defense and environmental objectives for the russian
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9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 2RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
RAMOS
Defense and Environmental Objectives for the Russian American Observational
Satellites (RAMOS) Program
T. Humpherysa, V. Sinelshchikovb, A.T. Stairc, V. Abramovb, I. Schillerc, V. Misnikb, and V. Privalskya
aUtah State University/Space Dynamics Laboratory; bTsNPO Kometa;cVisidyne Inc.
Sponsored by US Department of Defense, Missile Defense Agency (MDA)
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 3RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Mission Architecture• Circular, coplanar ~ 500 km orbit• Inclination = > 63˚
• Separation = 50-2,600 km• Station-keeping capability
TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES• Defense
• Cyclone strength • Smoke, volcanic plumes• Wind measurement• Water vapor profiles
and structureJoint Mission Operations Center(Moscow)
• Stereo viewing: US, RF missile targets
• Atmospheric IR backgrounds (detection, tracking)
• Solar glint (EW false alarm mitigation)
• Environmental
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 4RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Defense Objectives
• Demonstrate utility of a unique, stereo-optical imaging capability
• Acquire SWIR, MWIR and LWIR background and target data; make inter-band comparisons
• Measure polarization components of scattered sunlight (e.g., glints)
• Acquire 6.3 µm water band data
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 5RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Environmental Objectives
• Demonstrate utility of stereo-optical imaging for estimating hurricane strength, volcanic plume volumes and other dynamic events
• Acquire time-dependent stereo imagery to determine and model global 3-D wind velocity
• Acquire 3-D water vapor distribution data to aid in understanding the effect of water vapor on IR background scene structure
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 6RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Payload Configuration
IR module
Vis/UV module
Visible push-broom(body mounted)
Thermal cover (open)
Satellite 1: SMWIR RadiometerMLWIR RadiometerSMWIR Polarimeter
Satellite 2: SMWIR RadiometerMLWIR RadiometerSMWIR SpectrometerMLWIR Spectrometer
PointingMirrors
(slaved toeach other)
30°x 30° FOR(range of pointing
mirrors)
High-Speed Visible CameraWide FOV Visible CameraSWUV RadiometerLWUV Radiometer
PolarimeterCloud Top Altitude
Sun Shades
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 7RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Mirror System (1)
• Main mirror directs IR module sensors’ line of sight
• Slaved mirror directs Vis/UV sensors’ line of sight
• IR and Vis/UV instruments thus coaligned• Push Broom scanner body mounted, not
independently pointable
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 8RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Mirror System (2)
Angular position sensors
Mirror launch lock
Mirror drives
Shutters/ calibrator
Mirror
Sensor interface
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 9RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Sensor Pointing Modes
• Scanning Mode– Sensors’ LOS fixed w/respect to satellite and scan a
continuously changing scene as satellite moves
• Tracking Mode– Sensors’ LOS watch a specific point (ground, clouds,
etc.) as satellite move; instruments slew to keep point in view
• Step-Stare Mode– Sensors’ LOS watch a specific point for a given time,
then move forward to next point; combination of Scanning and Tracking modes
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 10RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
IR Module
Mirror
Input window shutters (open) Cryostat
Interface flange
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 11RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
IR Module Passbands
SMWIR Filters MLWIR FiltersSatellite #1 Satellite #2 Satellites #1, #2
No. Bandpass (µm) No. Bandpass (µm) No. Bandpass (µm)
1 2.00 – 2.40 (P) 1 1.45 – 1.60 1 4.66 – 4.90
2 2.70 – 2.95 (P) 2 1.95 – 2.19 2 5.40 – 7.20
3 2.95 – 3.20 (P) 3 2.21 – 2.40 3 5.20 – 6.20
4 3.20 – 3.50 (P) 4 2.70 – 2.95 4 5.20 – 7.50
5 3.75 – 4.20 5 3.75 – 4.20 5 4.66 – 7.50
6 4.23 – 4.45 6 4.23 – 4.45
7 4.35 – 4.55 7 4.35 – 4.55
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 12RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Visible/UV Module
Input window shutters (closed)
Visible/UV radiometer unit
Angular position sensor
Connectors
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 13RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Visible Push-Broom Scanner
Baffle
Lens
Focal Planes, Electronics
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 14RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Moving Object Experiment
Rocket Trajectory
IR Radiometer& Visible Cameras Step-
Stare Observations
