cover crops in missouri
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Managing Cover Crops For the 21st Century
Hairy Vetch, The Queen of Cover Crops
A lot of biomass-2-3 tons/acre
Winter Hardy High Nitrogen Fixation-
100 plus lbs/acre Wide window of
planting August-mid October March Hard Seed, late
maturing Problem When Wheat
is in the Rotation
Timing of Hairy Vetch Harvest and Corn Yield
Adapted from Gallagher, Penn State
2007 Hairy Vetch Corn Yield-0 NTime lbs/acre %N N lbs/acreEarly (May 4) 1,400 3.82 55 113Middle (May 15) 4,300 4.43 190 132Late (May 31) 6,600 4.15 274 140
2008Early (May 1) 3,204 2.49 80 92Middle (May 14) 4,005 2.92 117 121Late (May 29) 4,361 4.55 197 79
Hairy Vetch
Early May Late May
Austrian Winter Pea
Large Biomass High N fixation-80-
120 lbs/acre Plant fall or early
spring Not as winter hardy
Seedling Disease problems
Austrian Winter Pea Sensitive to Wet Feet
Austrian Winter Pea at Maturity
Crimson Clover
Plant August-September
Early spring maturity
Not as much biomass as Hairy Vetch or Peas
Can reseed themselves
Crimson Clover
Crimson Clover Varieties
Some New Varieties are 7-14 days earlier
Crimson Clover Days to 50% flowering Dry Matter yieldFrom February 1 lb/acre
Sunrise 51 1471Robin 58 1587Tibbee 67 1946Chief 65 1921Dixie 66 1872
Courtesy of Auburn University
Crimson Clover Reseeds Itself If Allowed to Bloom
Summer Cover Crops
Following Wheat Summer Annual
Legumes Sunn Hemp Sesbania Cowpea
Cowpea
Summer Legumes
Sesbania Sunn Hemp
Tropical Legume Yield and N
Summer Cover Crops lb/acre %N lb N/acre Sesbania 4051 1.97 79 Sunn Hemp 5097 1.87 83 Cowpea 3325 2.47 81
From MU Bradford Research Center 2012
Plant Rye Afterward To Capture the N
Important to Inoculate
Each Species of Legume has a Different Species of Bacteria
You must match them together.
NON LEGUMES
Buckwheat
Very Short Growing season-60 days
Some Weed Control-Allelopathy
Inexpensive Seed-much like wheat or rye
Attract Beneficial Insects
Many uses for Vegetable production
Nutrient Cycling
Cereal Rye and Oats
Inexpensive Seed Rye is very winter
hardy Spring Oats is not
winter hardy and will winter kill-can be used to our advantage
Rye tremendous dry matter
Suppress weeds Allelopathy or
Blocking Light Good to mix with
legumes
Annual Ryegrass
Plant in Fall Overwinter-most
of the time Deep Roots-5-6 ft Scavenge
Nitrogen Dense matt
controls weeds Can become a
weed! Herbicide
resistance problem
Radish-Forage or Oil Seed
Late Summer Planted
Sequester Nitrogen
Loosen Soil
Weed Control?
Tillage Radish in Late OctoberLeft-planted August Right volunteer
0.75 lbs5.75 lbs
Radish
FallSpring
WHAT BENEFITS DO RYE, RYEGRASS, AND
TILLAGE RADISH HAVE?Nutrient Scavenge, Loosen
Soil, Weed Control
Tillage Radish Root dug out-32”Courtesy of Steve Groff-Pennsylvania
TillageRadish®
field
Openfield
Soil compactiondecreased by >40%
Ohio State UniversityCourtesy of Steve Groff
Loosen Soil-Increase root growth and water infiltration?
