demandas de secesión, el caso de catalunya
Post on 28-Jan-2018
403 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Alberto LÓPEZ BASAGUREN
Catedrático de Derecho Constitucional Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
1
II. Secesión: ¿un callejón sin salida?
¿Derecho de autodeterminación?
“Catalunya és una nació. (…)
Una nació que no ha renunciat
mai als seus drets inherents
com a poble, ni tampoc al dret
a l’autodeterminació, i que
sempre ha anhelat les
màximes cotes d’autogovern”
II. Secesión: ¿un callejón sin salida?
Tratados de Paz (Versalles, 1919): ¿principio de las nacionalidades?
7
IIª Guerra Mundial: consecuencias
“Thanks to war,
occupation, boundary
adjustments,
expulsions and
genocide, almost
everybody now lived in
their own country,
among their own
people”
8
Declaration on the Granting of
Independence to Colonial
Countries and Peoples (UN GA
Resolution 1514 (XV) 14.12.1960)
Declaration on Principles of
International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-
operation among States in
accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations (UN GA,
Resolution 2625 (XXV)
24.10.1970)
9
“(…) the international law right to self-determination only
generates, at best, a right to external self-determination in
situations of former colonies; where a people is oppressed,
as for example under
foreign military
occupation; or where
a definable group is
denied meaningful
access to
government to
pursue their political,
economic, social
and cultural
development”
Supreme Court of Canada. Reference Quebec Secession (1998)
10
“In all three situations, the people in question are entitled to a
right to external self-determination because they have been
denied the ability to
exert internally their
right to self-
determination.
Such exceptional
circumstances are
manifestly
inapplicable to
Quebec under
existing conditions”
Supreme Court of Canada. Reference Quebec Secession (1998)
11
“… a rethought and
modernised concept of
nation…”
“…difficult, not to say
impossible, to arrive to a
common definition of the
concept of nation…”
The concept of “nation”
(13.12.2005) Consejo de
Europa – Asamblea
Parlamentaria
El orden europeo
12
“… groups of people who are at the same time
citizens of the same state or civic nation, but who
belong to or are part of different cultural nations.
As compared with the biggest group of citizens
having the same ethno-cultural background, those
group, who are relatively
smaller, constitute and
are called national
minorities”
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea
Parlamentaria
El orden europeo
13
“These national minorities or communities (…)
which represent a constitutive part and a co-founding
entity of the nation-state of which their members are
subjects as citizens, enjoy their rights in order to
preserve, express
and foster their
national identity”
El orden europeo
The concept of “nation”
(13.12.2005) Consejo de
Europa – Asamblea
Parlamentaria
14
“… necessary to strengthen recognition of every
European citizen’s links with his identity, culture,
traditions and history, to allow any individual to
define himself as member of a cultural ‘nation’,
irrespective of his country of citizenship or the civicnation whose he belongs as a
citizen, and more specifically,
to satisfy the growing
aspirations of minorities which
have a heightened sense of
belonging to a certain cultural
nation”
El orden europeo
15
“What is important, from both a political and a legal
standpoint, is to encourage a more tolerant approach
to the issue of relation between the State and national
minorities, culminating in genuine acceptance of every
individual’s right to belong to the nation he feelshe belongs to, whether
in terms of citizenship or
language, culture and
traditions”
El orden europeo
The concept of “nation” (13.12.2005)
Consejo de Europa – Asamblea
Parlamentaria
16
Consejo de Europa
Convenio Marco para la
Protección de las
Minorías Nacionales
(1995)
- Ratificado por España:
1995
- Entrada en vigor: 1998
17
… protect within their
respective territories
the existence of national
minorities;
… the upheavals of
European history have
shown that the protection
of national minorities is essential to stability, democratic
security and peace…;
… a pluralistic and genuinely democratic society should
not only respect the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and
religious identity of each person belonging to a national
minority, but also create appropriate conditions
enabling them to express, preserve and develop this
identity;
18
belonging to those
minorities, within the
rule of law,
respecting the
territorial integrity
and national
sovereignty of
states;
… the principles to be respected and the obligations
which flow from them, in order to ensure, in the
member States (…) the effective protection of national
minorities and of the rights and freedoms of persons
19
Article 3
1. Every person
belonging to a
national minority
shall have the right
freely to choose to
be treated or not to
be treated as such
and no disadvantage shall result from this choice or
from the exercise of the rights which are connected to
that choice.