• Simultaneous MLWIR, MWIR observation of post-boost rocket body against hard earth– Enable optimizing bands for midcourse (BTH) and long-range
(ATH) tracking– Post-processing will reconstruct 3D midcourse trajectory
• SWIR/MWIR/MLWIR/UV observations of ignition through burnout
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 15RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Backgrounds and Solar Glint
• Measurements in many spectral bands under widely varying background conditions to create stereo backgrounds data base
• Polarization measurements to characterize sunlight reflected from high clouds (“glint”), a source of surveillance system false positives
IR Radiometer& Visible Cameras Stereo Step-Stare
Measurements
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 16RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Short-Duration Events
• Applicable to explosive signatures: ordnance, missile staging, etc.– Stereo-optical viewing can provide precise geolocation– High-speed measurements can provide data on dynamic nature of
signature– Multi-spectral measurements can provide chemical characterization
IR Radiometer& Visible Cameras Stereo Step-Stare
Measurements
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 17RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Fast-Changing Events: Cyclones
• Most destructive natural calamities– Worldwide loss of life– Property loss in $ millions
annually
• Current predictive ability local, limited– “Hurricane Hunter” aircraft,
CONUS only– Measurements fairly crude
Hurricane Floyd: 14 Sep 1999
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 18RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Fast-Changing Events: Volcanic Plumes
• Hazardous to aircraft– Can be far removed from
source– Can have thinned to
translucent cloud
• Affect weather patterns• RAMOS can bound cloud
– Altitude– 3D spatial extent
• Tomography can define spatial distribution of ash Mt. Etna eruption, 24 Jul 2001
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 19RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Wind Velocity Distribution Measurement
Push-BroomCloud Top Mode
Push-BroomCloud Top Mode
• Measure wind velocity vs. altitude by tracking movement of cloud-top fragments
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 20RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Water Vapor Profiles• Determine MLWIR
radiometric contribution to spatial scenes– All local zenith angles
including near-horizon viewing geometry
• Determine vertical distribution of atmospheric H2O vapor with spectral measurements
• Demonstrate capability to measure at scale of < 100m
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 21RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Conclusion
RAMOS: A Unique and Important Program• A “Pathfinder”: the only cooperative space research program
between DoD and MOD• Has enjoyed high-level government support in both countries• More than a decade of fruitful cooperative research• The only program investigating multi-spectral/stereo-optical
techniques to mitigate EW false alarms• The only program using these techniques to assess hazardous
environmental effects world-wide and their potential impact on human health and safety
• In Feb 2004, MDA announced plans to bring RAMOS to an orderly close before the Critical Design Review
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 23RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
System Description (1)
• Satellite System– 2 Satellites– Co-planar circular orbits, ~500 km, ~66°
inclination– Separation (“stereobase”) ~500km, variable– Stationkeeping capability on both satellites– 2-5 year on-orbit lifetime– RF “Universal Space Platform” with US & RF
sensors launched on RF Rokot booster
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 24RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
System Description (2)
• Ground System– Joint Mission Operations Center (JMOC) near
Moscow– Facilities for experiment planning, payload
integration and test, experiment operations, up/ downlink, data processing, data dissemination
– Data shared between US, RF; each nation independently analyses these shared data
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 25RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
RAMOS Overview• Joint US-RF “Pathfinder” program• Two co-orbiting satellites (~ 500 km altitude, 50 – 2,600 km
separation)• IR, visible, UV sensors• Unique stereoscopic measurements
– Defense applications (missile targets, atmospheric backgrounds, solar glint)
– Environmental applications (cyclones, volcanic/smoke plumes, water vapor)
• RAMOS presented as of successful US-RF JPDR in June, 2003
Note: MDA announced plans in February 2004 to bring the RAMOS program to an orderly closure prior to the Critical Design Review
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 26RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Instrumentation
• Satellites carry complementary (not identical) Suites of Observational Instruments (SOIs).
