current issues and trends in seed industry, bioasia 2010
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FEB. 4th,2010
DR ARVIND KAPURCEOVEGETABLE SEED DIVISIONRASI SEEDS (P) LTD
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SEED INDUSTRY-TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS
AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE WILL
CONTINUOUSELY IMPACTED BY
HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITHOUT
WAITING FOR THE COPENHAGEN
DEBATE TO BE CONCLUSIVE
FACTS OF AGRICULTURE
FOOD PRODUCTION TARGETS AND ISSUES
BY 2020 India needs more than 320 mn Ton of food
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
• Land and water resources are shrinking
• Productivity is still low in many crops
• Productive agricultural land is still under less productive seed
• Heavy dependence on Monsoon and optimum weather conditions
• Comprehensive agricultural policies are inadequate
• Combined effort of public and private sector in agriculture is still lacking
THE WORLD SEED MARKET (billions $)
Total Seed
Field SeedsVegetable
Flower
CommercialSeeds
15
15
15
33%
33%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
5050 Billion
Including Farmers Saved SeedTotal SeedField SeedsVegetableFlower
Commercial seed market6.8 b$ Vegetable Seed27.2 b $ Cereal Seed(20.3 non GM+6.9 GM)
20% vegetable seed
80% Field & other seed
34 Billion
Indian Seed IndustryIndian Seed Industry
Indian seed market is one of the largest seed market, dominated by open pollinated seeds
Hybridization gaining pace
There are around 200 private players & 14 Government organizations
Public sector is mainly handling high volume-low value seeds of cereals, pulses & oilseeds
INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY
•Total Seed Industry is worth about 7500-8000 crore
• Cereal industry is worth 6000 crore approximately
• About 1/3 rd is contributed by cotton worth 2000crores
• Rice OP and hybrids contribute about 1000crores
• Millet hybrids contribute 500 Crore
• corn contributes around 800 crore
• Vegetable seed industry is worth 1500 crore
The Seed Industry - a Time Line• 1740 - 1850: First companies specialising in horticultural crops
established
• 1850 - 1900: Modern Plant Breeding begins
• Public sector involvement in plant breeding and protection
of farmer & consumer interests
• New companies established for numerous crops
• First National Seed Associations established
• 1900-1970s: Transition and Modernization
• Growth of the seed sector, private and public
Sector
The Seed Industry –a Time Line1970s -First wave of consolidation
•Chemical & oil industry acquire seed companies
–1980s -Biotechnology in plant breeding
•DNA marker assisted selection, genetic engineering
–1990s -Second wave of consolidation•Birth of ‘life-science’ companies
–International Treaties and Conventions with impact on the seed industry (UPOV, CBD, CPB, IT-PGRFA)
The Seed Industry Today
1.Increasing global seed market
2.Growing use of hybrid seed with several technological components(e.g. seed coatings)
3.Growing international seed trade
4.Increasing number of regulations
5.Increasing number of multinational companies
Area in Million hectare
Seed Production in FY-2009CROPS Qty. in M.TMaize 80000Sunflower 8000Pearl Millet 20000Hybrid Rice 20000-25000Sorghum 12000cotton 32 mn packetReasearch varietiesOP of Rice
60,000
Global Seed Market Split
Cotton 3%
Canola 5%
Vegetables 18%
Corn 32%
Rice 10%
Other 6%
Potato 4% Sunflower 2%
Barley 2%
Sugar Beet 2%
Wheat 4%
Soybean 12%Tomato fresh indet. 11%
Cabbage 7%
Sweet pepper 7%
Lettuce 7%
Watermelon 5 %
Onion 5%
Seed Vegetable seed
Melon 5 %Chinese cabbage 5 %
Hot pepper 5%Carrot 4%
Tomato fresh set. 3%
Internal assessment
Eggplant1% (115 MT)
Okra10%(3000MT)
Onion10%(4000 MT) Chilli
1%(400 MT)
Tomato1%(250 MT)
Cauliflower1%(400 MT)
Cabbage0%(80 MT)
Muskmelon1%(220MT)
Watermelon0%(180MT)Cucumber
2%(1000MT)
Bittergourd1%(300MT)
Bottlegourd1%(500MT)Other gourds1%(624MT)
Beet0%(40MT)
Radish10%(4000MT)
Pumpkin0%(50MT)
Carrot2%(800MT)
Peas14%(5500MT)
Knolkhol0%(70MT)
Coriander20%(8000MT)
Capsicum0%(25MT)
Beans24%(9850MT)
Total Seed potential = 39855 MT (Approx.)
