democratic politics, religious revival, & reform

C H A P T E R 1 0

DEMOCRATIC POLITICS, RELIGIOUS REVIVAL, & REFORM

SECTION 1Focus Question:• How did the democratization of

Americans politics contribute to the rise of Andrew Jackson?

Big Picture:• 1824—REP’s split• DEM = state’s rights, Whigs= economy

THE AGE OF JACKSON

Political Democratization

• End voting based on property ownership = more voters

• End written ballots• Appointed offices now became elected

offices• Political “caucuses”—conferences within

political party to nominate presidential candidate vs popular vote

THE ELECTION OF 1824

• Jackson won the popular vote but not the majority, so the House of Representatives had to decide • Henry Clay, Speaker of House, influenced them

to elect John Quincy Adams• Once in office, Adams appointed Clay as

Secretary of State• Jackson’s supporters claimed the two men had a

“corrupt bargain

The Campaign of 1828

Lots of mudslinging

What made Jackson a “man of

the people?”

What are his beliefs

about government

?

ELECTION OF 1828

• Lots of “mudslinging” during the campaign• Many states were expanding suffrage and the

number of voters tripled • Many states no longer required owning property• Jackson was supported by thousands of first time

voters

LOVE HIM

• Jackson’s status as a war hero made him popular •The fact that he did not come from a wealthy family helped people relate to him

This is decidedly erroneous!!

I didn’t think he’d invite the people “en masse!”

HATE HIM• Politicians and elite

feared he was unpredictable, stubborn, and too independent• Feared he would give

too much power to the common man• People feared the

“Reign of King Mob”

Jackson’s InauguralParty?

POWER TO THE PEOPLE•How did the people gain more power during the Age of Jackson?

THE SPOILS SYSTEM

•Any and all government jobs taken and given to friends/supporters• Jackson supported the spoils system by saying •Any “intelligent” person could hold office

•Used to keep a small group of politicians from controlling the government • In the words of one of his supporters “To the victor goes the spoils.”

To the VICTOR goes the SPOILS!!!

EGALITARIAN

• Jackson feared the power of the government•Attacked (sometimes literally) any politician or law he thought was corrupt or dangerous to liberty

•Did not believe in special privilege for the wealthy• Thought bank favored the rich

VETOES

• Jackson worked independently of Congress and politicians• Vetoed more acts of Congress than the six

previous presidents • Earned himself the nickname “King Andrew I”

Tariff Battles3 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap

textiles.3 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and

more expensive woolen and cotton imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly against it.

As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.

They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”

NULLIFICATION

• What brought about the Nullification Crisis?

• Why did South Carolina threaten to secede from the Union?

• How did Jackson react to this threat?

• What was the result of the nullification crisis?

Tariff of 1828—tax on goods in the North to pay for the military

Could not pay taxes and drove up manufactured prices = BR stopped demanding Cotton

Force Bill—Threatened with military Olive Branch—reduce the Tariff (1833), Sword—South still pays reduced tax

Calhoun (VP) said unconstitutional, South paid b/c feared loosing slavery

SECTION 2

Focus Question:• How did Jackson’s policies and the Panic of

1837 help launch and solidify the Whig party?

Big Picture:• Jackson’s veto will try to end banks.• Problems: no official printed money!

PSD: JACKSON & BANKS

Jackson1. States made void 2. SC voids taxes = cannot

collect their own taxes 3. Power to pass laws and

make laws that are the Supreme Law of the Land

4. Can’t leave a league and compacts are binding

Banks1. Rich/powerful bend the

acts, every man is entitled loans

2. Farmers/mechanics/ laborers

3. Safe & convenient, circulates $, checks local banks, loans

4. Ensure foreign/domestic trade

WAR ON THE BANKS

• How did Jackson feel about the banking system?

WHY DID PEOPLE LIKE OR DISLIKE THE BANKS?

