306/08)• Sujeet Kumar (308/08)• Rahul Kumar (309/08)• Mukesh Kumar (310/08)• Ranjeet Rana (311/08)• Pradeep Kumar (312/08)• Raman Kumar (313/08)

DISASTERDISASTERDISASTERDISASTERDisaster is a hazard causing heavy loss of life , Disaster is a hazard causing heavy loss of life , property and livelihood.property and livelihood.

Features of disasterFeatures of disaster1.Unpredictability1.Unpredictability2.Unfamiliarity2.Unfamiliarity3.Speed3.Speed4.Urgency4.Urgency5.Uncertainity5.Uncertainity6.Threat6.Threat

Types of disasterNatural disaster1.Earthquake2.Flood3.Cyclone4.Drought

Manmade disaster1.Nuclear hazards2.Traffic accidents3.Biological and chemical warfare4.Environmental pollution

NATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL DISASTERS

Effects of disaster• 1.Destruction of natural resources life

and property• 2.Environmental degradation• 3.Ecosystem disruption

Disaster Management

Preparedness

Prevention

Mitigation

Disaster

ReliefAnd

response

RecoveryReconstruction

Anrehabilitation

Development

Risk

Man

agem

ent

Crisis

man

agem

ent

Components of disaster management

(Components strategies aimed at initiative)

Preparedness

ReliefAnd

Response

RecoveryAnd

Rehabilitation

PreventionAnd

Mitigation

CommunityInitiative

HAZARD- occurrence of an earthquake of sufficient Magnitude (hence: Intensity at the epicenter) capable of causing damage to the man-made structures. 

Seismic Risk = f (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, Location).

EXPOSURE- Objects and structures built by man which are exposed to the effects of the `hazard‘: buildings, bridges, dams, power plant, life-line structure, etc.

VULNERABILITY-Damageability of the `exposure' under the action of the hazard; weaker ones being more vulnerable and `risky' than the stronger ones.

LOCATION- (i) How far the `exposure' is situated from the Hazard location the nearer ones being in greater danger than those far away, and

(ii) Local site conditions which can modify the hazard and/or affect the stability of the exposure, such as topography, soil deposit, water table, etc.

Mechanism of Changing Climatic Pattern Leading to Disaster

• It is believed that the additional warming will change the distribution of heat and thus the flow of energy through the climate system. This will, in turn, alter the circulation patterns of the atmosphere and the oceans, and it will also modify the hydrological cycle by which water is circulated between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. As a result,the position of many of the world’s major storm tracks could shift significantly. Secondly, it is expected that a warmer climate would affect the physical processes that generate different types of extreme weather events. A virtually certain outcome of a rise in global temperature is a widespread increase in the amount of water that is moved through the hydrological cycle. Consequently, more moisture will be available in the atmosphere to fall as rain or snow. General circulation models indicate that a warmer

atmosphere will increase the amount of moisture transported into

the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. These models also suggest that the additional precipitation will likely occur in heavier falls rather than in more snow or rainThe main concerns about increased flooding result from the fact that a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, and precipitation is expected to increase as a result. As well, the precipitation is expected to become more intense over smaller areas , which suggests greater flooding problems especially in smaller catchment areas.Conversely, regarding droughts, the concern is that with an increase in heavier rainfall events, the number of dry days between events may increase and drought will become more severe.

Fig 1:Storms per winterFig 2:Indicator of ENSO intensity(El Nino Southern Oscillation)

Earthquake• Energetic condition of our planet• Sudden onset hazard

• Typical effect• 1.Panic• 2.Physical damage• 3.Public health• 4.Civic services and conveyances• 5.Disruption of economic activities• 6.Fire

• Hazard assessment• Systematic evaluation of various mitigation strategies• Development of coordinated and integrated approach• Desirability and applicability of such strategies• Inventory of mitigation measure• Magnitude assessment of earthquakes

• Main mitigation strategies• Public awareness and education• Restoration of various lifelines• Building by laws and codes

Floods• Typical effect• 1.Panic• 2.Disease• 3.Physical damage• 4.Soil erosion

• Hazard assessment• 1.Damage• 2.Loss of lives• 3.Insurance

• Main mitigation strategies• Mapping• Straightening of channels• Dikes and levees• Flood proofing• Constructing platforms and elevations

Cyclones• Cyclone is an atmospheric condition generally called storms • An environmental hazard

