copyright © 2013 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved chapter 1 statistics, data, and...
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Chapter 1
Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
1.2
Two Types of Statistical Applications
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Example: Cost of physician exam
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1 - 7 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.. All rights reserved.
Example MINITAB graph of the best-selling Girl Scout Cookies
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Example: White blood cell count
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Figure 1.2 A sample of voter registration cards for all registered voters
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Population: All diseased persons Sample: 25 people selected at random Experimental unit: One diseased person Variable: White blood cell count
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Statistical inference might be that the population of ALL diseased individuals has a white blood cell count of 4200 plus or minus 75 with confidence level 95%. Roughly speaking, we are 95% confident that the true value of the population mean lies in the interval 4200 – 75 to 4200 + 75, I,e, in the interval [ 4125, 4275 ]
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In the previous example …..
Population was all Manitobans Sample was the 802 individuals polled Inference was that 42% of ALL Manitobans
believe that the players and owners are equally responsible
Measure of reliability was that the pollsters are 95% confident that the estimate of 42% is within 3.5% of the true value
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Example
Survey taken of 1000 StFX students. The information collected included
• Age• Year• Gender• Major• Whether or not they exercised regularly• Weight
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
1.5
Two Different Methods of Collecting Data
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Example (Observational study)
In an effort to understand the link between weight gain and exercise, 100 students are followed for four years, and a record is kept of each student’s weight and the number of minutes they exercised weekly.
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Example (Designed experiment)
100 students are selected at random. Half if the students are placed on a regular exercise program and the other half do not participate in any exercise program. Each student’s weight is recorded weekly.
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Example from the news last night
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Which type is best???
Each has advantages and disadvantages Usually it is easier and less expensive to do
an observational study There may be ethical considerations which
prohibit use of a designed experiment. Designed experiments often lead to results
with greater statistical significance.
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedCopyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.. All rights reserved.
International Journal of Epidemiology
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The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking and Ethics
1.6
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Obvious problems with 0n-line polls
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