Like Dislike

• Gave loans to rich• Protected money• Managed state banks• Allowed banks to print

money

• Made it hard for farmers to get loans

• All land must be paid in species (gold or silver)

• Policies passed by Whigs

WHAT TYPES OF PEOPLE LIKED OR DISLIKED THE BANKS?

Liked Disliked• Merchants, rich• Whigs—party against Jackson• Southern Farmers who had

large cash crops

• Democrats• Depository Act—passed by D to

allow state banks to print paper money

• Led to inflation• Locos Focos

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

3 state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from issuingbank notes freely.

3 supported rapid

economic growth & speculation.

3 felt that coin was

the only safecurrency.

3 didn’t like any bankthat issued banknotes.

3 suspicious of expansion &speculation.

The National Bank Debate

NicholasBiddle

[an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

PresidentJackson

BIDDLE VS JACKSON

• Who was Nicholas Biddle & why did Jackson dislike him?

• What did Jackson do when Biddle renewed the charter early?

• What were the effects of Jackson’s actions?

President of NB, allowed rich to take out loans (speculators)

Vetoed the charter and took the $ and gave to “pet” or state banks

Banks printed too much $ + gave out too many loans = inflation

The 1836 Election Results

Martin Van Buren

“Old Kinderhook”

[O. K.]

ELECTION OF 1836…PANIC OF 1837

• The winner is…

• What created the Panic of 1837?

• How did Van Buren propose to fix the problems?

Martin Van Buren

Too many banks, loans, notes = inflation, spreading to Europe

Created an independent treasury—Federal government keeps $ in treasury and monitors how much it gives to the states.

“Martin Van Ruin”

Results of the Specie Circular$Banknotes loose their

value.$Land sales plummeted.$Credit not available.$Businesses began to fail.$Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!

SECTION 3

Focus Question:• What new assumptions about human nature lay

behind the religious movements of the period?

Big Picture:• Religious and reform movements attempt to

change morals in the U.S.

POPULAR RELIGIONThe First Great

Awakening• What do you

remember?• When• What• who• Where• Why• How

The Second Great Awakening

• 1790’s CT• Revivals spread to frontier

states• Second coming of Jesus =

repent sins• “Exercises” in tents• Led by ordinary farmers &

merchants• Religion was a matter of the

heart, not head• Law, order, & morality• Led by Methodists

CHARLES G FINNEY• 1820’s NY• Area of former Puritans

“Burned-Over District”• Former lawyer, then

minister• Performed revivals in

Rochester, NY (Great Harvest)

• Created “anxious seat”• Appealed to upper

middle class• Women key converters

MORMONSF O U N D E R: J O S E P H S M I T H

• The Book of Mormon 1827• Descendents went to

America waiting for Jesus who came and performed miracles

• Descendents turn to Natives by

god because of conflict

• Practiced Polygyny • Polygyny: The practice

of a man having more than one wife.

• Simple religion understanding• Attracted poor and

uneducated Goal: Convert Indians

and escape persecution

Background Beliefs

VIEWS BY OTHERS

• Went against the bible• One of the two documents that was very

important to American Republic

UNITARIANSB Y: J A C O B K O L L E R , T H E S T E P H I N A T O R , A N D H U N T E R

S U L L E N B E R G E R

UNITARIANS Formed in the 1800s. Concentrated mainly in New England.

Believed that Jesus Christ was less than fully divine. (Jesus was just an average human)

Believed that human beings could change for the better.

Criticized revivalists and had conflict with them. (revivalists were too emotional)

1 Background• The founder was mother Ann Lee in 1770• came over form England in 1774• created agricultural-artisans societies, called families

2 Beliefs• communal societies separated men and women • no marriages• anti-materialism• separated from the outside • confession of sins• growth through adoption • named for their religions dance• no discrimination

3 reactions• people considered their communities beautiful• admired their architecture, crafts, and furniture.

SECTION 4

Focus Question:• Did the reform movements primarily aim at

making Americans more equal or orderly?

Big Picture:• Men & women joined reform movements to

improve education, equality, & civil rights.