crime prevention through environmental design
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A Quick Review of
CPTED Strategies (Crime Prevention
Through Environmental
Design) By: Russell James, J.D., Ph.D., Asst. Professor, Dept. of Housing
& Consumer Economics, University of Georgia
The criminal’s SAT questions
Surveillance (Will I be seen?)
Access (Can I get in and out)?
Territoriality (Does anyone care what happens here?)
Surveillance (Will I be seen?)
Research
“burglarized houses had less visual access to immediately neighboring houses than did non-burglarized houses”
Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
“Convenience stores experienced mean annual robbery rate reductions after installation of CCTV systems (-23%); installation of video cameras with monitors (-54%)”
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
Office beverages available with payment on an “honor” system.Picture above payment instructions rotated weekly.Payments were higher when picture of eyes was posted.
M. Bateson, D. Nettle & G. Roberts (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters 2, 412–414.
A B
Two groups with two computer backgrounds. Each person receives $10. Computer question: Do you want to share any of it with another (anonymous) participant?
K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245–256
Shar-ing55%
Not Sharing45%
Normal Screen
Sharing88%
Not Sharing12%
Eyes Screen
K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245–256
Access (Can I get in and out)?
Research
“Burglarized houses had fewer fences and locked gates surrounding the yard than did non-burglarized houses.”
Brown, B., Altman, B. (1983). Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
Preventing access by adding chain link fencing and lighting to lower levels of this parking garage led to 50% drop in reported crime.
Tseng, C.-H. (Ohio State U.), Duane, J. (Ohio State U.), & Hadipriono, F. (Ohio State U.). 2004. Performance of Campus Parking Garages in Preventing Crime. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 18(1), 21-28.
Territoriality
(Does anyone care what happens here?)
Research
“burglarized houses had fewer symbolic barriers characteristic of primary territories (i.e., fewer markers depicting the identity of the territory owners)”
Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: an environmental analysis, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
In a study of 400 convenience store robberies, one significant difference between robbed and non-robbed stores was distance from nearest graffiti
S. A. Hendricks, D. P. Landsittel, H. E. Amandus, J. Malcan, & J. Bell. (1999) A matched case-control study of convenience store robbery risk factors. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41(11), 995-1004
“Does it pass the SAT?”
Surveillance
(Will I be seen?)
Access
(Can I get in and out)?
Territoriality
(Does anyone care what happens here?)
Visual Examples
Will I be seen?
Surveillance: FAIL
Can I get in and out?
Access: FAIL
Does anyone care what happens here?
Territoriality: FAIL
Does anyone care what happens here?
Territoriality: FAIL
Can I get in and out?
Access: FAIL
Does anyone care what happens here?
Territoriality: FAIL
Access: Can I get in and out?
If no one cares what happens here, is it less risky to try opening the door with a crowbar or bolt cutter?
Territoriality impacts Access
Access barriers alone can be
overcome
Surveillance + Access +
Territoriality (SAT) work together
ACCESS: Does the fence make it harder to get in and out?
SURVEILLANCE: Does the fence make it less likely I will be seen when attempting to break in
through a back door?
Surveillance + Access + Territoriality may impact each other.
Does anyone care what happens here?
The fence says “Maybe”. Everything else says “No”
Does anyone care what happens here?
TERRITORIALITY: High level maintenance. Defined borders.
Short decorative fencing can enhance territoriality inside the fence without disconnecting from the surrounding neighborhood
Short decorative fencing can enhance territoriality inside the fence without disconnecting from the surrounding neighborhood
Short fencing, even if solid,
creates no surveillance problems.
As fences get higher, the access barrier increases, but the risk of visually disconnecting
from the neighborhood also grows
Does anyone care what happens here INSIDE the fence?
Does anyone care what happens here OUTSIDE the fence?
High fences may diminish territoriality outside the fence
High solid fences
• Indicates lack of territoriality outside of walls
• Reduces natural surveillance
Can anyone see what happens outside the fence?
High solid fences
• Indicates lack of territoriality outside of walls
• Reduces natural surveillance
Does anyone care what happens outside the fence?
High solid fences
• Indicates lack of territoriality outside of walls
• Reduces natural surveillance
High solid fences may create spaces with little surveillance or territoriality
Some high fences control access, but fail the S.A.T. by (1) Blocking
surveillance(2) Sending a clear
message that the area is dangerous, crime is accepted, and no one cares what happens outside the wall
Making the chain link fence opaque blocks surveillance and permits graffiti showing a lack of external territoriality.
