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Decoupling analysis between economic growth and CO2 emissions: Insights from estimation of
consumption-based CO2 emissions
Systems Analysis GroupResearch Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)Contact to : Takashi Homma, Keigo AkimotoTEL: +81-774-75-2304, E-mail: sysinfo@rite.or.jp
September 25, 2018
Background and purpose of this analysis2
[Background]♦ Historically a strong positive correlation between GDP and CO2 has been observed globally.
Some argue that positive correlation has vanished recent years, meaning that GDP growth and CO2 emissions might have “decoupled”. However, possibility has been pointed out that developed countries might avoid emissions by importing CO2 embodied in goods and services through international trade, instead of producing them within their countries (OECD analysis until 2011 (2015)).
[Purpose of this analysis]♦ It is important to show various data on “decoupling” between GDP and CO2 emissions, but
more important to understand the factors and to draw implications for future projection or policy-making.
♦ In this analysis of major countries emissions in global economy, we estimate consumption-based* CO2 emissions from energy by nation using latest statistics, and analyze their factors and time-series changes. CO2 emissions embodied in trade are estimated between 2000 and 2014 to estimate consumption-based CO2, which are compared with production-based CO2. In nations with developed service economy, apparent CO2 emissions (i.e. production-based) might look small, however consumption-based CO2 emissions that include emissions embodied in trade (which are not considered in statistic emissions counting), should be included in analysis.
*According to IPCC(2014), OECD(2015) or IMF(2018), the term “Consumption-based” is used in this analysis. To be precise, the term should be “CO2 Emissions Embodied in Final Demand and Net Imports”.Production-based CO2 emissions: CO2 emissions generated inside the territory of the country, regardless of the kind of relevant activities. Equivalent to CO2 emissions in common statistics.Consumption-based CO2: CO2 emissions generated to meet the domestic demand (consumption and investment) of the country, which can be estimated by adding/subtracting CO2 emissions embodied in imported/exported goods on/from production-based CO2.
Definition of “Decoupling”3
GDP increases, while primary energy consumption or CO2intensity (CO2 emissions divided by GDP) decreases
(GDP elasticity: higher than 0 and less than 1.0)
GDP increases, while primary energy consumption or CO2emissions decrease
(GDP elasticity: less than or equal to 0)
Handrich1) weak decoupling strong decoupling
PwC2) relative decoupling absolute decoupling
Unless otherwise stated, these cases are mentioned as “decoupling” in this analysis.
1) Handrich et al.(2015) Turning point: Decoupling Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Economic Growth2) PwC(2013) Decarbonisation and the Economy
1. Global CO2 Emissions Outlook
2. Analysis of CO2 emissions from major countries: Implications from consumption-based CO2emissions
3. Conclusion
Contents4
1. Decoupling trend in global economy and major countries
1.1 Correlation between global GDP growth and CO2emissions 6
GDP elasticity1971-2015 0.632000-2015 0.812009-2015 0.66
Note:IEA statistics(2017) except 2016-2017, which are complemented with a calculation using IEA preliminary 2017 for CO2 and IMF(2018 Apr.) for GDP
y = 0.3207x + 8.0947R² = 0.9865
10
15
20
25
30
35
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Glo
bale
nerg
y-re
late
dCO
2(G
tCO
2/Yr
)
Global GDP (Trillion 2010 US$/Yr, MER)
Y1971
Y2000
Y2010 Y2017
linear regression equation(1971-2010)
y = 0.3435x + 6.7678R² = 0.9429
202224262830323436
45 55 65 75 85
Glo
bale
nerg
y-re
late
dCO
2(G
tCO
2/Yr
)
Global GDP (Trillion 2010 US$/Yr, MER)
Y2010 Y2017
Y2000
Y2016
linear regression equation(2000-2015)
Fundamentally, a strong positive correlation between global GDP and CO2 emissions is observed. Emissions were almost flat between 2013 and 2016, leading to an argument of global decoupling, but eventually increased again in 2017.RITE has been pointing out that, based on the long-term analysis, emissions increased too fast for the world demand during 2009-2013 and that the flattening between 2013 and 2016 may be caused by a kind of economic counter-action for the too much CO2 emitting activities during 2009-2013, adjusting the demand-supply relationship.
1.2 Correlation between global GDP and electricity consumption 7
Especially, a correlation between global GDP and electricity consumption remains strongly positive.
Source) IEA Statistics 2017
y = 340.64x - 1308R² = 0.9984
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Elec
trici
ty (T
Wh/
yr)
GDP (Trillion US2010$/yr)
1971-2015年の間の
実績値の線形回帰式
2010年
2015年
2009年Y2009
Y2010
Y2015
linear regression equation (1971-2015)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
CO2
per c
apita
[tCO
2/yr
]
GDP per capita [thousand US$/yr]
1995
2008
AustraliaUS
2007
Canada
Japan
Korea
Sweden
Spain ItalyFrance
World
China
Switzerland
India
Germany
20132000
EU282000 2011
UK1982
2008Malaysia
1.3 Relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in major countries 8
• Several developed countries seem to follow decoupling trend.
• On the other hand, CO2emissions per capita vary widely among countries with similar GDP per capita, due to heterogeneity in their land area and industrial structure.