20
Article 5
1 … to promote the
conditions necessary for
persons belonging to
national minorities to
maintain and develop
their culture, and to
preserve the essential elements of their identity
namely their religion, language, traditions and
cultural heritage.
21
The Advisory Committee
notes that Spain
continues to view Roma
as the only group to be
protected under the
Framework Convention.
(…) has not been informed
of specific demands from
other groupswhose culture, language and traditions are different to
that of the majority, even though it considers that the
Framework Convention may also benefit them (…)
It encourages the authorities to make a determined
effort to promote awareness of the Framework
Convention throughout the population.
22
Regions and territories with special status in Europe
RESOLUTION 361 (2013)
“…special regional autonomy status can be an
effective counterbalance to secessionist tendencies
(…) This will require the political will to pursue
peaceful political dialogue to identify and negotiate
suitable legal and constitutional solutions and
develop satisfactory models of decentralised
democratic governance for the regions concerned”
Congress of Local and Regional
Authorities
Chamber of Regions
CPR(25)2FINAL - 30 October
2013
23
Regions and territories with special status in Europe
RECOMMENDATION 346 (2013)
“…much of the future of the European space, its future
peaceful and prosperous development will depend on making
greater progress in conflict prevention and resolution, which will
require the political will to pursue peaceful political dialogue
and to move forward on identifying and negotiating legal and
constitutional solutions, to develop satisfactory models of
decentralised democratic governance for regions with specific
issues and identities”
Congress of Local and Regional
Authorities
Chamber of Regions
CPR(25)2FINAL - 30 October 2013
24
1. Susupensión de la autonomía por las autoridades serbias
(1989)
2. Declaración unilateral de independencia (DUI) (1989)
3. Intervención militar de la OTAN contra Serbia
4. Resolución 1244 (1999) (CS UN), de 10 de junio, poniendo
esta provincia bajo adminis-
tración civil y militar de UN
5. Reafirmación del principio de la
integridad territorial de la
República Serbia; objetivo: “el
establecimiento de una
autonomía y un autogobierno
sustanciales”
25
6. Nombramiento de un Representante Especial del SG UN:
Martti Ahtisaari
7. 2006: M. Ahtisaari presenta un plan de negociación que las
autoridades serbias rechazan
8. M. Ahtisaari propone la independencia de Kosovo como
única salida viable
9. 2008: los representantes de Kosovo declaran la indepen-
dencia unilateralmente
10. 2008: la AG UN solicita
Dictamen al TIJ acerca de
si la DUI había sido
realizada de acuerdo al
Derecho Internacional
26
ICJ, Advisory Opinion, 22 July 2010: Accordance with the
International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence
in respect of Kosovo
-Par. 56: “…the task which the Court is called upon to perform is
to determine whether or not the declaration of independence
was adopted in
violation of
international law”
27
Par. 56: “The Court is not required (…) to take a position on
whether international law conferred a positive entitlement on
Kosovo unilaterally to declare its independence or, a fortiori, on
whether international law generally confers an entitlement on
entities situated within a State unilaterally to break away from it.
- Par. 56: Indeed, it is entirely possible for a particular act ⎯such as a unilateral declaration of independence ⎯ not to be in
violation of international
law without necessarily
constituting the exercise of
a right conferred by it. The
Court has been asked for an
opinion on the first point, not
the second.”
28
Par. 82: “A number of participants in the present proceedings
have claimed, although in almost every instance only as a
secondary argument, that the population of Kosovo has the
right to create an independent State either as a manifestation of
a right to self-determination or pursuant to what they described
as a right of “remedial secession” in the face of the situation in
Kosovo”
- Par. 83: “The Court considers that it is
not necessary to resolve these
questions in the present case.
The General Assembly has requested
the Court’s opinion only on whether or
not the declaration of independence is
in accordance with international law”
29
“Nous allons demander aux élus de cette Chambre
de voter sur une motion qui reconnaît la nation
québécoise (…) Les nations ont des droits, dont
celui d'orienter elles-mêmes leur développement”.
Giles DUCEPPE, Bloc québecois
22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
Motion: Que cette Chambre
reconnaisse que les Québécoises
et les Québécois forment une
nation
30
“The true intention of the Bloc leader and the
sovereignist camp is perfectly clear. It is not to
recognize what the Québécois are, but what the
sovereignists would like them to be. For the Bloc, this
is not about Quebec as a nation; the National
Assembly has already pronounced on that. This is
about separation. To them, nation means separation”.