With proper design and maintenance,
high fences can limit access without
damaging surveillance or
territoriality
A high fence blocking access without damaging surveillance or territoriality
Spikes can add a visceral element of access reduction that is still decorative and residential
Of course, you can go too far with anything!
Window bars limit access, but may also send a negative territoriality message about
neighborhood safety.
Glass block can create security similar to window bars but without the stigma
Most burglary entries do not occur through the front door, often because of natural surveillance.
Open access to side or rear entry points where there is no natural surveillance make for more attractive burglary entrances.
Access barriers to side or rear entrance can reduce the risk
A very short barrier may provide insufficient access control
As barriers rise, access is reduced
Tall opaque barriers limit access, but may also eliminate natural surveillance
The line of sight for entry points is critical.
Am I visible to outsiders here?
Am I visible to outsiders here?
Am I visible to outsiders here?
Am I visible to outsiders here?
Consider the sight-lines in this aerial shot of a new group of duplexes
Rear Entrance / Windows
Front Entrance / Windows
Side Windows
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
10 residences have sight
lines to the rear
entry
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
16 residences have sight lines to the front entry
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
11 residences have sight
lines to side
window
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
Rear Entrance / Windows
Front Entrance / Windows
Side Entrance/ Windows
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
2residences have sight
lines to rear
entrance
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
0residences have sight
lines to side
window
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
Zone outside residence
where sight lines are
covered by wooded area with link to walking trail
What are the sight lines for the potential entry points in this unit?
Which residence has better SAT scores?
What natural surveillance issue best predicted convenience store robberies?
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
Visibility from outside the store to inside the store was the most important sight line
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
Visibility from outside the store to inside the store was a more significant predictor of convenience store robberies than the number of clerks or the proximity to drug traffic, gangs, or subsidized housing.
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
At night, surveillance depends on lighting.
Of course, surveillance can be blocked by both darkness and solid barriers.
• line of site; access out
Lighting alone may not overcome natural barriers to surveillance
Lighting can also be important during the day, especially where lines of sight are limited
Neighborhood watch signs may
improve territoriality by indicating that
people care what happens in
the area
Of course, if no one really cares about the area, then there is no real community
ownership or territoriality,
and a sign may not have the
desired effect!
Territoriality fails when it appears that
no one is maintaining
an area. No one
is claiming ownership.
In short, no one cares what
happens there.
What signals do you get that territoriality
appears weak here?
Closed stairwells have low natural surveillance and easy access for both entry and escape
Combined with territoriality deficiencies, stairwells can create CPTED problem areas.
Design solutions can improve the
natural surveillance for
stairwells
Open stairwells have strong
natural surveillance properties
All ranges of natural
surveillance levels are
possible for stairwells
depending upon the design
solution chosen
“replacing bathroom entrance doors with right-angle entrances permit the warning sounds of crime to travel more freely and reduce the sense of isolation”
Sommer, R. (1983). Social design: Creating buildings with people in mind. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Auditory Surveillance
Cul-de-sacs may limit access, making visiting cars more noticeable
Cul-de-sacs make automobile escape more problematic as there is only one exit route
Street closures can provide similar access results
Pedestrian traffic can also be limited with street closures
High rise buildings provide weaker surveillance of
street level activity because of structural
separation, distance separation, and
sound separation.
This separation also limits the sense of territoriality over
street level activities.
Mid rise balconies create stronger surveillance and territoriality, connecting residents with street level.
Mid-rise balcony neighborhoods
create safer street level areas with high levels
of perceived surveillance and
perceived territoriality
Presentation by Russell James III, J.D., Ph.D., Asst. Professor, Dept. of Housing & Consumer Economics, University of Georgia.
Dr. James’ research has been published in a variety of housing and design related academic journals including: Environment & Behavior; Housing Policy Debate; Journal of Urban Planning & Development (ASCE); Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities (ASCE); Housing, Theory, and Society; Housing & Society; Journal of the Community Development Society Please feel free to use any of these slides for any non-commercial purposes.
All pictures used in this presentation are creative commons licensed, have been purchased with rights to allow this usage, are from MS PowerPoint or are the author’s own photographs. Citations for all creative commons licensed photos are in the notes to each slide.
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