• Switzerland, Sweden and France are thought to be on the leading edge of decoupling trend because of their small CO2 emissions despite their relatively high GDP. But their emission levels have conventionally been low due to high ratios of hydro and nuclear.
• Increase of historical CO2emissions by China is much steeper than forerunners.
• Detailed investigation is required to conclude whether these trends are truly contributing to global decoupling, considering international sharing of industry and domestic industrial structure .
1971 - 2015 (1990- for EU28)
Desirable trend of decoupling
Although several developed countries appear to be following decouplingtrend as a whole, it is hard to reach a clear conclusion as various andcomplicated factors are entangled.
(in 2010 exchange rate)
1.3 Relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in major countries: Energy mix of Switzerland, Sweden, France and Japan (ref) 9
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2005 2016 2000 2005 2016 2000 2005 2016 2000 2005 2016
Switzerland Sweden France Japan
Elec
tric
ity
Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro/geothermal Solar/wind/other Biofuels and waste
CO2 emissions from Switzerland, Sweden and France are relatively small despite theirrelatively high GDP. These trends build upon conventionally high ratios of nuclear andhydro, and these countries are not reducing their ratios of fossil fuel power generationafter 2000.
1.3 Relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in major countries: Economic growth factor of UK and Germany (ref) 10
Source: Koji Nomura, https://www.dbj.jp/ricf/pdf/research/DBJ_RCGW_DP60.pdf
- Presumed factors of GDP growth are increased workforce caused by an immigration policy for the case of UK, and increased labor quality by immigrants for the cases of UK and France.
- Decreasing employment of blue-collar caused by increased immigrants and declining manufacturing industry are pointed out as one of the factors of Brexit. Similar social conditions are seen also in Sweden.
1.3 Relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in major countries: GDP growth by industrial sector in UK (ref) 11
Source: Koji Nomura, https://www.dbj.jp/ricf/pdf/research/DBJ_RCGW_DP60.pdf
While insurance or financial services have achieved higher growth rate, energy-consuming industriessuch as manufacturing industry marked negative growth. Production supply has been transferring fromdomestic manufacturing to foreign countries, thus leading to a concern that global CO2 emissions mightnot be reduced as a result. => Analysis of consumption-based CO2 emission is essential.
Energy cost share (2014) and growth rate (2000-2014) by industry
1.3 Relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in major countries: GDP growth by industrial sector in Germany (ref) 12
Higher growth rates have been achieved in office support or information, as well as motor vehicles.However, Germany has not achieved so much emissions reduction after 2000, and steady export ofmotor vehicles affected by relatively weaker euro seems to have contributed to its economic growth.
Source: Koji Nomura, https://www.dbj.jp/ricf/pdf/research/DBJ_RCGW_DP60.pdf
Energy cost share (2014) and growth rate (2000-2014) by industry
2. Analysis of CO2 emissions from major countries: Implications from
consumption-based CO2emissions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GD
P (B
illion
$)
Sweden
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GD
P (B
illion
$)
UK
GDP & value-added by industry of major countries14
Note) Estimations (2010US$) based on IEA statistics (2017), WIOD2016.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GD
P (B
illion
$)
US
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GD
P (B
illion
$)
EU28
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GD
P (B
illion
$)Others
Service
Othermanufacturing
Machinerymanufacturing
Materialmanufacturing
Mining & Energy
Japan
EU
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissionsConsumption-based CO2 emissionsDifferences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based]) [Right axis]
-17%
-11%
2.1.1 EU28: production-based and consumption-based CO2 emissions (2000-2014) 16
Note) Analyzed using IEA statistics(2017) for CO2 emissions, WIOD2016 for International Input-Output Table. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated based on Peters et al.(2008).
Financial crisis aftermath?
- Although Ministry of the Environment of Japan argues a progress in carbon productivity for EU after EU ETS implementation in 2005, growth of consumption-based CO2 was larger until 2008, expanding difference between consumption-based CO2 and production-based CO2.
- This difference is shrinking after the financial crisis. Still, consumption-based CO2 in 2014 decreased by 11% compared with 2000, which is smaller than decrease of production-based CO2 of 17%.
- When normalized by production-based CO2, the difference became almost flat after 2009, and increased by 7.1pp during 2000-2014.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Di
ffere
nces
of C
O2
emiss
ions
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
+7.1pp+9.6pp
pp: percentage point
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
US EU Japan Developed Russia China India Rest of the world
2.1.2 EU: CO2 emissions embodied in trade by region17
2014
2010
2000
2005
• CO2 emissions embodied in imports from China (mainly of machinery) or Rest of the world (mining) have increased after 2005.
• Although imports in value increased continuously after 2005, CO2 intensity of imports decreased considerably, thus contributing to modest decrease of CO2 emissions embodied in imports.
Note: import is exhibited as positive, export as negative
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
0 100 200 300 400 500
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
2014
2010
2005
2000
CO2 Imported (MtCO2)Machinery and Transportation Equipment Chemical Textile Mining and Energy Others
2.1.2 EU: CO2 emissions embodied in imports from China and Rest of the world by industrial sector 18
Machinery
Mining
2.1.3 EU: Factor analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in Trade 19
Note: Import and export have been converted to real values using WDI-US deflator(2010 standard)
Imported CO2
Exported CO2
Changes in import and export values (shown in orange) were almost same during 2000-05, but decrease inintensity for import (shown in light green) was less than those of export due to more imports from regionswith higher intensity, causing increased consumption-based CO2 emissions compared to production-basedCO2. The difference in intensity change became smaller between imports and exports after 2005.