• Each SOI consists of:– IR module (US-provided), Sat #1 ≠ Sat #2– Vis/UV module (RF-provided), Sat #1 = Sat #2– Visible-domain “Push Broom” scanner (US-
provided), Sat #1 = Sat #2• Pointing mirror system provided by RF
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 27RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
RAMOS Sensors
Pointing Mechanism Satellite #1 Satellite #2
Pointing System 1 IR Radiometer/ Polarimeter IR Radiometer/ Spectrometer
Pointing System 2
WFOV visible cameraHigh-speed visible cameraUV radiometer
WFOV visible cameraHigh-speed visible cameraUV radiometer
Body Mounted Visible Pushbroom Scanner Visible Pushbroom Scanner
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 28RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
IR Module Passbands (2)
SWIR
MWIR
MLWIR
Solar Scatter
Thermal Emission
Earth Radiance from Space Nadir View
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
W avelength (micron)
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/mic
ron)
Spectrometer 2.33 - 4.66 Spectrometer 4.66 - 7.50
Rad
ianc
e (W
/cm
2/sr
/µm
)
Wavelength (µm)
Blackbody 300 K
Earth/Atmosphere Day
Earth/Atmosphere Night
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 29RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
IR Module, Satellite #1
• 2-channel (SMWIR/MLWIR) imaging radiometer
• Polarimetry capability in SMWIR channel• Each channel has several filtered passbands• Can function as
– Imaging radiometer capable of simultaneous SMWIR/MLWIR measurements, or
– Simultaneous MLWIR imaging radiometer and SMWIR imaging polarimeter
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 30RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
IR Module, Satellite #2
• 2-channel (SMWIR/MLWIR) imaging radiometer
• 2-channel (SMWIR/MLWIR) imaging spectrometer– Diffraction gratings on both channels
• Each channel has several filtered passbands• Radiometer and Spectrometer can operate
simultaneously (4 channels at once)
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 31RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Vis/UV Modules
• Visible high-speed camera/radiometer– Filter wheel with 3 passbands, 1 open position
• Visible wide FOV matrix camera– Array of 5 cameras with adjacent FOVs filling
FOR• UV radiometer
– 2-channel (SW, LW) instrument with 4-position filter wheels on each channel
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 32RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Vis/UV and VPB Passbands
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Wavelength (µm)
Rad
ianc
e(w
/cm2 sr
µm
)
UV
VPB
Nadir Viewing Day Radiance
VHSC
WFOV
Solar Scatter Angle = 180
Solar Scatter Angle = 90
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Wavelength (µm)
Rad
ianc
e(w
/cm2 sr
µm
)
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Wavelength (µm)
Rad
ianc
e(w
/cm2 sr
µm
)
UV
VPB
Nadir Viewing Day Radiance
VHSC
WFOV
Solar Scatter Angle = 180
Solar Scatter Angle = 90
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 33RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Defense-Related Experiments
• Moving Object Experiment (MOE)– MWIR/MLWIR comparison
• Multi-Spectral/Stereo Backgrounds (MSB)– MWIR/MLWIR comparison
• Background Effects of Solar Scatter (BES)– SWIR, window bands
• Short-Duration Events (SDE)– All window bands: UV, visible, IR
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 34RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Environment-Related Experiments
• Fast-Changing Events (FCE)– All window bands (UV, visible, IR)
• Wind Velocity Distribution (WND)– Visible, including VPB cloud-top filters
• Water Vapor Profiles (WVP)– SMWIR and MLWIR spectrometer
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 35RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Sensor Fields of View
- -
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 36RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Vis/UV Module Passbands (1)
Visible high-speed camera/radiometerNo. Bandpass (�m) No. Bandpass (�m)1 0.600 – 0.960 3 0.910 – 0.9602 0.500 – 0.650 4 0.400 – 0.960
Visible wide field of view matrix cameraChannel 1 Channel 2
No. Bandpass (�m) No. Bandpass (�m)
I. 2 0.540 – 0.565 II. 2 0.840 – 0.870I. 3 0.459 – 0.497 II. 3 0.910 – 0.960I. 4 Blank II. 4 0.400 – 0.960
I. 1 0.620 – 0.670 II. 1 0.740 – 0.760
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 37RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Vis/UV Module Passbands (2)
UV RadiometerChannel 1 (SW) Channel 2 (LW)
No. Bandpass (�m) No. Bandpass (�m)
I. 2 0.230 – 0.280 II. 2 0.320 – 0.350I. 3 0.280 – 0.300 II. 3 0.350 – 0.400I. 4 0.200 – 0.300 II. 4 0.300 – 0.400
I. 1 0.200 – 0.230 II. 1 0.300 – 0.320
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 38RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
Visible Push Broom Scanner
• Linear-array sensor, 5 linear focal planes– 3 polarization filters w/electric field vectors at
60° increments– 2 unpolarized filters for spectral measure-ments
of light reflected from cloud tops
Filter No. Bandpass (�m)
1 (Polarization) 0.730 – 0.7802 (Cloud top I) 0.760 – 0.7673 (Cloud top II) 0.740 – 0.747
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 39RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
RAMOS Experiments
• 7 Generic Experiment Types with Numerous Variations