Less Compaction Equals More Root Density Deeper Following Radish and Rye
NUTRIENT SEQUESTRATION
Soil Nutrient Content at Various Depths
Depth pHs OM P Ca Mg K CEC Mn
Inches % lb/acre lb/acre lb/acre lb/acre meq/100g ppm
0-3 5.6 4.2 16 3393 279 170 12.4 25.2
3-9 6.0 3.2 8 4211 318 85 14 25.0
9-12 6.0 2.5 7 3513 480 136 13.5 4.3
12-18 5.4 2.4 3 5459 1262 285 23.8 0.1
18-24 4.8 2.2 1 4598 1393 340 23.7 0.7
24-29 5.1 1.6 16 5101 1525 308 24 16.2
29-36 5.4 0.9 28 3728 906 267 16.4 35.4
36-48 5.7 0.9 32 4102 1244 244 17.8 26.0
From MU Bradford-2012
After 3 years Bring Potassium Brought Up From Deeper Depths
K content ppmCrop 0-3 inch 3-6 inch 6-12 inchnone 105 b 100 ab 109 aRye 97 b 89 c 96 abCrimson Clover 96 b 72 d 71 cHairy Vetch 127 a 108 a 86 bc
From Hargrove, 1986. Agronomy Journal
Nitrogen Capture Tillage Radish and Rye
Rye and Radish can capture 100 or more lbs/acre of N
Shoot Dry wt Root Dry Wt Shoot N Content Root N Content Shoot N Root NAfter Corn lbs lbs % % lbs lbsRadish 2165 2599 1.86 1.15 39.3 30Rye 1757 2.39 37.9
After SoybeanRadish 3345 1989 3.93 3.12 132 62Rye 2545 3.94 100
From Dean and Weil, 2009 Journal of Environmental Quality
Radish and Rye Capture Nitrate-N in the Soil Profile
ECONOMICSBrief
Seed Costs
Hairy Vetch-$2.0/lb or $40-60/acre Austrian Winter Pea-$0.73/lb or $29-
44/acre Crimson Clover-$1.2/lb or $24/acre Radish-$4 lb or $32/acre Cereal Rye-$0.23 or $14-21/acre Annual Rye-$0.80 or $16/acre Sunn Hemp-$2.5/lb or $50-75/acre Sesbania-$2.4/lb or $48/acre
Cost of Nitrogen per PoundAmmonium Nitrate is $0.72/lb
Hairy Vetch-$40@ 100 lb N/acre=$0.40/lb
Austrian Winter Pea-$29@80 lb N/acre=$0.36/lb
Crimson Clover-$24@75 lb N/acre=$0.32/lb
Sunn Hemp-$50@80 lb N/acre=$0.62/lb
Sesbania-$48@80 N/acre=$0.60/lb
Polycultures
Polyculture Seeding Rate
Divide monoculture seeding by number of species:
Ex) Hairy Vetch-30 lb/acre, Cereal Rye-90 lb/acre, Austrian Winter Pea-60 lb/acre in monoculture
When mixed: Hairy Vetch-10 lb/acre, Cereal Rye 30 lb/acre, and Austrian Winter Pea-20 lb/acre
Polycultures
Polyculture Before Harvest
ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH
Herbicide Carryover Potential
Table 1. Typical herbicide rates, sensitive species, half- life, and potential for carryover injury to sensitive crops (carryover potential based on half lives and soil availability). Herbicide half-life estimates derived from the WSSA Herbicide Handbook, 2007 or other scientific literature.
Herbicide Typical rate/acre Sensitive species Half life (days) Carryover potential
Accent 2/3 oz brdlfs+grass 21 Low
Assure/Targa 8 oz grass 60 Low
Atrazine 1 lb brdlfs+grass 60 Moderate
Authority 4 oz brdlfs 32-302 Moderate
Balance Pro 2 fl oz brdlfs+grass 50-120 Moderate
Callisto 6 fl oz brdlfs 5-32 Moderate
Classic 2 oz brdlfs 40 Moderate
Dual II Mag 1.67 pt brdlfs+grass 15-50 Low
FirstRate 0.33 oz brdlfs 8-33 Low
Harmony 1/8 oz brdlfs 12 Low
Harness 2 pt brdlfs+grass 10-20 Low
Impact 0.75 fl oz brdlfs+grass 14 Low
Laudis 3 fl oz brdlfs+grass 14 Low
Outlook 16 fl oz brdlfs+grass 20 Low
Peak 1 oz brdlfs 9-152 Moderate
Permit 2/3 oz brdlfs 9-27 Low
Prowl H2O 3 pt brdlfs+grass 44 Low
Pursuit 4 fl oz brdlfs+grass 60-90 Moderate
Raptor 5 fl oz brdlfs+grass 20-30 Low
Reflex 1.5 pt brdlfs 100 Moderate
Resolve 2 oz brdlfs+grass 2-4 Low
Select 10 oz grass 3 None
Sencor 0.33 lb brdlfs+grass 14-60 Low
Sharpen 3 fl oz brdlfs 7-35 Low
Simazine 1 lb brdlfs+grass 60 Moderate
Stinger 5 oz brdlfs 40 Moderate
Valor 2.5 oz brdlfs 12-20 Low
Inter Seeding Annual Ryegrass into Corn
Interseeding
Establishment-Drilled After Soybean or Corn
Alternative: Corn And Soybean Planter
Cover Crops in 15 inch rows
Alternating 15 inch Rows
ALTERNATIVE PLANTING MIXES
Planted Radish With Broadcast Ryegrass
8/25/12 10 lbs./ac. Ryegrass broadcast8/27/12 5 lbs./ac. Radish planted10/19/21 Photos
Ellis and Hoorman, 2012
Tillage Radish and Ryegrass in November 2012. Hoorman and Ellis
And Now, January 2013
UTILIZING THE 15 INCH ROW PLANTER
Polyculture in the Spring
Sunn Hemp and Tillage Radish In the Summer
Steve Groff in Pennsylvania
Sunn Hemp and Tillage Radish After a Frost
Steve Groff Pennsylvania
Bio Strip-tillRadish and Ryegrass in the Early Spring
Steve Groff, Pennsylvania
Bio Strip-tillSpring, Steve Groff
Plant Into the Radish and Then Kill the Ryegrass
COVER CROPS IN THE FALL, WINTER, AND
SPRING
Mixes With Legumes/CerealsEarly September Compared
to Late October
January 2012
Cereal Rye and Hairy VetchOverseeded into Corn on September6th 2011
Oats and Hairy Vetch OverseededInto Corn on September 6th 2011
January 2012
Crimson Clover overseeded intoCorn on September 6th 2011
Crimson Clover drilled into soybeanResidue on October 12
January 2012-Tillage Radish
Spring GrowthEarly May-Typically
1200-1500 lbs/acre 2,000 lbs/acre
Mixes in Late May
2-5,000 lb/are depending upon the year
When and How Do You Kill The Cover Crop?
