dark radiation in cosmology

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Dark radiation in cosmology. 张益 重庆邮电大学 2011.4.3. Dark Energy! Dark Matter! What is dark radiation ? Observations! Theory!. 宇宙中的组分. 不同组分的演化规律. Friedmann Equation. Radiation. Matter. Cosmological constant. Curvature term. 集中讨论两个加速膨胀阶段. Radiation. 通常 : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dark radiation in cosmology

张益重庆邮电大学

2011.4.3

• Dark Energy! • Dark Matter!

• What is dark radiation ? Observations! Theory!

宇宙中的组分

不同组分的演化规律

Friedmann Equation

Radiation

Matter

Cosmological constant

Curvature term

集中讨论两个加速膨胀阶段

Radiation

通常 : 辐射是指静止质量为零的粒子组成的气体

在温度为 T 的早期宇宙中: 当温度 T 显著超过粒子静质量 m ,这种粒子会作

为辐射的组分存在; 辐射气体是一切满足 m<T 的粒子组成的混合气

体。

辐射物质

光子,正反中微子,正反电子,质子和中子

BBN ( Big Bang Nucleosynthesis )

温度降到 0.1MeV :

热碰撞(1MeV)

Next

电子俘获

碰撞

温度降到0.01MeV, 热核反应结束

The radiation dominating universe

辐射项对 BBN 的影响辐射项对 BBN 的影响

有效中微子数目大

宇宙的膨胀率大

弱退耦发生的时间得更早

冻结下来的中子数密度更多

氦的产额更大

CMBR (微波背景辐射) CMBR 各向异性可分为: 宇宙早期产生的初级各向异性 从光子退耦到现在产生的二级各向异性

ISW 效应( Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect )

• 宇宙不是完全均匀的,所以到处存在着引力势阱。当微波背景辐射的光子掉进引力势阱的时候就会获得能量,爬出这个势阱的时候就会损失能量。

• 该效应是光子路径上所有引力势变化的累加效应,称为积分 Sachs-Wolfe 效应 .

1, 对于一个固定的能量密度

辐射能量密度增加物质 - 辐射相等的时刻延迟

ISW 效应加强

2, 没有和光子 - 重子流体耦合的相对论性粒子,可以比声速更快地逃出势阱。

Motivation from Observations

• WMAP shows:• BBN Observations limit ( 68% CL) (astro-

ph:0408033 )

• CMBR ( 68% CL) ( arxiv:1001.4538 , 1009.0866

ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: ACT measures fluctuations at scale 500<l<3000

Possibilities! ( astro-ph:0612150,1103.4132 )

• Motivated by the LSND(Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector) oscillation claim , assume a (light) massive sterile neutrino (1006.5276);

• The neutrinos acquire a mass from a broken lepton flavor symmetry(astroph:0312267,1009.4666,1011.0911);

• Allow for a violation of the spin-statistics theorem;• A Brans-Dicke field with non trivial potential which could mimic the effect

of adding extra radiation between the BBN and CMB epochs ( astro-ph:0510359 ) ;

• An extra interaction between the dark energy and radiation (or dark matter);

• A quintessence with a tracking potential behavior;• Decaying matter(1011.3501);• Nonstandard thermal history; • ……

Theories

• Brane Cosmology• Hovara-Lifshitz cosmology• Electroweak phase transition• EDE ( Early Dark Energy )• ………..

Brane Cosmology ( astro-ph:0211285 )

Dark radiation term arises from the projection of Weyl curvature of the bulk black hole on the brane and behaves like an additional collisionless and isotropic massless component.

• 其中 BBN 的限制是

• CMB 的限制:把 CMB 的峰移到高 l 处 对于

Electroweak phase transition(0902.4699)

Triple coincidence problem

• Coincidence problem: why the cosmological constant and the matter have comparable energy density today even through their time evolution is so different

• Triple coincidence problem: why the radiation energy density today is only three orders of magnitude smaller than the dark-matter and dark-energy ones, although it also scales very differently

Scalar field dark energy

Interaction 1

Interaction 2

Phase-space analysis

Quintessence

Phantom

Conclusion

• “Triple coincidence problem”still need fine-tunning 。

• This model can recover the history of our universe.

The Future

• Data : Planck, BAO, new result on primordial nuclei abundance?

• Models: based on string theory, particle physics or others?

THANKS ALL !

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