• Address Both Defense and Environmental Objectives– 4 generic defense-related experiment types– 3 generic environment-related types– Some crossover application between groups
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 40RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
MOE Goals
• Acquire and Observe Theater-Class Rockets in Mid-Course (i.e., Post-Boost) Under Difficult Viewing Conditions
• Obtain Multi-Spectral Boost-Phase Measurements for Later Study
• Three Primary Measurement Objectives:– Compare post-boost MWIR, MLWIR measurements– Demonstrate stereo viewing utility– Compare SWIR/MWIR/MLWIR/UV boost phase
measurements
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 41RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
MOE Approach, Product
• Data Collection– MWIR-MLWIR scene pairs – Collected from both satellites/stereo image data– Step-stare mode following predicted target
trajectory (no autonomous onboard tracking capability)
• Analytical Product– Scene processing to extract target from
background, reconstruct 3-D trajectory
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 42RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
MSB Goals
• Acquire Spatial/Temporal Radiance Stereo Image Databases of Earth Backgrounds, Simultaneously in MWIR, MLWIR Bands
• Compare H2O Vapor Absorption Band (5.4µm to 7.2µm) Against CO2 Absorption Band (4.23µm to 4.43µm)
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 43RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
MSB Approach, Products
• Data Collection– Image quadruplets (MWIR v. SLWIR stereo
pairs) for a range of observation conditions– Supporting data to character radiance source
regions and environments• Analytical Product
– MWIR/MLWIR scene comparison– Stereo background images suitable for
midcourse tracking and model building
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 44RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
BES Goals
• Examine Three Approaches to Minimizing Potential for False Alarms in EW systems:– Stereo-optical measurements– Simultaneous multispectral measurements– Polarization measurements
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 45RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
BES Approach, Products
• Data Collection– Emphasis on specular and non-specular solar glint – Polarized SWIR image data for range of observation
conditions– Supporting visible polarization data– Two-color (SWIR/MLWIR) glint data
• Analytical Product– Characterization of solar glint phenomenology– Assessment of polarization, multi-angle, multi-spectral
false alarm mitigation techniques
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 46RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
SDE Goals
• Observe Short-Duration Events (e.g., Explosions, Rocket Launch Ignition Spikes) Under Adverse Conditions (e.g., Clouds)
• Demonstrate Ability to Accurately Geo-locate These Events in Three Dimensions
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 47RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
SDE Approach, Products
• Data Collection– High frame-rate stereo and multispectral image
data of short-duration events (e.g., few to few hundred milliseconds)
– Simultaneous measurements in visible, SWIR, MWIR and MLWIR and UV bands
• Analytical Products– Assessment of ability to detect, identify and
geolocate short-duration events under a variety of observing conditions
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 48RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
FCE Goals
• Demonstrate Utility of High Spatial Resolution, Multi-Spectral, Stereo-Optical Remote Sensing in Characterizing Such Events as Cyclones, Volcanic Plumes, and Effluents from Industrial Accidents
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 49RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
FCE Approach, Products
• Data Collection– Multi-spectral stereo-optical measurement data
from suitable events (e.g., hurricanes, volcanic plumes, etc.)
• Analytical Products– Demonstration of ability to accurately estimate
hurricane strength globally– Demonstration of ability to accurately estimate
volume and extent of effluent plumes (volcanic, industrial, forest fires, etc.)
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 50RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
WND Goals
• Demonstrate Ability of Stereo-Optical Remote Sensing to Determine World-Wide Three-Dimensional Distribution of Wind Velocities
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 51RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
WND Approach, Products
• Data Collection– Time-dependent visible-regime stereo-optical
image pairs– Time-spaced VPB measurement sweeps using
cloud-top filters• Analytical Products
– 3-dimensional distributions of wind velocity
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 52RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
WVP Goals
• Characterize the 3-dimensional Distribution of Water Vapor Concentration in the Lower 10 km of the Atmosphere at a Horizontal Scale of 100 m
9-12 August 2004 AIAA/USU Small Satellite Conference 53RS-D-0289-04 6/1/04
WVP Approach, Products
• Data Collection– 3-dimensional “cubes” of SMWIR, MLWIR
data from spectral data obtained on a 2-dimensional grid
• Analytical Products– 3-dimensional water vapor distribution model– Improved understanding of water vapor impact
on IR scene structure
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