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Data BookletSC
IENC
E
Table of Contents
1
2
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3
3
4
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6
8
9
9
10
12
12
Miscellaneous Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas Gravitational and Electrical Fields Electricity Waves Electrochemistry Thermodynamics Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions Nuclear Chemistry Organic Chemistry Solutions Acids and Bases Genetics Scoring Guides
2
Miscellaneous
Data and Formulas solar constant = 1353 watts/m2
% efficiency = outputinput × 100
% error = valueltheoretica
valueltheoreticavaluealexperiment − × 100
magnification = power ofocular lens ×
power ofobjective lens
speed of light = c = 3.00 × 108 m/s
1 light year = 9.47 × 1015 m
1 AU = astronomical unit
1 AU = 1.50 × 1011 m
slope = riserun =
x
y
∆∆
= 12
12
xx
yy
−−
Some Non-SI Units Used with SI
Quantity Unit Name Symbol Definition
Time minute hour day year
min h d a
1 min = 60 s 1 h = 3 600 s 1 d = 86 400 s 1 a = 31 557 600 s
Area hectare ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10 000 m2
Volume litre L 1 L = 1000 cm3 Mass metric ton
or tonne t 1 t = 1 000 kg
= 1 Mg Pressure standard
atmosphere atm 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
A System of Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Factor by Which Base Unit is Multiplied
exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 tera T 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 giga G 1 000 000 000 = 109
*mega M 1 000 000 = 106 *kilo k 1000 = 103 hecto h 100 = 102 deca da 10 = 101 deci d 0.1 = 10–1 centi c 0.01 = 10–2
*milli m 0.001 = 10–3 *micro µ 0.000 001 = 10–6 nano n 0.000 000 001 = 10–9 pico p 0.000 000 000 001 = 10–12 femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10–15 atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10–18
*most commonly used
3
Kinematics and Dynamics Formulas
t
dv =
t
vva if −
=
amF =net
W = Fd
P = Wt
Fc = mv2
r
2i 2
1tatvd +=
tvv
d
+
=2
fi
vmp =
amt
p =∆∆
′+′=+ 22112211 vmvmvmvm
Ep = mgh
Ek = 12 mv2
v = velocity (m/s)
v = speed (m/s)
d = displacement (m)
d = distance (m)
t = time elapsed (s)
a = acceleration (m/s2)
F = force (kg•m/s2 or N)
m = mass (kg)
W = work (N•m or J)
P = power (J/s or W)
Fc = magnitude of centripetal force (N)
r = radius (m)
p = momentum (kg•m/s)
Ep = gravitational potential energy (J)
g = magnitude of acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
h = height (m)
Ek = kinetic energy (J)
Gravitational and Electrical Fields
Fg = Gm1m2
r2
gmF =g
g = Gm1
r2
Fe = kq1q2
r2
qF
E e=
d
V
r
kqE ==
21
Fg = magnitude of force due to gravity (N)
m = mass (kg)
G = gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10–11 N•m2/kg2
r = centre-to-centre distance (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 or 9.81 N/kg
Fe = magnitude of force between two electrostatic charges (N)
k = Coulomb’s law constant = 8.99 × 109 N•m2/C2
q = electrostatic charge in coulombs (C)
E = electric field strength (N/C) or (V/m)
Related values:
Mass of Earth = 5.97 × 1024 kg Radius of Earth = 6.37 × 106 m
