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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
LIFE CYCLE AND OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF ASIAN PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Bactrocera papayae DREW &
HANCOCK) FOR GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L.)
MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR
ITA 2011 1
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LIFE CYCLE AND OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF
ASIAN PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Bactrocera papayae DREW & HANCOCK) FOR
GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L.)
By
MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Science
March 2011
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DEDICATION
This Master Research Thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved parents, Mr. Mohd Noor bin Mohaidin and Mrs. Siti Fatimah bte. Boseri
as well as to my siblings, Mohd Amir Fansuri bin Mohd Noor, Nadia Nor Aiman bte
Mohd Noor and Mohd Amir Hakim bin Mohd Noor.
Supportive supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr. Nur Azura binti Adam and
Prof. Dr. Rita Muhamad Awang.
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of Master Science
LIFE CYCLE AND OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF
ASIAN PAPAYA FRUIT FLY (Bactrocera papayae DREW & HANCOCK) FOR
GUAVA (Psidium guajava, L.)
By
MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR
March 2011
Chair person: Nur Azura binti Adam, PhD
Institute: Institute Tropical of Agriculture
Asian papaya fruit fly Bactrocera papayae is one of the insects’ pest that is very
destructive and causing severe damage to guava, Psidium guajava, Linn. Details
on B. papayae are still lacking compared to the other species such as B. carambolae
and B. cucurbitae. This study was conducted to determine the number of larval
instars, the life cycle and ovipositional preference of the B. papayae on guava.
Result showed that the B. papayae underwent three larval instars which can be
determined by morphometric characters of the length and width of the larvae’s
bodies. The body length for the first, second and third instars were 1.27 ± 0.03,
4.33 ± 0.05 and 7.84 ± 0.07 mm respectively, whilst the width for the body were
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0.23 ± 0.01, 1.04 ± 0.01 and 1.85 ± 0.03 mm respectively. Moulting took one day for
each larval instar.
In the life cycle study, the percentage of individuals survived decreased as
the stages changed from egg until adult. Findings showed that the eggs
hatched after 1.16 days. Larvae underwent three instars and survived for
12.02 ± 0.13 days before entering the pupal stage. Pupae collected emerged as the
adults after 7.03 ± 0.08 days. It was observed that the longevity of the adult
male B. papayae was not significantly (P>0.05) different compared to the female adult.
The ovipositional preference could be determined by investigating the number of
larvae laid by single female per guava. Bactrocera papayae female was
observed preferred to oviposit on the mature guavas in both choice and
no-choice experiments. There was no significantly different between the numbers
of ovipositional punctures made and larvae laid on guavas in the choice and
no-choice experiments.
There was a significantly different (P<0.05) in the number of larvae obtained
at different maturity stages in both choice and no-choice experiments. In the
choice and no-choice experiments, the numbers of larvae observed were
comparatively higher in more ripened guavas than less ripened ones. This indicated
that mature guavas provide more needs and nutrients required by the larvae to grow.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
KITARAN HIDUP DAN KEGEMARAN OVIPOSISI
LALAT BUAH ASIAN PAPAYA, (Bactrocera papayae DREW & HANCOCK)
TERHADAP BUAH JAMBU BATU (Psidium guajava, L.)
Oleh
MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHD NOOR
Mac 2011
Pengerusi: Nur Azura binti Adam, PhD
Institut: Institut Pertanian Tropika
Lalat buah Asian Papaya, Bactrocera papayae merupakan salah satu serangga
perosak yang menyebabkan kerosakan yang teruk pada buah jambu batu,
Psidium guajava, Linn. Maklumat-maklumat terperinci berhubung spesies ini
masih berkurangan jika dibandingkan dengan spesies-spesies lain seperti
B. carambolae dan B. cucurbitae. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti
bilangan instar larva, kitaran hidup dan kecenderungan beroviposisi B. papayae ke atas
buah jambu batu.
Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa B. papayae melalaui tiga peringkat instar larva
dan ianya boleh ditentukan berpandu kepada ciri-ciri morfometrik iaitu panjang
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dan lebar badan larva. Panjang badan bagi instar pertama, kedua dan ketiga
masing-masing ialah 1.27 ± 0.03, 4.33 ± 0.05 dan 7.84 ± 0.07 mm, manakala
lebar badan masing-masing pula ialah 0.23 ± 0.01, 1.04 ± 0.01 dan 1.85 ± 0.03 mm.
Proses salin kulit bagi setiap peringkat larva mengambil masa sehari.
Dalam kajian kitar hidup, peratusan individu-individu yang hidup berkurang
dengan perubahan peringkat dari telur sehingga peringkat dewasa. Keputusan
menunjukkan telur-telur menetas selepas 1.16 hari. Larva melalui tiga peringkat
instar serta hidup selama 12.02 ± 0.13 hari sebelum memasuki peringkat pupa.
Pupa bertukar menjadi lalat dewasa selepas 7.03 ± 0.08 hari. Pemerhatian
mendapati bahawa kemandirian lalat jantan dewasa B. papayae didapati
tidak bererti (P>0.05) dengan kemandirian lalat betina dewasa.
Kecenderungan untuk mengoviposit boleh ditentukan dengan mengkaji bilangan
larva yang dihasilkan oleh seekor betina pada sebiji buah jambu batu. Lalat
betina B. papayae lebih cenderung secara bererti (P<0.05) untuk mengoviposit
telur pada buah jambu batu berumur yang lebih matang hari dalam kedua-dua
eksprimen pilihan dan tanpa pilihan yang telah dijalankan. Tiada perbezaan
bererti didapati pada bilangan cucukan oviposisi mahupun bilangan larva pada
jambu batu dalam eksperimen pilihan mahupun tanpa pilihan.
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Keputusan menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang bererti (P<0.05) bagi bilangan
larva yang diperolehi bagi peringkat kematangan yang berbeza bagi kedua-dua
ujikaji. Dalam ujikaji dengan pilihan dan tanpa pilihan, bilangan larva-larva
secara perbandingan adalah lebih banyak pada buah jambu batu yan lebih
matang. Ini menunjukkan bahawa buah jambu matang menyediakan lebih keperluan
dan nutrien yang diperlukan oleh larva-larva untuk tumbesaran.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah thanks to the Almighty God, Allah S.W.T for his blessing, mercy
and compassion, this study was accomplished within the time periods given
successfully. He gives me the strength to pursue my studies at the higher level.
In this limited page, I would like to address my special regards to the persons
and parties those help me with kindhearted and open handed sincerely.
First of all, millions of thanks directly to lecturers from Department of Plant
Protection, Dr. Nur Azura binti Adam and Prof. Dr. Rita Muhamad Awang. Both
with kind hearted willingly took me as their mentee in the committee for this
master research project. With passions, experiences and knowledge, they supervised,
advised, guided, provided the amenities, spent their precious times and even
lent some of their money helping me out along the journey of my study.
Secondly, this appreciation would be addressed to Prof. Dr. Sariah binti Meon, the
Director of Institute of Tropical Agriculture (ITA) and her managerial staffs
for their supportive and understanding. The institute provided good services
and gave opportunities to enhance knowledge via seminars it organized.
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I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainal Abidin bin Mior Ahmad, the
Head Departmant of Plant Protection and his managerial staffs, staffs of
Laboratory of Entomology, Toxicology and Pathology. Their contributions and
moral supports were appreciated and may God bless them.
Sincere thanks to all undergraduate and postgraduate students those from
Department of Plant Protection who accompanied me within these three years of
study, I would like to express my special thank for your kindhearted of sharing
knowledge and experiences, willingness to guide and support, as well as the
beneficial advices.