-7.5%-5.0%-2.5%0.0%2.5%5.0%7.5%
10.0%
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2014
Annu
al c
hang
e re
te o
f Im
port
ed C
O2
(%/Y
r) Intensity(=Imported CO2/Import)(kgCO2/$)Import ($)
Imported CO2 (MtCO2)
-7.5%-5.0%-2.5%0.0%2.5%5.0%7.5%
10.0%
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2014
Annu
al c
hang
e re
te o
f Ex
port
ed C
O2
(%/Y
r) Intensity(=Exported CO2/Export)(kgCO2/$)Export ($)
Exported CO2 (MtCO2)
2.1.4 UK: production-based and consumption-based CO2 emissions (2000-2014) 20
- Report from Ministry of the Environment explains that carbon productivity has substantially progressed for UK (especially on a local currency basis), but consumption-based CO2 is larger than production-based CO2 (i.e. larger contribution of CO2 emissions embodied in import, which is counted as emissions outside the area and not counted as UK emissions in usual statistics).
- Difference between consumption-based CO2 and production-based CO2 increased toward 2007, and slightly increasing after 2010.
- Although production-based CO2 in 2014 decreased by 22% relative to 2000, consumption-based CO2 decreased by 14%, falling smaller than production-based one. The share of CO2emissions embodied in trade is 30% in 2014 (compared to production-based), higher than that of Japan, US or EU average.
Note) Analyzed using IEA statistics(2017) for CO2emissions, WIOD2016 for International Input-Output Table. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated based on Peters et al.(2008).
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissionsConsumption-based CO2 emissionsDifferences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based]) [Right axis]
-22%
-14%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns[C
onsu
mpt
ion-
base
d]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
+12.0pp
pp: percentage point
2.1.5 Sweden: production-based and consumption-based CO2 emissions (2000-2014) 21
Note) Analyzed using IEA statistics(2017) for CO2emissions, WIOD2016 for International Input-Output Table. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated based on Peters et al.(2008).
- Report from Ministry of the Environment explains that carbon productivity is extremely high, but consumption-based CO2 is larger than production-based CO2 (i.e. larger contribution of CO2 emissions embodied in import).
- Difference between consumption-based CO2 and production-based CO2 increased toward 2008, and became almost flat or decreased slightly after 2011.
- Consumption-based CO2 did not decrease as production-based CO2 did. The share of CO2 emissions embodied in trade was extremely high,73% in 2014 (compared to production-based).
0
5
10
15
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45
50
0
10
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9020
00
2001
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2007
2008
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2011
2012
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2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissionsConsumption-based CO2 emissionsDifferences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based]) [Right axis]
-28%
-11%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Di
ffere
nces
of C
O2
emiss
ions
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
+34.2pp
pp: percentage point
US
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2000
2001
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2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissionsConsumption-based CO2 emissionsDifferences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based]) [Right axis]
-8%-8%
2.2.1 US: production-based and consumption-based CO2 emissions (2000-2014) 23
Note) Analyzed using IEA statistics(2017) for CO2emissions, WIOD2016 for International Input-Output Table. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated based on Peters et al.(2008).
Impact of shale gas?
- Difference between consumption-based CO2 and production-based CO2 in US increased substantially towards 2006.
- However, this difference turned to decrease after expansion of shale gas production in 2006, possibly caused by reshoring of manufacturing industry due to the availability of cheaper energy. This difference became flat after 2009.
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Di
ffere
nces
of C
O2
emiss
ions
[Cons
umpt
ion-
base
d]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
+5.1pp
+0.4pp
pp: percentage point
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
US EU Japan Developed Russia China India Rest of the world
2.2.2 US:CO2 emissions embodied in trade by region24
2014
2010
2000
2005
• CO2 emissions embodied in imports from China (mainly of machinery) increased towards 2005, followed by continuing emissions of similar level.
• Although imports in value increased continuously after 2005, decrease in CO2 intensity of imports affected larger, thus contributing to modest decrease of CO2 emissions embodied in imports.
Note: import is exhibited as positive, export as negative
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
2014
2010
2005
2000
CO2 Imported (MtCO2)
Machinery and Transportation Equipment Chemical Textile Mining and Energy Others
2.2.3 US: CO2 emissions embodied in imports from China and Rest of the world by industrial sector 25
Machinery
Mining
2.2.4 US: Factor analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in Trade 26
Imported CO2
Exported CO2
As increase in import value was greater than that in export value (shown in orange) during 2000-05, andintensity for import (shown in light green) became larger, consumption-based CO2 emissions increased morethan production-based ones. After 2005, changes in import value of mining, crude oil and coal (incl. energy)with higher intensity were small due to a shale gas production of her own (shown in orange), and intensity ofimported CO2 decreased substantially (shown in light green, as explained in page 25 ; a 2005-2010 change inCO2 from mining of rest of the world). At the same time, export value of most industries except textileincreased substantially. These factors shrank a difference between consumption-based and production-basedCO2 emissions in 2005-2010.