Mass of Sun = 1.99 × 1030 kg Elementary charge = 1.60 × 10–19 C (charge of a proton or electron)
4
Electricity Formulas For resistances connected in series RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... Rn
For resistances connected in parallel 1
RT =
1R1
+ 1R2
+ 1R3
+ ... 1Rn
P = IV = I2R = V2
R
V = IR
E = Pt Transformers
Np
Ns =
Vp
Vs =
Is
Ip
R = resistance in ohms (Ω)
P = power (watts)
I = current in amperes (A)
V = voltage in volts (V)
E = energy (J)
t = time in seconds (s)
N = number of turns
p = primary
s = secondary
Output Voltage × Primary Turns = Input Voltage × Secondary Turns Output Current × Secondary Turns = Input Current × Primary Turns
Related values: 1 kW•h = 3.60 × 106 J
Waves Wave Formula v = ƒλ v = speed of wave (m/s) ƒ = frequency (/s or Hz) λ = wavelength (m) Electromagnetic Spectrum
103 105 107 109 1011 1013 1015 1017 1019 1021 1023
104 102 1 10−2 10−4 10−6 10−8 10−10 10−12 10−14
Longwave (Radio) Shortwave
Wavelength (metres)
Frequency (Hertz)
X-Rays
Gamma rays
TV
Micro-wave
400 nm700 nm
O
Vis
(Visible light)
Y G B I VR
UVIR
Note: Speed of EMR = 3.00 × 108 m/s
5
Electrochemistry Activity Series (for 1.0 mol/L solution at 25°C)
Reduction Half-Reaction
Met
al i
ons
get
mor
e st
able
Au3+(aq)
Ag+(aq)
Hg2+(aq)
Cu2+(aq)
2H+(aq)
Pb2+(aq)
Sn2+(aq)
Ni2+(aq)
Cd2+(aq)
Fe2+(aq)
Cr2+(aq)
Zn2+(aq)
Al3+(aq)
Mg2+(aq)
Na+(aq)
Ca2+(aq)
Li+(aq)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
3e–
2e–
e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
3e–
2e–
e–
2e–
e–
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
Au(s) Ag(s) Hg(l) Cu(s) H2(g) Pb(s)
Sn(s) Ni(s) Cd(s) Fe(s) Cr(s) Zn(s) Al(s) Mg(s) Na(s) Ca(s) Li(s)
Metal atom
s get more stable
Thermodynamics Heat Capacities of Some Common Compounds
Compound Specific Heat Capacity (J/g°C) or kJ/kg°C Water (liquid) 4.19 Methanol 2.55 Ethanol 2.46 Hexane 2.26 Water (solid) 2.01 Water (gas) 2.01 Toluene 1.80 Sulphuric acid 1.13
Heats of Fusion of Various Substances
Substances Heat of Fusion (J/g) or kJ/kg Water 333 Sulphuric acid 163 Hexane 152 Ethanol 109 Methanol 100 Toluene 72
Heats Of Vaporization Of Various Substances
Substances Heat of Vaporization (J/g) or kJ/kg Water 2260 Methanol 1076 Ethanol 855 Sulphuric acid 510 Toluene 363 Hexane 335
Pa5+
protactinium (V)
Pa4+
protactinium (IV)
Ion charge
Stock name (IUPAC)
Symbol of ion
Am3+
americium (III) Am4+
americium (IV)
Eu3+
europium (III) Eu2+
europium (II)
Pt4+
platinum (IV) Pt2+
platinum (II)
Pd2+
palladium (II) Pd4+
palladium (IV)
Ni2+
nickel (II) Ni3+
nickel (III)
28
nickel58.71
Ni
46
palladium106.40
Pd
78
platinum195.09
Pt
64
gadolinium157.25
Gd
96 curium(247.07)
Cm
Cm3+
curium
Gd3+
gadolinium
Au3+
gold (III) Au+
gold (I)
Ag+
silver
Cu2+
copper (II) Cu+
copper (I)
29
copper63.55
Cu
47
silver107.87
Ag
79
gold196.97
Au
65
terbium158.93
Tb
97 berkelium(247.07)
Bk
Bk3+
berkelium (III) Bk4+
berkelium (IV)
Tb3+
terbium
Hg2+
mercury (II) Hg+
mercury (I)
Cd2+
cadmium
Zn2+
zinc
30
zinc65.38
Zn
48
cadmium112.41
Cd
80
mercury200.59
Hg
66
dysprosium162.50
Dy
98 californium(242.06)
Cf
Cf3+
californium
Dy3+
dysprosium
TI+ thallium (I) TI3+
thallium (III)
In3+
indium