Stephen HARPER, 22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
31
“…tout ce que le Bloc québécois tente de faire, c'est
de nous diviser (…) Au fond, encore une fois, en
essayant de s'approprier ce débat, les bloquistes
tentent de nous dire qu'ils sont les seuls à défendre
les intérêts québécois. Pourquoi le Bloc et le Parti
québécois essaient-ils de nous demander de choisir
entre nos deux identités? (…) Pourquoi?”
Lucienne ROBILLARD, 22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
32
“…en tant que Québécoise, je suis très fière de voir
que mes collègues parlementaires de partout au
pays sont prêts à reconnaître la spécificité du
Québec. Cela fait vraiment chaud au coeur à
l'ensemble des Québécois et des Québécoises. ”
Lucienne ROBILLARD, 22.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
33
“ Comme d'habitude, ils [los jefes independentistas]
veulent jouer de la confusion des mots pour
introduire la confusion dans les esprits”
Stéphane DION, 27.11.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
34
“Cette motion ne réglera pas
le problème de l'unité, et
nous devons nous assurer
Stéphane DION, 27.09.2006
Cámara de los Comunes
Parlamento Federal de Canadá
qu'elle n'entraîne pas une détérioration de l'unité
canadienne. J'implore tous ceux qui croient dans le
Canada de ne pas accorder trop d'importance à ce
genre de motion. Je ne crois pas que ce soit la
meilleure façon de promouvoir notre pays. Ce n'est
pas ce que je souhaite faire, mais (…) je dois réagir
aujourd'hui à cette motion (…)"
35
“That this House recognize that the Québécois form a
nation within a united Canada”
“Que cette Chambre reconnaisse que les
Québécoises et les Québécois forment une nation au
sein d'un Canada uni”
Parliament of Canada
House of Commons
27.11.2006
36
Preámbulo:
Proteger a todos los
españoles y pueblos de
España en el ejercicio de
los derechos humanos,
sus culturas y
tradiciones, lenguas e
instituciones.
37
Artículo 2.
La Constitución se
fundamenta en la
indisoluble unidad de la
Nación española, patria
común e indivisible de
todos los españoles,
y reconoce y garantiza el
derecho a la autonomía
de las nacionalidades
y regiones que la
integran y la solidaridad
entre todas ellas.
38
“De la nación puede, en efecto, hablarse como una
realidad cultural, histórica, lingüística, sociológica y
hasta religiosa. Pero la nación que aquí importa es
única y exclusivamente la nación en sentido
jurídico-constitucional. Y en ese específico sentido
la Constitución no conoce otra que la Nación
española”
Sentencia del Tribunal
Constitucional 31/2010,
de 28 de junio, sobre la
reforma del Estatuto de
Autonomía de Cataluña
39
“… ni pueden tampoco, al amparo de una polisemia
por completo irrelevante en el contexto jurídico-
constitucional que para este Tribunal es el único que
debe atender, referir el término «nación» a otro
sujeto que no sea el pueblo titular de la
soberanía”
Sentencia del Tribunal
Constitucional 31/2010,
de 28 de junio, sobre la
reforma del Estatuto de
Autonomía de Cataluña
40
- W. Seward (Secretary of State): "But the
Southern states regard the organization
of the Union as a more casual affair. As
they entered it of their own free will so
they can leave it“
- Abraham Lincoln: "But no provision was
ever made in the Constitution for their
leaving it.”
- Seward: "They say this right is implicit.“
- Lincoln: "Nothing so astounding and fundamental
would not be spelled out in the Constitution.“
II. Secesión: ¿un callejón sin salida?¿Derecho a la secesión/Derecho a decidir?
41
-US Supreme Court. Texas v. White (1869)
The Constitution “in all its provisions, looks to an
indestructible Union composed of indestructible States.
When, therefore, Texas became one of the United States,
II. Secesión: ¿un callejón sin salida?¿Derecho a la secesión/Derecho a decidir?
she entered into an
indissoluble relation. All the
obligations of perpetual
union, and all the guaranties
of republican government in
the Union, attached at once
to the State. (…)
42
-US Supreme Court. Texas v. White (1869)
(…) The act which consummated her admission into the
Union was something more than a compact; it was the
incorporation of a new member into the political body.