-6.0%
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2014
Annu
al c
hang
e re
te o
f Im
port
ed C
O2
(%/Y
r) Intensity(=Imported CO2/Import)(kgCO2/$)Import (Billion$)
Imported CO2 (MtCO2)
-6.0%
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2014
Annu
al c
hang
e re
te o
f Ex
port
ed C
O2
(%/Y
r) Intensity(=Exported CO2/Export)(kgCO2/$)Export ($)
Exported CO2 (MtCO2)
Note: Import and export have been converted to real values using WDI-US deflator(2010 base year)
Japan
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissionsConsumption-based CO2 emissionsDifferences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based]) [Right axis]
+4%
-1%
2.3.1 Japan: production-based and consumption-based CO2 emissions (2000-2014) 28
Note) Analyzed using IEA statistics(2017) for CO2 emissions, WIOD2016 for International Input-Output Table. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated based on Peters et al.(2008).
Financial crisis aftermath
Impact of nuclear shutdown
A trend in consumption-based CO2 is similar to that in production-based CO2, moderately diminishing the difference. This indicates that Japan maintains manufacturing industry while avoiding expansion of carbon leakage. As a result, decrease of CO2intensity of Japan might be less than that in EU or US.
During 2000-2014, production-based CO2 increased by 4%, while consumption-based CO2 decreased by 1%. When the difference is normalized by production-based CO2, it decreased by 5.2 pp during 2000-2014.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Di
ffere
nces
of C
O2
emiss
ions
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
-5.2pp
pp: percentage point
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
CO2 imported
CO2 exported
Net imported CO2
US EU Japan Developed Russia China India Rest of the world
2.3.2 Japan: CO2 emissions embodied in trade by region 29
2014
2010
2000
2005
• CO2 emissions embodied in imports from China (mainly of machinery) increased towards 2005.
• Although imported value increased after 2005, decrease of CO2 intensity of imports had larger impact.
Note: import is exhibited as positive, export as negative
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
(MtCO2)
0 50 100 150 200
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
China
Rest of the world
2014
2010
2005
2000
CO2 Imported (MtCO2)Machinery and Transportation Equipment Chemical Textile Mining and Energy Others
2.3.3 Japan: CO2 emissions embodied in imports from China and Rest of the world by industrial sector 30
Machinery
2.3.4 Japan: Factor analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in Trade 31
Note: Import and export have been corrected to real values using WDI-US deflator(2010 standard)
Imported CO2
Exported CO2
Imports continue to increase steadily from China or Rest of the world (machinery from China, or mining from Rest of the world (substantially after the Great East Japan Earthquake)). Imported CO2 decreased during 2005-2010 due to substantial decrease in intensity of imports such as China.As for exported CO2, intensity of individual industries decreased during 2000-2005, however, overall intensity increased due to higher share of metal products among export value, which led to an increase in exported CO2. During 2010-2014, exported CO2 increased because of large increase of intensity after the Earthquake, although export value decreased due to strong yen.
-8.0%-6.0%-4.0%-2.0%0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2014
Annu
al c
hang
e re
te o
f Im
port
ed C
O2
(%/Y
r) Intensity(=Imported CO2/Import)(kgCO2/$)Import ($)
Imported CO2 (MtCO2)
-8.0%-6.0%-4.0%-2.0%0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%
2000-2005 2005-2010 2010-2014
Annu
al c
hang
e re
te o
f Ex
port
ed C
O2
(%/Y
r) Intensity(=Exported CO2/Export)(kgCO2/$)Export ($)
Exported CO2 (MtCO2)
2.3.5 Energy productivity in Japan and its decomposition analysis (1/2) 32
Source) H29 ALPSIII Report, Analysis by Prof. Nomura
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
エネルギー生産性
労働生産性(右軸)
資本生産性
(2015年値=1.0)
2.3
1.3
0.2
0.90.5
-2.4
1.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.80.5
0.10.3
0.1
0.8
0.0 -0.1
0.2
0.2
1.4
3.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
第II期 (1955–1973) 第III期 (1973–1990) 第IV期 (1990–2008) 第V期 (2008–2015) 予測値
エネ転換要因
エネ高度化要因
産業構造要因
品質調整済みエネルギー生産性(QAEP)
エネルギー生産性
(%)
政策ターゲット
(2.4%)
(Values in 2015 =1.0)
Energy productivity
Labor productivity [Right axis]Capital productivity
Due to Energy ConversionDue to Energy quality
Due to changes in industrial structure
Energy productivityQuality-adjusted energy productivity (QAEP)
Policy target
ProjectionPeriod II (1955-1973) Period III (1973-1990) Period IV (1990-2008) Period V(2008-2015)
- Considerable improvement has been achieved during recent Period V (2008-2015), not with a change in industrial structure
2.3.5 Energy productivity in Japan and its change factors (2/2) 33
Source) H29 ALPSIII Report, Analysis by Prof. Nomura
Period V(2008-2015)
Energy productivity and growth rate by chemical productsNote: Figures in parentheses indicate(share of value-added, share of energy consumption)
Energy productivity in 2011 (logarithmic values)
Changes in gross output(Period V: 2008-2015,average annual growth rates)