Ga3+
gallium
Al3+
aluminium
5
boron10.81
B
13
aluminum26.98
Al
31
gallium69.72
Ga
49
indium114.82
In
81
thallium204.37
Tl
67
holmium164.93
Ho
99 einsteinium(252.08)
Es
Es3+
einsteinium
Ho3+
holmium
Pb2+
lead (II) Pb4+
lead (IV)
Sn4+
tin (IV) Sn2+
tin (II)
Ge4+
germanium
6
carbon12.01
C
14
silicon28.09
Si
32
germanium72.59
Ge
50
tin118.69
Sn
82
lead207.19
Pb
68
erbium167.26
Er
100 fermium(257.10)
Fm
Fm3+
fermium
Er3+
erbium
Bi3+
bismuth (III) Bi5+
bismuth (V)
Sb3+
antimony (III) Sb5+
antimony (V)
As3–
arsenide
P3–
phosphide
N3–
nitride
7
nitrogen14.01
N
15
phosphorus30.97
P
33
arsenic74.92
As
51
antimony121.75
Sb
83
bismuth208.98
Bi
69
thulium168.93
Tm
101 mendelevium(258.10)
Md
Md2+
mendelevium (II) Md3+
mendelevium (III)
Tm3+
thulium
Po2+
polonium (II) Po4+
polonium (IV)
Te2–
telluride
Se2–
selenide
S2–
sulphide
O2–
oxide
8
oxygen16.00
O
16
sulphur32.06
S
34
selenium78.96
Se
52
tellurium127.60
Te
84
polonium(208.98)
Po
70
ytterbium173.04
Yb
102 nobelium(259.10)
No
No2+
nobelium (II) No3+
nobelium (III)
Yb3+
ytterbium (III) Yb2+
ytterbium (II)
At– astatide
I–
iodide
Br–
bromide
Cl– chloride
F–
fluoride
H–
hydride
9
fluorine19.00
F
17
chlorine35.45
Cl
35
bromine79.90
Br
53
iodine126.90
I
85
astatine(209.98)
At
71
lutetium174.97
Lu
103 lawrencium(260.11)
Lr
Lr3+
lawrencium
Lu2+
lutetium
2 helium4.00
He1 hydrogen1.01
H
10
neon20.17
Ne
18 argon39.95
Ar
36 krypton83.80
Kr
Xe
86 radon(222)
Rn
Cs+
cesium
Rb+
rubidium
K+
potassium
Na+
sodium
Li+ lithium
H+
hydrogen
1
hydrogen1.01
H
3
lithium6.94
Li
11
sodium22.99
Na
19
potassium39.10
K
37
rubidium85.47
Rb
55
cesium132.91
Cs
87
francium(223.02)
Fr
Ba2+
barium
Sr2+
strontium
Ca2+
calcium
Mg2+
magnesium
Be2+
beryllium
Y3+
yttrium
Sc3+
scandium
57
lanthanum138.91
La
89
actinium(277.03)
Ac
Ac3+
actinium
La3+
lanthanum
Hf4+
hafnium
Zr4+
zirconium
Ti4+
titanium (IV) Ti3+
titanium (III)
22
titanium47.90
Ti
40
zirconium91.22
Zr
72
hafnium178.49
Hf
104 unnilquadium(266.11)
Unq
58
cerium140.12
Ce
90
thorium(232.04)
Th
Th4+
thorium
Ce3+
cerium
Ta5+
tantalum
Nb5+
niobium (V) Nb3+
niobium (III)
V5+
vanadium (V) V4+
vanadium (IV)
23
vanadium50.94
V
41
niobium92.91
Nb
73
tantalum180.95
Ta
105 unnilpentium(262.11)
Unp
59
praseodymium140.91
Pr
91
protactinium(231.04)
Pa
Pa5+
protactinium (V) Pa4+
protactinium (IV)
Pr3+
praseodymium
W6+
tungsten
Mo6+
molybdenum
Cr3+
chromium (III) Cr2+
chromium (II)
24
chromium52.00
Cr
42
molybdenum95.94
Mo
74
tungsten183.85
W
106 unnilhexium(263.12)
Unh
60
neodymium144.24
Nd
92
uranium238.03
U
U6+
uranium (VI) U4+
uranium (IV)
Nd3+
neodymium
Re7+
rhenium
Tc7+
technetium
Mn2+
manganese (II) Mn4+
manganese (IV)
25
manganese54.94
Mn
43
technetium(98.91)
Tc
75
rhenium186.21
Re
107 unnilseptium(262.12)
Uns
61 promethium(144.91)
Pm
93
neptunium(237.05)
Np
Np5+
neptunium
Pm3+
promethium
Os4+
osmium
Ru3+
ruthenium (III) Ru4+
ruthenium (IV)
Fe3+
iron (III) Fe2+
iron (II)
26
iron55.85
Fe
44
ruthenium101.07
Ru
76
osmium190.20
Os
108 unniloctium(265)
Uno
62
samarium150.35
Sm
94
plutonium(244.06)
Pu
Pu4+
plutonium (IV) Pu6+
plutonium (VI)
Sm3+
samarium (III) Sm2+
samarium (II)
Ir4+
iridium
Rh3+
rhodium
Co2+
cobalt (II) Co3+
cobalt (III)
27