Okra1200 MT)
Eggplant(61 MT)
Tomato(70 MT)
Chilli(75 MT)
Capsicum(4 MT)
Cabbage(55 MT)
Cauliflower(20 MT)
Cucumber(11 MT)
Melons(10 MT)
Watermelon(80 MT)
Gourds(250 MT)
F1 Seed Availability = 2000 MT (Approx)
CRADLE
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED MUST BE CARRIED FROM
TO
GRAVE
Investments
Value Recovery
FOOD SAFETY MUST BE ENSURED FROM
FARM
TO
FORK
Without toxic compounds
Contributions of Plant Breeding
Yield
Contributions of Plant Breeding
Yield• Winter wheat yields: trebled over the past 60 years
• 2.5 tonnes/ha (mid-1940s) to 8 tonnes/ha today.
• NIAB study 2008: wheat, barley, oats
• 300 varieties (>3 yrs), 3600 trials, 53.000 data points
• 1947-1986: 50% of increase in yield attributed to plant breeding. • Rest to fertilizers, crop protection products, crop husbandry and machinery (Silvey, 1986)
• Since 1982: 90% of all yield increase due to introduction of new varieties (yield : 5t/ha =>8t/ha)
Contributions of Plant Breeding
Contributions of Plant Breeding
Biotic stress resistance
Plant Breeding has provided 10.000s of resistant varieties to:
•Fungi•Insects•Viruses•Bacteria•Nematodes•Water molds
Contributions of Plant Breeding
•Yield •Resistance to biotic stress•Tolerance to abiotic stress
•Earliness •Shelf-Life•Size •Taste•Quality •Labour cost• Firmness •Harvest ability •Plant type •Dwarfness
Annual global level of lost food production
$85 billion caused by pathogens
$46 billion caused by insects
UK: disease resistance alone saves 100 million GBP/yr in crop protection products
Gemini viruses in tomato•Tomato YellowLeafCurlVirus •1990s: Destroyed 95% of tomato harvest in Dom. Rep.
•In 1991/1992: 140 million USD damage in Florida. •Now resistant varieties
Contributions of Plant Breeding
Abiotic stress tolerance
Plant Breeders focus on tolerance for:
•Herbicides (95 billion USD / yr lost on weeds 380 million tonnes of wheat)
•Drought(90 million people affected/yr)
•Flood (106 million people affected/yr)
•Salt (900 million ha affected)
•Better nutrient uptake
124 million people / yr in 118 countries affected by Vit. A deficiency (1-2 million deaths)•Rice: staple crop for half of mankind•Rice varieties developed with higher levels of carotenoids=> ‘Golden rice’•Market release 2011?•70 IP rights from 32 companies relinquished
Contributions of Plant Breeding Nutritional quality
Contributions of Plant Breeding Responding to the challenges
•Food security& Hunger alleviation•Increase nutritional values•Reduction of pesticides / fossil fuels •Reduction GHG emissions•Land saving/ Decrease deforestation•Conserve biodiversity•Increase carbon sequestration
CROP IMPROVEMENT
EVOLUTION vs. REVOLUTION
Slow RandomStability ?Focus ?Environment
GERMPLASM BASE
VARIETAL BREEDING
PEDIGREE BREEDING
G x E INTERACTION
ACCESSION OF GENES
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
ACCELERATED INTROGRESSION
THROUGH MAB
Fast SpecificStableFocused
GENE HUNTING
Discovery research
Lab research (REFINEMENT)
Transformation Protocol Development
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
GENE CLONING
GENE FUNCTIONS
GENEMODIFICATI
ON
GENE CONSTRUCT
Regeneration protocol developmentof target plant species Transformation stabilization
Selection of best transformationfor fertilizationProduct development with
trait
THREE LEGGED STOOL MODELTHREE LEGGED STOOL MODEL
TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS
TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS
BIO
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
PRODUCTPRODUCT
GE
RM
PL
AS
M
GE
RM
PL
AS
M
GE
RM
PL
AS
M
BR
EE
DIN
G
BREEDING
PRODUCT
• Growth rate in area under HYVs and hybrids to remain the same till 2015
• No wheat hybrid with good acceptability and significant advantage will be developed before 2015
• Rice area under hybrid to grow at significant rate due to considerable yield advantage and small existing base
• Corn area to grow in line with increasing demand and area under single crosses will increase
• Crop area for grain sorghum reducing in line with reducing demand
• Area under millet & coarse cereals assumed to remain constant•• No further scope for Increased area under hybrids in sunflower
• Yield advantage due to Bt cotton is established. Hybridization to be driven by increasing demand for fiber quality and superiority of Bt Cotton
• Vegetable area increasing in line with significant increase in demand
• Productivity improvement due to increased SRR considered
Supply Projections for Major CropsBaseline Scenario: Assumptions
SEED PRODUCTION ISSUES
• Large area for seed production to achieve the SRR targets
• Seed production systems have to be improved
• Seed production contract should be legal to avoid cross purchases
• Seed production per unit area needs improvement
• CMS or other systems to be introduced in some crops like cotton and many vegetable crops
• Seed production areas should be ear marked as seed valleys
Contributions of Plant Breeding
Conclusion:
Enormous contribution so far
Tremendous potential
BEST STILL TO COME
THANKS
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