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing2. Mining of coal and lignite3. Other mining and quarrying4. Construction5. Food products6. Textiles7. Wearing apparel8. Wood and of products of wood9. Furniture10. Paper and paper products11. Publishing activities12. Chemicals13. Refined petroleum products14. Coke oven products15. Rubber and plastics products16. Leather and related products17. Other non-metallic products18. Basic iron and steel19. Non-ferrous metals20. Fabricated metal products21. Machinery and equipment22. Computer23. Communication equipment24. Electronic components25. Consumer electronics26. Motor vehicles27. Other transport equipment28. Precision instrument29. Other manufacturing30. Transport via railways31. Other land transport32. Water transport33. Air transport34. Warehouse, other transport35. Telecommunications36. Electricity37. Gas38. Water supply39. Wholesale and retail trade40. Financial and insurance41. Real estate42. Education43. Research44. Human health45. Other service46. Public administration47. Activities of households
Industrial contribution rate to energy productivity (0.9%)
Drugs and medicines (40.4%, 0.7%)
Gelatin and adhesives (1.1%, 0.1%)
Paints (2.5%, 0%)
Agricultural chemicals (1.7%, 0%)
Cosmetics, toothpaste (6.2%, 0%)
Chemical fertilizers (1.7%, 2.4%)
Miscellaneous industrial inorganic chemicals (4.9%, 1.2%)
Miscellaneous industrial organic chemicals (4.4%, 0.5%)
Inorganic pigments (0.8%, 0.1%)
Compressed and liquefied gases (1.1%, 0%)
Salt (0.2%, 0.4%)
Cyclic intermediates (2.1%, 0.7%)
Basic petrochemicals (1.9%, 65%)
Synthetic rubber (2.2%, 1.2%)
Oil and fat products, soaps, synthetic detergents, surface-active agents
Printing ink (0.9%, 0%)
Aliphatic intermediates (2.7%, 2.7%)
Soda
Synthetic dyes and organic pigments (0.3%, 0.1%) Photosensitive
materials (1.8%, 0.1%)
Miscellaneous chemical products (7%, 0.6%)
Petrochemical aromatic products (2%, 20.8%)
Methane derivative products (0.2%, 0%)
Synthetic resin (6.1%, 0.4%)
Synthetic fiber (1.3%, 0.6%) Plastics (0.3%, 0%)
Rayon and acetate (0.3%, 0.3%)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
[kgC
O2/
US2
010$
]
EU28
US
Japan
UK
Sweden
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
[kgC
O2/
US2
010$
]
EU28
US
Japan
UK
Sweden
0.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.21.3
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
[Val
ues i
n 20
05=1
.0]
US
Japan
UK
Sweden
0.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
[Val
ues i
n 20
05=1
.0]
US
Japan
UK
Sweden
2.4 Comparison of CO2 emissions per GDP (intensity)34
• CO2 intensity of Japan increased after the Earthquake, but almost the same level as that in EU28 average or UK after 2011 when comparing by using consumption-based CO2 intensity in US$ (left below)
• Decrease in intensity of Japan tends to be smaller than other regions when comparing by using production-based CO2 in local currency basis(upper right). On the other hand, when comparing by using consumption-based CO2 intensity (right below), Japan’s trend is much the same as other regions except for emissions increase due to nuclear shutdown after the Earthquake,
Production-based CO2/GDP [2010US$] Production-based CO2/GDP [2010 local currency basis]<Normalization at 2005=1.0>
Consumption-based CO2/GDP [2010US$] Consumption-based CO2/GDP [2010 local currency basis]<Normalization at 2005=1.0>
Note: IEA statistics for US$GDP, WDI2018 for local currency
2.5 Comparison by region: Difference between production-based CO2emissions and consumption-based CO2 emissions during 2000-2014 35
Note) Analyzed using IEA statistics(2017) for CO2emissions, WIOD2016 for International Input-Output Table. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated based on Peters et al.(2008).
Net CO2emissions imports:Consumption-based emissionshigher than production-based emissions
Net CO2emissions exports:Consumption-based emissions lower than production-based emissions
Difference: [consumption-based CO2 emissions] – [production-based CO2 emissions]
Reference: OECD(2015) analysis (Note: time point is not same as above)
Note: Rearranged regional classification of OECD(2015) to above
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]
-[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](M
tCO
2)
US
EU
Japan
Other developedregionsRussia
China
India
Rest of the world
China
Russia
EU
USJapan
India
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]
-[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](M
tCO
2)
US
EU
Japan
Other developedregionsRussia
China
India
Rest of the world
China
Russia
EUUS
Japan
India
3. Conclusion
Conclusion37
In this analysis, we estimated consumption-based CO2 emissions of major regions during 2000-2014 in time-series and compared them with production-based CO2 emissions to examine decoupling between economic growth and CO2 emissions. Decoupling has been seemingly observed in some nations in EU (such as
Sweden or UK) or EU average, but our estimates show that deepened foreign-dependency of these nations on imports, which is caused by shifts in industrial structure, has a significant impact. CO2 emissions embodied in their imports are so large that their contribution to the global emissions reduction seem to be minor. (In terms of policy aspects, their economic growth might have been achieved through the integration of EU as well as increase of immigrants, unlikely to be an effect of EU ETS).