cobalt58.93
Co
45
rhodium102.91
Rh
77
iridium192.22
Ir
109 unnilennium(266)
Une
63 europium151.96
Eu
95
americium(243.06)
Am
Fr+
francium
Ra2+
radium
18
VIIIA or O
17
VIIA
16
VIA
15
VA
14
IVA
13
IIIA
12
IIB
11
IB
7
VIIB
6
VIB
5
VB
4
IVB
3
IIIB
2
IIA
1
IA
109
VIIIB
8
Periodic Chart of the Elements and Ions
Table of Polyatomic Ions and Elementsacetate
ammonium
benzoate
borate
carbonate
hydrogen carbonate
chlorate
hypochlorite
chromate
dichromate
cyanide
hydroxide
nitrate
nitrite
permanganate
phosphate
hydrogen phosphate
dihydrogen phosphate
silicate
sulphate
CH3COO–
NH4+
C6H5COO–
BO33–
CO32–
HCO3–
CIO3–
CIO–
CrO42–
Cr2O72–
CN–
OH–
NO3–
NO2–
MnO4–
PO43–
HPO42–
H2PO4–
SiO32–
SO42–
sulphite
hydrogen sulphide
hydrogen sulphate
hydrogen sulphite
SO32–
HS –
HSO4–
HSO3–
astatine
bromine
chlorine
fluorine
hydrogen
At2
Br2
Cl2
F2
H2
iodine
nitrogen
oxygen
phosphorus
sulphur
I2
N2
O2
P4
S8
Note: The legend at the right denotes the physical state of the elements at 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25ºC)
LiquidSolid
Legend for the elements
91
protactinium231.04
Pa Symbol of the elementAtomic number
Name of the elementAtomic mass
Key
Based on 126 C
Most stable or common ion is listed above dotted line( ) Indicates mass of the most stable isotope
4
beryllium9.01
Be
12
magnesium24.31
Mg
20
calcium40.08
Ca
38
strontium87.62
Sr
56
barium137.33
Ba
88
radium(226.03)
Ra
21
scandium44.96
Sc
39
yttrium88.91
Y
57-71
89-103
Seldom forms ionsGas
C carbon
B boron
Si silicon
54 xenon131.30
Ar argon
He helium
Xe xenon
Rn radon
Ne neon
Kr krypton
6 7
ElementsPolyatomic ions
8
Standard Heats of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C)
Name Formula H°f(kJ/mol)
ammonia benzene butane calcium carbonate
NH3(g) C6H6(l) C4H10(g) CaCO3(s)
– 46.1 +49.0
–126.5 –1206.9
calcium hydroxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Ca(OH)2(s) CO2(g) CO(g)
–986.1 –393.5 –110.5
ethane ethanoic acid (acetic acid) ethanol ethene (ethylene) ethyne (acetylene)
C2H6(g) CH3COOH(l) C2H5OH(l) C2H4(g) C2H2(g)
–84.7 – 484.5 –277.1 +52.3
+226.7
glucose hydrogen sulphide
C6H12O6(s) H2S(g)
–1273.1 –20.6
methanal (formaldehyde) methane
CH2O(g) CH4(g)
–115.9 –74.8
methanol octane
CH3OH(l) C8H18(l)
–239.0 –250.0
pentane propane sucrose
C5H12(l) C3H8(g) C12H22O11(s)
–146.4 –103.8 –2225.5
sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide (vapor) water (liquid) water (vapor)
SO2(g) SO3(g) H2O(l) H2O(g)
–296.8 –395.7 –285.8 –241.8
Note: ∆Hof for elements is zero
Energy Formulas
Q = mc∆t
∆Hfus = Qm
∆Hvap = Qm
∆H = ∑H°f (products) – ∑H°
f (reactants)
∆E = ∆mc2 (c = 3.00 × 108 m/s)
Q = quantity of heat energy (kJ)
m = mass (kg)
c = specific heat capacity (kJ/kg°C)
∆t = change in temperature (°C)
∆Hfus = heat of fusion (kJ/kg)
∆Hvap = heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)
∆H = change in heat (kJ)
°fH = standard heat of formation (kJ/mol)
∑ = the sum of
∆E = change in energy (J)
9
Nuclear Chemistry
Masses of Selected Nuclides and Subatomic Particles
Nuclide or Particle Mass (10–3 kg/mol)
Nuclide or Particle Mass (10–3 kg/mol)
electron 01− e 0.000 549 sulphur–31 31
16 S 30.970 77