Herbicide Effectiveness on Cover Crops
Courtesy of Penn State Extension, 2012
chop roll chop roll chop roll chop rollbefore cc destroyed same day cc destroyed 1 week after cc
destroyed2 weeks after cc
destroyed
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Corn germination when planted into rye cover crop
Pla
nt
count
per
10 f
eet
From MU Bradford Research Center, 212
When Do You Plant? Plant Population Decreases As You
Delay After Dessication
Planting Into a Standing Crop
Desiccation of the Cover CropRoller Crimper
After Roller Crimper
Flail Chopper or Mower
To Roll or Flail Chop
DAY OF DESICCATION 5 DAYS LATER
Flailed Rolled Rolled Flailed
What If The Cover Crop Is Still Alive?
PLANT PERPENDICULAR TO THE WAY IT WAS ROLLED
SEED TO SOIL CONTACT CAN BE A CHALLENGE
What If You Don’t Have a Roller Crimper? Cultipacker?
NITROGEN BENEFIT
N Release over Time From Cover Crops in North Carolina
2 4 8 12 160
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Rye
Crimson Clover
Hairy Vetch
From Wagger, 1989. Agronomy Journal
lbs/
acr
e
Weeks
% N Remaining Over TimeFrom Wagger, 1989, Agronomy Journal
Harvest Time on N and C:N Ratio
Cover Crop Harvest Time Dry Wt N ConcentrationTotal N C:Nlbs/acre % lbs/acre
Rye Early 6355 1.49 94 27:1Rye Late 8144 1.25 101 32:1Crimson Clover Early 3827 2.76 106 14:1Crimson Clover Late 5260 2.48 131 16:1Hairy Vetch Early 3720 3.69 131 11:1Hairy Vetch Late 6337 3.22 204 12:1
From Wagger, 1989. Agronomy Journal
More To Cover Crops Than Just Nitrogen
Missouri Data-Bradford
From Reinbott, et al, 2004. Agronomy Journal
May Corn Grain SorghumMissouri 1997-1999Cover Crop Cover Crop Fertilizer N Fertilizer NCover Crop Seeding rate Dry Matter Equivalent Equivalent
lb/acre lb/acre lb/acreHairy Vetch 30 1744 37.3 54.8Hairy Vetch 20 1451 40.2 46.5Austrian Winter Pea 60 712 26.4 35.1Austrian Winter Pea 40 757 33.6 6.5HV+Oat 30+90 1197 28.5 40.9HV+Oat 20+90 1059 18.6 21.7AWP+Oat 60+90 990 -24.2 15AWP+Oat 40+90 481 -16.8 -3.6Oat 90 0 -24.5 -4.2
Benefits Other Than Nitrogen?
Weed Control Smothering or
Allelopathy Soil Health
-soil microbes If no-till: soil and
water conservation
From Steve Groff
Cover Crop No Cover Crop
Cover Crops Reduce Water Runoff or Increase Water
Infiltration
Centralia 88-Acre Research Field
1991-2003 CORN-SOYBEAN MULCH-TILL 2003-2012 NO-TILL + COVER CROP
Soybean-Wheat
Soybean-Corn
Centralia 88-Acre Research Field
Centralia 88-Acre Research Field
What Is Causing This?Soil Health With Cover Crops
Better Water Infiltration
Nutrient Cycling
Root Development
In One Teaspoon of A Healthy Soil
Bacteria-100 million-1 Billion!
Fungal Filaments-Several Yards
Protoza-Several Thousand
Nematodes-10-20
WEED CONTROL
Winter Annual Weed Control with Rye and Tillage Radish in Maryland
From Lawley, et al, 2011. Agronomy Journal
TillageCereal
Time No Cover Radish Rye % Late Fall 96 0 0 Late March 99 3 1 Late April 75 37 0
A Thick Mulch
Weed Control from Cover Crops in Pennsylvania
Cover Crop Broad Grasses Peren.Total
2007 Number/ft2
Hairy Vetch 1.2 2.1 6.8 10.4 None 1.8 8.0 9.9 20.1 2008 Hairy Vetch 0.7 0.7 0.6 2.0 None 5.1 6.3 0.9 12.3 From Mischler, et al 2010 Agronomy Journal
Soybeans Following Rye or Legumes With Only Glyphosate Applied Two
Weeks After Planting
Potential Rotations
Corn/Soybean Corn/rye/Soybean/radish+oats Corn/rye+legume/Soybean/polyculture including
legumes Corn/Corn-plant early
Overseed oats+radish or oats+radish+crimson clover
Corn/Soybean/Wheat Similar to above except after wheat follow a
tropical legume such as sunn hemp, cowpea, and then other cover crops in the fall
QUESTIONS?
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