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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
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Chapter 13
The Commonwealth of Byzantium
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And therefore I have sailed the seas and come to the holy city of Byzantium. Yeats, “Sailing to Byzantium”
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The Crucial Role
To the Muslim World: transmitted Greek knowledge
Back to Renaissance Italy-Greek, Roman, their own Renaissance
Eastern Europe: Orthodox Christianity, Byzantine Imperial Structures
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The Early Byzantine Empire
Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself
(Constantinople), moves capital there 340 CE 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul
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Medieval Constantinople
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“Golden Horn” – 15c map
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia
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Hagia Sophia
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Interior of the Church of Hagia Sophia
Interior of the Church of Hagia Sophia
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The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after
fall of Rome in 5th c. CE Eastern territories remain major power until 13th c.
CE
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The Later Roman Empire
Roman infrastructure in place Roads, institutional hierarchies
Challenges from strong Persian empire (Sassanid dynasty, 226-641 CE)
Invasions of Germanic peoples
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Caesaropapism
Power centralized in figure of Emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather
divine authority Political rule Involved in Religious rule as well Authority absolute
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The Byzantine Court
Etiquette reinforces authority of Emperor Royal purple Prostration Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe
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Justinian (527-565 CE)
The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor
Background: circus performer Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious
construction program Hagia Sophia
Law Code definitive for centuries Nika Revolt
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Emperor Justinian [r. 527-564]
Emperor Justinian [r. 527-564]
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Emperor Justinian [r. 527-564]
Emperor Justinian [r. 527-564]
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Empress TheodoraEmpress Theodora
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Byzantine Conquests
General Belisarius recaptures much of western Roman Empire under Justinian
Unable to consolidate control of territories Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs
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The Byzantine empire and its neighbors 527-554 C.E.
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Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival 7th century Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Defense made possible through use of “greek
fire”
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Imperial Organization
Themes (provinces) under control of generals Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land
grants
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Tensions with Western Europe Church
Byzantine: Greek; Roman: Latin Conflicts over hierarchical control
Fealty of Germanic peoples Roman pope crowns Charlemagne in 800, a challenge
to Byzantine authority
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Byzantine Economy and Society Constantinople largest city in Europe, 5th-13th c. Dependent on small landholders, free peasants Earlier large landholdings destroyed by invasions
in 6th-7th centuries Theme system rewards soldiers with land grants
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Decline of the Free Peasantry Large landholdings on the increase Reduces tax revenues, recruits to military Last three centuries indicate steady decline of
economy
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Manufacturing and Trade
Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to
expand after 6th century Tax revenues from silk route Banking services develop
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Urban Life
Aristocrats: palances; artisans: apartments; working poor: communal living spaces
Hippodrome Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” Politically inspired rioting
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Orthodox Christianity
Legacy of Classical Greece Greek replaces Latin after 6th c. CE; language of New
Testament Byzantine education sponsors development of
large literate class for state bureaucracy Training in classical canon
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The Byzantine Church
Church and state closely aligned Council of Nicea (325) bans Arian movement
Human/divine nature of Jesus Constantine favors Arians, but supports Nicean
condemnation Byzantine Emperors appoint Patriarchs Caesaropapism creates dissent in church
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Iconoclasm
Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 CE) Destruction of icons after 726 Popular protest, rioting Policy abandoned 843
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Icon of St. Peter
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Tombstone fragment with monk
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Communion of the Apostles
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Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Theology Attempt to reconcile Greek philosophy with
Judeo-Christianity Constantine establishes school to apply
philosophical methods to religious questions
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Ascetism
Hermit-like existence Celibacy Fasting Prayer St. Simeon Stylite
Lived atop pillar for years
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Byzantine Monasticism and St. Basil (329-379 CE) Patriarch of Constantinople reforms monasteries
Communal living Hierarchical structure
Mt. Athos No women, female animals allowed
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Mount Athos Monastery
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Mount Athos
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Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity Ritual disputes
Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass
Theological disputes Iconoclasm Nature of the Trinity
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Schism
Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction Autonomy of Patriarchs, or Primacy of Rome? 1054 Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of
Rome excommunicate each other East: Orthodox Church West: Roman Catholic
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Social Problems in the Byzantine Empire Generals of themes become allied with local
aristocrats Intermarry, create class of elite
Occasional rebellions vs. Imperial Rule
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Challenges from the West
Western European economic development Normans from Scandinavia press on Byzantine
territories Crusades of 12th-13th centuries rampage through
Byzantine territory Constantinople sacked, 1204
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Challenges from the East
Muslim Saljuqs invade Anatolia Threatens grain supply
Defeat Byzantine army in 1071, creates civil conflict
Period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 Renamed Istanbul
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The Byzantine empire and its neighbors about 1100 C.E.
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“Golden Horn” – 15c map
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Influence on Slavic Cultures
Relations from 6th c. CE Bulgaria influenced culturally, politically Saints Cyril and Methodius
Create Cyrillic alphabet Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium
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Kievan Rus’
Conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 Byzantine culture influences development of
Slavic cultures Distinctively Slavic Orthodox church develops Eventual heir to Byzantium
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Fall of Constantinople
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