Improvement of production-based CO2 intensity seems to be modest in Japan, which reflects its maintaining manufacturing industries relatively more than EU or US. Meanwhile, there are little or no differences from EU or US when comparing the improvement in CO2 intensity by using consumption-based CO2 (and excluding the impact of its dependency on fossil-fuel power generation due to nuclear shutdown after the Earthquake).
Appendix 1Overview of global CO2 emissions and
energy supply
-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.08.0
1971
-197
2
1972
-197
3
1973
-197
4
1974
-197
5
1975
-197
6
1976
-197
7
1977
-197
8
1978
-197
9
1979
-198
0
1980
-198
1
1981
-198
2
1982
-198
3
1983
-198
4
1984
-198
5
1985
-198
6
1986
-198
7
1987
-198
8
1988
-198
9
1989
-199
0
1990
-199
1
1991
-199
2
1992
-199
3
1993
-199
4
1994
-199
5
1995
-199
6
1996
-199
7
1997
-199
8
1998
-199
9
1999
-200
0
2000
-200
1
2001
-200
2
2002
-200
3
2003
-200
4
2004
-200
5
2005
-200
6
2006
-200
7
2007
-200
8
2008
-200
9
2009
-201
0
2010
-201
1
2011
-201
2
2012
-201
3
2013
-201
4
2014
-201
5
2015
-201
6
2016
-201
7Annu
al g
row
th ra
te (%
/yea
r)
POP
GDP/POP
PES/GDP
CO2/PES
CO2
Appendix 1-1:Factorial decomposition of global CO2emission(energy-related; 1971-2017)(Kaya identity) 39
In the long-term trend of global emissions there is no major change in the trend of energy saving(PES/GDP)[include industrial structural change] and decarbonization (CO2/PES) in the 2010s.
73: The first oil crisis78: The second oil crisis 08:financial crisis
By year
-4.0-3.0-2.0-1.00.01.02.03.04.05.0
1971
-198
0
1980
-199
0
1990
-200
0
2000
-201
0
2010
-201
7
2010
-201
1
2011
-201
2
2012
-201
3
2013
-201
4
2014
-201
5
2015
-201
6
2016
-201
7
Annu
al g
row
th ra
te (%
/yea
r)
POP
GDP/POP
PES/GDP
CO2/PES
CO2
Note:Based on IEA emission database (2017). GDP is in constant 2010 market price. For 2016~17 The data of CO2 / PES (IEA –GECO2017); GDP(IMF2018Aprl); POP (UN2017)
Appendix 1-2: Regional contributions of global CO2emission(energy-related; 1971-2017) 40
Note: IEA CO2 emission database (2017) 2016, 2017 CO2 is from (IEA –GECO2017). In IEA –GECO2017, only US, China and global emission data is reported.
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.019
7119
7319
7519
7719
7919
8119
8319
8519
8719
8919
9119
9319
9519
9719
9920
0120
0320
0520
0720
0920
1120
1320
1520
17
Ener
gy-r
elat
ed C
O2
(GtC
O2)
Rest of the world
US
China
-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
1971
-198
0
1980
-199
0
1990
-200
0
2000
-201
0
2010
-201
7
2010
-201
1
2011
-201
2
2012
-201
3
2013
-201
4
2014
-201
5
2015
-201
6
2016
-201
7Annu
al g
row
th ra
te (%
/yea
r)
Rest of the world
US
China
World CO2
After 2010, the contributions of US and China are increasing.
Appendix 1-3: The relationship between global economy growth and primary energy supply 41
Similar to CO2 emission, Primary energy supply is positively correlated with global GDP.
Note:Based on IEA emission database (2017). GDP is in constant 2010 market price. For 2016~17 The data of CO2 / PES (IEA –GECO2017); GDP(IMF2018Aprl).
Global primary energy supply(1971-2017)
Soure:IEA-GECO2017
Source :IEA-GECO2017
Change of global energy demand in 2016 and 2017
Change of global coal demand in 2016 and 2017
According to IEA-GECO2017, China and US contributed the decline of coal demand in 2015 and 2016.