positron 01+ e 0.000 549 potassium– 4 0 40
19 K 39.953 57
proton 11 H 1.007 28 rubidium–90 90
37 Rb 89.894 27
neutron 10 n 1.008 67 krypton–92 92
36 Kr 91.906 01
deuterium 21 H 2.013 55 strontium–95 95
38 Sr 94.898 47
helium–3 32 He 3.014 93 ruthenium–107 107
44 Ru 106.885 98
tritium 31 H 3.015 50 barium–141 141
56 Ba 140.883 40
alpha particle (helium nucleus)
42 He 4.001 50 cesium–144 144
55 Cs 143.901 18
beryllium–7 74 Be 7.014 70 lanthanum–146 146
57 La 145.894 14
beryllium–8 84 Be 8.003 11 lead–206 206
82 Pb 205.929 5
boron–8 85 B 8.021 86 lead–208 208
82 Pb 207.931 6
nitrogen–13 137 N 13.001 90 polonium–210 210
84 Po 209.936 8
nitrogen–14 147 N 13.999 231 polonium–218 218
84 Po 217.962 8
carbon–14 146 C 13.999 95 radon–222 222
86 Rn 221.970 3
oxygen–15 158 O 14.998 67 radium–226 226
88 Ra 225.977 1
fluorine–17 179 F 16.997 15 thorium–230 230
90 Th 229.983 7
neon–20 2010 Ne 19.986 95 uranium–235 235
92 U 234.993 4
phosphorus–31 3115 P 30.965 53 plutonium–239 239
94 Pu 239.000 6
Elements For Radioactive Dating
Radioisotope Approximate Half-life (a) Decay Product
146 C (carbon–14) 5.73 × 103 14
7 N (nitrogen–14)
4019 K (potassium–40) 1.28 × 109 40
18 Ar (argon–40)
8737 Rb (rubidium–87) 4.86 × 1010 87
38 Sr (strontium–87)
23592 U (uranium–235) 7.13 × 108 207
82 Pb (lead–207)
23892 U (uranium–238) 4.51 × 109 206
82 Pb (lead–206)
10
Organic Chemistry Homologous Series of Alkanes (state at room temperature and pressure)
Name Chemical Formula methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane
CH4(g) C2H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C5H12(l) C6H14(l) C7H16(l) C8H18(l) C9H20(l) C10H22(l)
Prefixes for Molecular Compounds 1 = mono- 6 = hexa- 2 = di- 7 = hepta- 3 = tri- 8 = octa- 4 = tetra- 9 = ennea- (nona-) 5 = penta- 10 = deca-
Functional Groups
alcohol
aldehyde
carboxylic acid
ketone
ester
halide
polymers
R— O – H
R— C O
H
R— C O
O – H
R— C
O
– R′
R— C O
O – R′
R — Q
- - - ( x – y )n- - -
R is usually a carbon groupQ stands for a halogenx-y is a monomer unit
=–
=–
=–
=
Organic Functional Groups
Solutions Solubility of Some Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 298.15 K (25°C) Ion
Group 1 NH4
+
H+(H3O+)
ClO3–
NO3–
ClO4–
CH3COO–
Cl– Br–
I–
SO4
2–
S2–
OH–
PO43–
SO32–
CO32–
Solubility greater than or equal to 0.1 mol/L (very soluble)
all all most most most Group 1 Group 2
NH4+
Group 1
NH4+
Sr2+
Ba2+
Tl+
Group 1
NH4+
Solubility less than 0.1 mol/L (slightly soluble)
none none Ag+
Ag+
Pb2+
Hg+
Cu+
Tl+
Ca2+
Sr2+
Ba2+
Ra2+
Pb2+
Ag+
most most most
11
Stoichiometry and Solution Formulas
n = mM
C = nV
C1V1 = C2V2
nr = ng × coefficientrcoefficientg
C = concentration (mol/L)
m = mass (g)
M = molar mass (g/mol)
n = number of moles (mol)
V = volume (L)
r = required substance
g = given substance
Ways of Expressing Concentration
Moles per Litre (mol/L)
Parts per Million (ppm)
Percent Mass/Volume (% m/V)
Percent by Volume (% V/V)
solutionL
solutemol 610
solutiong
soluteg×
solutionmL
soluteg × 100
solutionmL
solutemL× 100
Colour Chart of Common Aqueous Ions
Ion Symbol Colour
chromate chromium(III) chromium(II) cobalt(II) copper(I) copper(II) dichromate iron(II) iron(III) manganese(II) permanganate