• Typical effects• 1.Shipping hazards• 2.Life and property• 3.Physical damage• 4.Public health• 5.essential services• 6.Transport and communication• 7.Crops

• Main mitigation strategies• Cyclone proof structures• Plant shelter belts• Other strategies

DROUGHT• Drought is a weather hazard• Slow onset disaster

• Typical effects• Failure of crops• Soil erosion• Famine condition• Acute drinking water crisis• Reduced energy production• Health problems and diseases

• Main mitigation strategies• Vegetation cover• Water supply augmentation• Livelihood planning

MAN-MADE DISASTERMAN-MADE DISASTERMAN-MADE DISASTERMAN-MADE DISASTER1.1. FIREFIRE2.2. CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL

ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS3.3. EPIDEMICSEPIDEMICS4.4. NUCLEAR HAZARDSNUCLEAR HAZARDS5.5. POPULATION BOMBPOPULATION BOMB6.6. TRAFFIC ACCIDENTSTRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

FIRE

• Main mitigation strategies1. Evacuation2. Protective clothing3. Basic knowledge4. Safety precaution

UPHAAR TRAGEDY• 13 JUNE 1997 – MATINEE SHOW• 59 PEOPLE DIED

CHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

• Typical effects 1. Disabilities2. Environmental degradation3. Damage to building

• Main mitigation strategies1. Legal liability framework2. Inventory and mapping3. Land use planning4. Community preparedness5. Relocation of industries

Nuclear Disaster

Worst man made disaster because of uncontrolled nuclear reaction Hiroshima and nagasakiWas worst affected

BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY

• 2-3 December 1984• Cause by methyl isocyanate• 2000 people died

EPIDEMICS• Main mitigation strategies1. Safe use principles2. Coordination between health

personnel , civic officials , administrative units an hospital staffs

3. Control system4. Personnel protection training

SWINE FLU• Caused by H1N1 virus• Tamiflu is choice of drug which is variably effective• Vaccine is under production

• Peoples died till date 3205

POPULATION BOMB• Typical effects1. Poverty2. Ecosystem disruption3. Shortage of resources• Main mitigation strategies1. Social class and education improvement

2. Peoples change behaviour towards marriage

and families

DISRIBUTION AN GROWTH CHART FOR POPULATION

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS• Main mitigation strategies

1. Enforcing legal requirements2. Legal speed limits3. Protection4. Traffic rules

Pre Disaster Preventive Measures

Long-term measures• Re-framing buildings' codes, guidelines, manuals and byelaws and their strict implementation. Tougher legislation for highly seismic areas.• Incorporating earthquake resistant features in all buildings at high-risk areas.• Making all public utilities like water supply systems, communication networks , electricity lines etc. earthquake-proof. Creating alternative arrangements to reduce damages to infrastructure facilities.• Constructing earthquake-resistant community buildings and buildings (used to gather large groups during or after an earthquake) like schools, dharamshalas , hospitals, prayer halls, etc., especially in seismic zones of moderate to higher intensities.. • Evolving educational curricula in architecture and engineering institutions and technical training in polytechnics and schools to include disaster related topics.

Medium term measures• Retrofitting of weak structures in highly seismic zones.• Preparation of disaster related literature in local languages with dos and don'ts for construction.• Getting communities involved in the process of disaster mitigation through education and awareness.• Networking of local NGOs working in the area of disaster management.

POST-DISASTER PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• • Maintenance of law and order, prevention of trespassing, looting etc.• • Evacuation of people.• • Recovery of dead bodies and their disposal.• • Medical care for the injured.• • Supply of food and drinking water.• • Temporary shelters like tents, metal sheds etc.• • Repairing lines of communication and information.• • Restoring transport routes.• • Quick assessment of destruction and demarcation of destroyed areas, according to the grade

of damage.• • Cordoning off severely damaged structures that are liable to collapse during aftershocks.•

• *The following efforts will be useful for preparedness:• • Train communities in high-risk areas in post-disaster search, rescue and relief.• • Practice an extensive programme of mass drills in high-risk areas for earthquake damage

reduction.• • Train local NGOs and strengthen their capacity and capabilities.• • Inculcate basic know-how amongst school kids on earthquake dos and donts along with safety

drills.• • Train field personnel in the science and art of carrying out post disaster damage surveys, for (a)

urgent relief purposes and (b) for repair, reconstruction and retrofitting

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