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85Prim
ary
ener
gy s
uppl
y(M
toe/
yr)
GDP (Trillion US$/yr)
2015年2010年
1971-2015年の間の実績値
の線形回帰式y = 145.71x + 2991R² = 0.9948
2017年
1971年
2000年
Y1971
Y2000
linear regression equation (1971-2015)
Y2010Y2015
Y2017
Appendix 2: Preconditions and methods of estimating
consumption-based CO2 emission
Method for estimating consumption-based CO2 emission43
Consumption-based CO2 emission(ConsCO2) function:(based on Peters et al.(2008)):ConsCO2(r)= EF(r)・ (I-(I - M(r))A(r))-1 ・(1-M(r))(C(r)+I(r)) + ImCO2(r) + RCO2(r) (1)
r, s: country/regionI: Unit MatrixA: Input coefficient matrixM: Import coefficient matrixEF: CO2 emission factor for each sector(CO2/output for sector i)C: Final demand(household+ government)I: InvestmentImCO2:CO2 emissions embodied in importsRCO2: Direct emission by householdEx:ExportIm: Import
ImCO2(r)=Σ(s) {L(s)・ Ex(s,r)} (=Σ(s) {L(s)・ Im(r,s)} ) (2)
Where L(r)=EF(r)・ (I-(I - M(r))A(r))-1,
CO2 emission from domestic goods/ final demand CO2 emission from import goods/domestic consumption
Direct emission by household
← aggregated CO2 emission embodied in the trading goods from region s(exporter) to region r (importer)
The relationship between consumption-based CO2 emission(ConsCO2) and production-based CO2 emission(ProdCO2) :ConsCO2(r)=ProdCO2(r)+ImCO2(r)-ExCO2(r)
(3)ExCO2(r)=Σ(r) {L(r)・ Ex(r,s)}
ConsCO2(r)-ProdCO2(r)=ImCO2(r)-ExCO2(r) (4)
・ The production-based CO2 emissions (by industry sector) use the database of IEA (CO2emission from fossil fuel combustion, 2017) . Consumption-based CO2 emissions is estimated with Input-output table. The calculation method is described below:
Data assumption for estimating consumption-based CO2 emissions(1) 44
The amount of CO2 emission: Country/ sector emission data from IEA-CO2 database (2017) is used in this study
(Following Davis&Caldeira (2010), exclude international transport)。 If sector emission is zero in the database, the estimated emission is calculated with
sectoral production and emission factors. Emissions from coke oven and blast furnace are included in the steel sector(The
emissions from by-product electricity are included in the electricity sector)。
The economic data: WIOD2016 (World Input-Output Database) is applied in this research
2000-2014 annual nominal data(USD) 44 regions(43countries+others) 56 sectors(According to International Standard Industrial Classification) basic price (tax is excluded)
Page 45 presents the industrial classification and Page 46 presents the classification by region. The overall economy is classified into 16 sectors and household in order to fit in the IEA emission database.
* *http://www.wiod.org/database/wiots16
Data assumption for estimating consumption-based CO2emissions(2) 45
<Correspondence table of industrial classification >WI OT sect or cl assi f i cat i on WI OT sect or cl assi f i cat i onCr op and ani mal pr oduct i on, hunt i ng and r el at ed ser vi ce act i vi t i es Wat er col l ect i on, t r eat ment and suppl yFor est r y and l oggi ng Sewer age; wast e col l ect i on, t r eat ment and di sposal act i vi t i es; mat er i al s
r ecover y; r emedi at i on act i vi t i es and ot her wast e management ser vi cesFi shi ng and aquacul t ur e Whol esal e and r et ai l t r ade and r epai r of mot or vehi cl es and mot or cycl es
Sec02 Mi ni ng Mi ni ng and quar r yi ng Whol esal e t r ade, except of mot or vehi cl es and mot or cycl es
Sec03 Foodmanuf act ur i ng Manuf act ur e of f ood pr oduct s, bever ages and t obacco pr oduct s Ret ai l t r ade, except of mot or vehi cl es and mot or cycl es
Manuf act ur e of paper and paper pr oduct s Post al and cour i er act i vi t i es
Pr i nt i ng and r epr oduct i on of r ecor ded medi a Accommodat i on and f ood ser vi ce act i vi t i es
Sec05 Text i l emanuf act ur i ng Manuf act ur e of t ext i l es, wear i ng appar el and l eat her pr oduct s Publ i shi ng act i vi t i es
Sec06Coal and
pet r ol eummanuf act ur i ng
Manuf act ur e of coke and r ef i ned pet r ol eum pr oduct s Mot i on pi ct ur e, vi deo and t el evi si on pr ogr amme pr oduct i on, sound r ecor di ngand musi c publ i shi ng act i vi t i es; pr ogr ammi ng and br oadcast i ng act i vi t i es
Manuf act ur e of chemi cal s and chemi cal pr oduct s Tel ecommuni cat i onsManuf act ur e of basi c phar maceut i cal pr oduct s and phar maceut i calpr epar at i ons
Comput er pr ogr ammi ng, consul t ancy and r el at ed act i vi t i es; i nf or mat i onser vi ce act i vi t i es
Manuf act ur e of r ubber and pl ast i c pr oduct s Fi nanci al ser vi ce act i vi t i es, except i nsur ance and pensi on f undi ng
Sec08
Ot her non-met al l i cmi ner al
manuf act ur i ng
Manuf act ur e of ot her non-met al l i c mi ner al pr oduct s I nsur ance, r ei nsur ance and pensi on f undi ng, except compul sor y soci alsecur i t y
Sec09 Basi c met almanuf act ur i ng Manuf act ur e of basi c met al s Act i vi t i es auxi l i ar y t o f i nanci al ser vi ces and i nsur ance act i vi t i es
Manuf act ur e of f abr i cat ed met al pr oduct s, except machi ner y and equi pment Real est at e act i vi t i esManuf act ur e of comput er , el ect r oni c and opt i cal pr oduct s Legal and account i ng act i vi t i es; act i vi t i es of head of f i ces; management