CrO42–
Cr3+ Cr2+ Co2+ Cu+ Cu2+ Cr2O7
2– Fe2+ Fe3+ Mn2+ MnO4
–
yellow green blue pink green blue orange pale green pale yellow pale pink purple
Acids and Bases Acid Formulas pH = –log10[H3O+
(aq)] [H3O+(aq)] = antilog10[–pH]
IUPAC Rules for Naming Acids
Example Ionic Name Acid Name Formula Ionic Name Acid Name
hydrogen --ide hydro--ic acid HCl(aq) hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
hydrogen --ate --ic acid H3PO4(aq) hydrogen phosphate phosphoric acid
hydrogen --ite --ous acid H3PO3(aq) hydrogen phosphite phosphorous acid
12
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases at 0.10 mol/L and 298.15 K (25°C) Acid Name Acid Formula Conjugate Base Formula
hydrochloric acid
sulphuric acid
nitric acid
HCl(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
HNO3(aq)
Cl–(aq)
HSO4–
(aq)
NO3–
(aq)
hydronium ion H3O+(aq) H2O(l)
oxalic acid
sulphurous acid (SO2 + H2O)
hydrogen sulphate ion
phosphoric acid
orange IV
nitrous acid
hydrofluoric acid
methanoic acid
methyl orange
benzoic acid
ethanoic (acetic) acid
carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O)
bromothymol blue
hydrosulphuric acid
phenolphthalein
boric acid
ammonium ion
hydrogen carbonate ion
indigo carmine
HOOCCOOH(aq)
H2SO3(aq)
HSO4–
(aq)
H3PO4(aq)
HOr(aq)
HNO2(aq)
HF(aq)
HCOOH(aq)
HMo(aq)
C6H5COOH(aq)
CH3COOH(aq)
H2CO3(aq)
HBb(aq)
H2S(aq)
HPh(aq)
H3BO3(aq)
NH4+
(aq)
HCO3–
(aq)
HIc(aq)
HOOCCOO–(aq)
HSO3–
(aq)
SO42–
(aq)
H2PO4–
(aq)
Or–(aq)
NO2–
(aq)
F–(aq)
HCOO–(aq)
Mo–(aq)
C6H5COO–(aq)
CH3COO–(aq)
HCO3–
(aq)
Bb–(aq)
HS–(aq)
Ph–(aq)
H2BO3–
(aq)
NH3(aq)
CO32–
(aq)
Ic–(aq)
water (55.5 mol/L) H2O(l) OH–(aq)
Acid-Base Indicators at 298.15 K (25°C)
Indicator
Abbreviation
pH Range
Colour Change As pH Increases
methyl violet thymol blue thymol blue orange IV methyl orange bromocresol green litmus methyl red chlorophenol red bromothymol blue phenol red phenolphthalein thymolphthalein alizarin yellow R indigo carmine 1,3,5–trinitrobenzene
HMv H2Tb HTb– HOr HMo HBg HLt HMr HCh HBb HPr HPh HTh HAy HIc HNb
0.0 – 1.6 1.2 – 2.8 8.0 – 9.6 1.4 – 2.8 3.2 – 4.4 3.8 – 5.4 4.5 – 8.3 4.8 – 6.0 5.2 – 6.8 6.0 – 7.6 6.6 – 8.0 8.2 – 10.0 9.4 – 10.6 10.1 – 12.0 11.4 – 13.0 12.0 – 14.0
yellow to blue red to yellow yellow to blue red to yellow red to yellow yellow to blue red to blue red to yellow yellow to red yellow to blue yellow to red colorless to pink colorless to blue yellow to red blue to yellow colorless to orange
13
Genetics
Scoring Guides
Scoring Guide for Knowledge
Score Scoring Descriptions
4
Standard of
Excellence
The response is well organized and addresses all the major points of the question. Relevant scientific, technological, and/or societal concepts and examples are identified and interrelationships are explicit. The descriptions and/or explanations of these concepts are correct, well organized, and reflect thorough understanding and logical consistency of thought. The student uses complete sentences that make effective use of scientific vocabulary. When appropriate, suitable metaphors, similes, diagrams, and/or sketches are used to illustrate descriptions and/or explanations.