This study would not run smoothly without the helps and supports from Golden
Hope Food and Beverages Sdn. Bhd. The company, lead by Mr. Roslan bin
Zulkifly, together with his staffs from field and research departments provided
place for me to live in and research materials (rotten guava fruits) for fruit fly
rearing. I would like to thank to Mrs. Suhana Yusof, MARDI research officer
and Miss Farah Huda Sjafni Suherman who did the practical at MARDI. Special
thank to Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) for funding this project.
Last but no least, to my beloved parents, Mr. Mohd Noor bin Mohaidin and
Mrs. Siti Fatimah bte Boseri who sacrifice a lot, patiently nurturing and educating,
sincerely praying for this child to becoming better human in this world and
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hereafter. To my siblings, Mohd Amir Fansuri, Nadia Nor Aiman and Mohd Amir
Hakim thanks for supporting your eldest brother in his jouney until now.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on the 4th
July 2011 to conduct
the final examination of Mohd Amir Zunnasri bin Mohd Noor on his thesis entitled
“Life Cycle and Ovipositional Preference of Asian Papaya Fruit Fly, Bactrocera
papayae (Drew & Hancock) Diptera:Tephritidae on Guava, Psidium guajava, L.)”
in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the
Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March1998. The
Committee recommends that the student be awarded the degree of Master Science.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Lau Wei Hong, PhD
Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman of Examination Committee)
Dzolkhifli bin Omar, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal examiner)
Hafidzi Mohd Noor, PhD
Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal examiner)
Idris Abdul Ghani, PhD Professor
Faculty of Science and Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(External examiner)
.............................................
BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Nur Azura binti Adam, PhD
Lecturer
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Rita Muhamad Awang, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Agriculture
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
............................................................
HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declared that this thesis is my original worked exclude for the quotations and citations,
which have been duly acknowledged. I also declared that my worked has not been
previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra
Malaysia or in other institutions.
……………………………………………………
MOHD AMIR ZUNNASRI BIN MOHDNOOR
Date: 4th
March 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii
APPROVAL xi
DECLARATION xiii
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF PLATES xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix
CHAPTERS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURES 4
2.1 Guava in general 4
2.2 Guava in Malaysia 5
2.3 Fruit flies 9
2.4 Bactrocera spp 10
2.5 Determination of guava fruit’s maturity 14
2.6 Rearing techniques 15
2.7 Life cycle of Bactrocera spp 18
2.7.1 Egg 19
2.7.2 Larva 20
2.7.3 Pupa 21
2.7.4 Adult 21
2.8 Ovipositional preferences 21
3.0 GENERAL METHODOLOGIES 24
3.1 Mass rearing and establishing B. papayae colony 24
3.2 Artificial-egging-device 26
4.0 DETERMINATION OF LARVAL INSTAR OF
Bactrocera papayae BASED ON LENGTH AND WIDTH
27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Materials and methods 28
4.3 Results and discussions 30
4.4 Conclusion
37
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5.0 GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND SEX RATIO OF
Bactrocera papayae FEEDING ON GUAVA FRUITS
38
5.1 Introduction 38
5.2 Materials and method 39
5.2.1 Growth and development of B. papayae 39
5.2.2 Statistical analysis 41
5.3 Results and discussions 41
5.3.1 Egg 42
5.3.2 Larva 44
5.3.3 Pupa 45
5.3.4 Adult 46
5.4 Conclusion 50
6.0 OVIPOSITIONAL PREFERENCE OF ADULT FEMALE
Bactrocera papayae ON DIFFERENT GUAVA FRUITS’
MATURITY STAGES
52
6.1 Introduction 52
6.2 Materials and methods 53
6.2.1 Guava fruits sampling 53
6.2.2 Parameters for determination of ovipositional
preference
54
6.2.3 Ovipositional preference experiments 58
6.2.4 Data Analysis 59
6.3 Result and discussions 60
6.4 Conclusion 68
7.0 GENERAL DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK SUMMARY
70
REFERENCES 74
BIODATA OF STUDENT 84
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 86
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