And it was final. The union between Texas and the other
II. Secesión: ¿un callejón sin salida?¿Derecho a la secesión/Derecho a decidir?
States was as complete, as
perpetual, and as indissoluble
as the union between the
original States. There was no
place for reconsideration or
revocation, except through
revolution or through consent
of the States".
43
“The secession of a province from Canada must be
considered, in legal terms, to require an amendment to the
Constitution, which perforce requires negotiation”
Supreme Court of Canada. Reference Quebec Secession (1998)
44
“És per aixó que,
sense cap més eina
que la democràcia,
defensem el dret a
decidir sense mes
límit que el que
marqui en cada
moment el poble de
Catalunya”
45
“Coherents a definir
Catalunya com una
nació i a situar la
democràcia com
un valor absolut,
apostem pel dret a
decidir per assolir
l’autogovern que el
poble de Catalunya
reclama i necessita
per viure millor”
46
“The argument that the Constitution may be
legitimately circumvented by resort to a majority vote
in a province-wide referendum is superficially
persuasive, in large measure because it seems to
appeal to some of the
same principles that
underlie the
legitimacy of the
Constitution itself,
namely, democracy
and self-government.
(…)
47
“(...) However, closer analysis reveals that this
argument is unsound, because it misunderstands
the meaning of popular sovereignty
and the
essence of a
constitutional
democracy
(par. 75)”
48
The democratic vote, by however strong a majority,
would have no legal effect on its own and could not
push aside the principles of federalism and the rule of
law, the rights of individuals and minorities, or the
operation of democracy
in the other provinces or
in Canada as a whole.
Democratic rights under
the Constitution cannot
be divorced from
constitutional
obligations.
49
"a functioning democracy requires a continuous
process of discussion" (par. 68)
Reference re on the Secession of Quebec [1998] 2
SCR 217
50
“"Those who quite legitimately insist upon the
importance of upholding the rule of law cannot at the
same time be oblivious to the need to act in
conformity with constitutional principles and values,
and so do their part to contribute to the maintenance
and promotion of
an environment
in which the rule
of law may
flourish." (par.
95)
51
“The Scottish referendum had
shown the danger of ceding too
much ground to your
opponents. If you sit back and
wait till the other lot have taken
so much ground; then you’re
on the back foot” he said. “You pay a heavy price.”
Mr. Alistair DARLING, MP
Leader of Better Together
(3.11.2014)
52
“(…) if passion alone was not enough to realise
independence, reason alone will not be enough to save
the Union in the longer term.
The idea of Union has to
find its way back into
Scots’ hearts – and that’s
going to be a long
journey. And there are big
risks to be overcome”.
Adam TOMKINS: “One year on
(…nearly)”, in Notes from North
Britain. On Law, Politics and the
British Constitution (Blog)
55
“Catalunya no ha
produit, ni per ara pot
produir, cap altre tipus
de politic que l’agitador,
propens a la protesta
com el mateix poble i
destre en aprofitar
qualsevol motiu d’ordre
sentimental per a fer
por al adversari mentre
duri la foguerada”Amadeu HURTADO (1875-1950)
56
“… la historia politica de
Catalunya s’ha
descabdellat sempre
amb aquest mateix
patró i al mateix ritme
(…) Però aquesta
vegada semblava que
pel fet de tenir el
Govern d’una
Catalunya autònoma
s’havia d’anar amb
més compte…”
57
“… materialmente el
separatismo requiere,
como obra humana,
como problema a
resolver y como plan a
ejecutar, un esfuerzo
infinitamente mayor
que el exigido por el
intento de influir en la
marcha del Estado
español y modificarlo”
58
“El separatista cree
que es imposible
entenderse con el resto
de los españoles, y
para remediar esta
situación, propone una
cosa más difícil
todavía, que es el
desentenderse
violentamente de
ellos.”Agustí CALVET, Gaziel (1887-1964)
59
“No se siente capaz
de hacer el esfuerzo
necesario para influir
en España, y en
cambio sueña con el
gigantesco propósito
de escapar en
absoluto a su
influencia formidable”
60
“Para salir de una
dificultad crea una
mayor. Pero, ¿si faltan
fuerzas para resolver la
más pequeña cómo
van a tenerse para la
máxima?”
Agustí CALVET, Gaziel (1887-1964)
top related