3
The response is organized and addresses most of the major points of the question. Relevant scientific, technological, and/or societal concepts and examples are identified and interrelationships are evident. The descriptions and/or explanations of these concepts are organized and reflect correct understanding. The student uses complete sentences that employ correct scientific vocabulary. When appropriate, suitable diagrams or sketches are used.
2
Acceptable Standard
The response addresses most major points. Relevant scientific, technological, and/or societal concepts and examples are identified, and interrelationships are shown. The descriptions and/or explanations of concepts may be disorganized but demonstrate correct understanding. The student uses complete sentences but is inconsistent in the use of appropriate scientific vocabulary, diagrams and sketches.
1
The response addresses few major points. Concepts are identified, but interrelationships are not evident. The student superficially describes concepts in sentences but organizational skills, scientific vocabulary, diagrams and sketches are minimal.
0 The response does not address any of the major points of the question at an appropriate level for a 30-level course.
Pedigree Chart Abbreviations for Nitrogen Bases Nitrogen Base Abbreviation
Adenine A
Cytosine C
Guanine G
Thymine T
Uracil U
Male
I
II
1 2 3
Female
Mating
Affectedindividuals
Offspring listed in birthorder. Roman numeralssymbolize generations.Arabic numberssymbolize birth orderwithin generation.
14
Scoring Guide for Skills
Score Scoring Descriptions 4
Standard of
Excellence
The problem is thoroughly understood. An appropriate and practical design is presented. The data are accurately and completely analyzed. Accurate interpretations and conclusions are made, based on an analysis of the data. The evaluation of the overall study is based on a thorough understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
3
The problem is well understood. An appropriate and somewhat practical design is presented. The data are completely analyzed. Interpretations and conclusions are made, based on an analysis of the data. The evaluation of the overall study is based on a correct understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
2
Acceptable Standard
The problem is understood. The design is generally appropriate, or a practical procedure with some omissions or errors is presented. The data are partially analyzed. Interpretations and conclusions are generally based on an analysis of the data. The evaluation of the overall study is based on a generally correct understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
1
The problem is poorly understood. The design is incomplete, or an impractical procedure with major omissions or errors is presented. The data are incorrectly analyzed. Interpretations and conclusions are incorrect or are not based on an analysis of the data. The evaluation of the overall study is based on a superficial understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
0 The response does not address any of the major points of the question at an appropriate level for a 30-level course.
Scoring Guide for STS
Score Scoring Descriptions 4
Standard of
Excellence
The design and function of the technological device are clearly explained. The interrelationships among science, technology, and society are thoroughly understood. Risks and benefits are thoroughly evaluated. Insightful and convincing arguments are used to support a decision or judgement, and a range of viewpoints is considered.
3
The design and function of the technological device are explained. The interrelationships among science, technology, and society are understood. Risks and benefits are evaluated. Clear and logical arguments are used to support a decision or judgement, and alternative points of view are considered.
2
Acceptable Standard
The design and function of the technological device are described. The interrelationships among science, technology, and society are generally understood. Risks and benefits are listed. Logical arguments are used to support a decision or judgement, and polar points of view are considered.
1
The design and function of the technological device are incorrectly described. The interrelationships among science, technology, and society are poorly understood. Few risks and benefits are listed. Poorly formed arguments are used to support a decision or judgement, and only one point of view is considered.
0 The response does not address any of the major points of the question at an appropriate level for a 30-level course.
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