consul t ancy act i vi t i esManuf act ur e of el ect r i cal equi pment Ar chi t ect ur al and engi neer i ng act i vi t i es; t echni cal t est i ng and anal ysi sManuf act ur e of machi ner y and equi pment n. e. c. Sci ent i f i c r esear ch and devel opment
Manuf act ur e of mot or vehi cl es, t r ai l er s and semi -t r ai l er s Adver t i si ng and mar ket r esear ch
Manuf act ur e of ot her t r anspor t equi pment Ot her pr of essi onal , sci ent i f i c and t echni cal act i vi t i es; vet er i nar yact i vi t i es
Manuf act ur e of wood and of pr oduct s of wood and cor k, except f ur ni t ur e;manuf act ur e of ar t i cl es of st r aw and pl ai t i ng mat er i al s Admi ni st r at i ve and suppor t ser vi ce act i vi t i esManuf act ur e of f ur ni t ur e; ot her manuf act ur i ng Publ i c admi ni st r at i on and def ence; compul sor y soci al secur i t yRepai r and i nst al l at i on of machi ner y and equi pment Educat i on
Sec13 Const r uct i on Const r uct i on Human heal t h and soci al wor k act i vi t i es
Sec14 El ect r i ci t y andgas El ect r i ci t y, gas, st eam and ai r condi t i oni ng suppl y Ot her ser vi ce act i vi t i es
Land t r anspor t and t r anspor t vi a pi pel i nes Act i vi t i es of househol ds as empl oyer s; undi f f er ent i at ed goods- andser vi ces-pr oduci ng act i vi t i es of househol ds f or own use
Wat er t r anspor t Act i vi t i es of ext r at er r i t or i al or gani zat i ons and bodi esAi r t r anspor tWar ehousi ng and suppor t act i vi t i es f or t r anspor t at i on
Sec15 Tr anspor t
Sec10 Machi ner ymanuf act ur i ng
Sec11Tr anspor t at i on
equi pmentmanuf act ur i ng
Sec12 Ot hermanuf act ur i ng
Sect or cl assi f i cat i onassumed i n t hi s st udy
Sect or cl assi f i cat i onassumed i n t hi s st udy
Sec01 Agr i cul t ur e
Sec16 Ser vi ce
Sec04 Paper and pul pmanuf act ur i ng
Sec07 Chemi calmanf act ur i ng
Regi ons assumedi n t hi s st udy WI OT r egi ons Regi ons assumed
i n t hi s st udy WI OT r egi ons
US Russi a RUSAUT HUN Chi na CHNBEL I RL I ndi a I NDBGR I TA BRACYP LTU I DNCZE LUX KORDEU LVA MEXDNK MLT TURESP NLD TWNEST POL ROWFI N PRTFRA ROUGBR SVKGRC SVNHRV SWE
J apanDevel oped
r egi ons
AUSCANCHENOR
USA
EU28Rest of t he
wor l d
JPN
Data assumption for estimating consumption-based CO2emissions(3) 46
<Correspondence table for regions>
In WIOT, reset countries (around 150 countries) are aggregated as “rest of the world (ROW)”
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissions
Consumption-based CO2 emissions
Differences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based])[Right axis]
+193%
+187%
China and India:Production/Consumption-based CO2emission(2000-2014) 47
Note: Production-based CO2 emission:IEA emission database (2017); consumption based CO2 estimation is based on Peters et al.(2009) using WIOD 2016.
China
India
China: The gap between consumption-based and production-based emission became larger until 2007(the CO2 emission embodied in exports increased).After 2010, the gap became smaller/ flat.
India: The gap between consumption-based and production-based emission declined before 2010. However, after 2011, the gap increased.
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Diffe
renc
es o
f CO
2em
issio
ns (M
tCO
2)
CO2
emiss
ions
(MtC
O2)
Production-based CO2 emissions
Consumption-based CO2 emissions
Differences (=[Consumption-based] - [Production-based]) [Right axis]
+127%+123%
-30%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Di
ffere
nces
of C
O2
emiss
ions
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
-11.7pp
-1.9pp
-8%-7%-6%-5%-4%-3%-2%-1%0%1%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014Di
ffere
nces
of C
O2
emiss
ions
[Con
sum
ptio
n-ba
sed]-
[Pro
duct
ion-
base
d](%
, rel
ativ
e to
pro
duct
ion-
base
d)
-1.4pp
pp: percentage point
Appendix3:Trends in exports of Chinese machinery / transport machinery (2000-2014) 48
Note:Estimated with WIOT
Export to U.S.
Export to EU
Export to Japan
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Expo
rt (B
illio
n$) Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers andsemi-trailers
Manufacture of machinery and equipmentn.e.c.
Manufacture of electrical equipment
Manufacture of computer, electronic andoptical products
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20020
00
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Expo
rt (B
illio
n$)
Manufacture of other transport equipment
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers andsemi-trailers
Manufacture of machinery and equipmentn.e.c.
Manufacture of electrical equipment
Manufacture of computer, electronic andoptical products
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Expo
rt (B
illio
n$)
Manufacture of other transportequipment
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailersand semi-trailers
Manufacture of machinery and equipmentn.e.c.
Manufacture of electrical equipment
Manufacture of computer, electronic andoptical products
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