development through the lifespan chapter 4 physical development in infancy and toddlerhood this...
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Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 4
Physical Development inInfancy and Toddlerhood
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
Body Growth
Gain 50% in height from birth
to age 1. 75% by age 2
Grow in spurts
Gain “baby fat” until about 9
months, then get slimmer
Girls slightly shorter and
lighter than boys.
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Changes in Body Proportions
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Growth Trends
Cephalocaudal
“Head to Tail” Lower part of body
grows later than the head
Proximodistal
“Near to far” Extremities grow
later than head, chest, and trunk
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Major Milestones ofBrain Development
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Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
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Sleep Patterns Sleep moves to an
adult-like night-day schedule during the first year.
Sleep needs decline from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2.
More Americans are co-sleeping.
Influences on Early Growth
Heredity Nutrition
Breast v. Bottle Feeding Malnutrition
Emotional Well-Being Problems can cause
Failure to Thrive
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The Steps of Classical Conditioning
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Using Habituation to Study Infants
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Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems
Increasingly complex systems of action with each skill
4 factors in each new skill:1. CNS development
2. Body’s movement capacity
3. Child’s goals
4. Environmental supports
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Steps in Reaching and Grasping
Prereaching Reaching
With two hands, then one Ulnar Grasp
Adjust grip to object Move objects from hand to
hand Pincer Grasp
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Improvements in Vision
Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills:
2 months: Focus and color vision
6 months: acuity, scanning & tracking
6–7 months: depth perception
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Steps in Depth Perception
Birth – 1 month
Sensitivity to motion cues
2 – 4 months
Sensitivity to binocular cues
5 –12 months
Sensitivity to pictorial cues.
Wariness of heights
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Steps in Pattern Perception
3 weeks Poor contrast sensitivity.
Prefer large simple patterns
2 monthsCan detect fine-grained detail. Prefer complex patterns.
4 monthsCan detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present
12 monthsCan detect objects if two-thirds of drawing is missing
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Contrast Sensitivity at 2 Months
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Scanning Human Face Patterns
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Steps in Face Perception
Birth –
1 month
Prefer simple, facelike pattern
2 – 4 months
Prefer complex facial pattern to other complex patternsCan distinguish strange from familiar facesPrefer mother’s face over stranger
5 – 12 months
Can perceive emotional expressions on faces
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Stimuli for Studying Infants’ Facial Perception
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Differentiation Theory of Infant Perception Infants actively search for invariant, unchanging
features of the environment. Borders of stimuli, faces
They note stable relationships between features Complex visual patterns, intermodal relationships
Perception gets more and more sensitive – differentiation
Acting on the environment helps this process.Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004
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