control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate fumigation for export to australia

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Control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate fumigation for export to Australia. Beth Mitcham , Veronique Bikoba Bill Biasi, and Francine Pupin Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Joseph Morse, UC Riverside. In cooperation with: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate

fumigation for export to Australia

Beth Mitcham , Veronique BikobaBill Biasi, and Francine PupinDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Davis

Joseph Morse, UC RiversideIn cooperation with:

Kathie Blyskal and Alfred Hanson, Sunkist GrowersThe Linde Group

Ethyl Formate

• Natural plant volatile

• Registered for use in Australia and New Zealand by Linde Corporation as VapormateTM in formulation with CO2

• Previously registered in US for control of insect pests in raisins, but registration expired in the 1980’s

• Registration is being pursued by Linde Corporation

Laboratory System for VapormateTM Fumigation

LaboratoryFumigation System

Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour VapormateTM Fumigation of Navel Oranges

Lab Tests

Treatment

Rep

Conc. EF (%)

Untreated Control

Vapormate

1 1 1.5%

n =66

100%

n = 177

2 1 0%

n = 50

100%

n = 115

3 1 14.5%

n = 62

100%

n = 320

Lab Test Methods

• 1 hour fumigation with 1% Vapormate at 50°F

• Evaluations: – Initial– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F– after 5 days @ 55°F– after 2 days @ 68°F

TA % Residues (ppb) Soluble Solids %

0

2

8

10

12Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºFA: Vapormate + 3 weeks @ 41ºF B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF (B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF

a ab abc bc cabc

a

a

b

abab ab

c ccb

abab

a

Laboratory Test

Peel Damage Incidence (%)

Peel Damage Severity (1 to 6)

Mold Incidence (%)0

1

2

3

4

5Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF A: Vapormate (1.22.2009) + 3 weeks @ 41ºF B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate (2.12.2009) Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF+ 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF (B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF

b b

b b

a

ab

a a a a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage

Laboratory Test

No damage (1) Very slight damage (2)

Slight damage (3) Moderate damage (4)

Severe damage (5) Very severe damage (6)

Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage

Orange Cove/Sanger Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F

Gillete Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F

Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage

Harding & Legget Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F

Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage

Small Degreening Rooms at Sunkist Growers

Semi-Commercial Test Method

• 1% Vapormate for 1 hour at 50°F

• Evaluations: – Initial– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F– after 5 days @ 55°F– after 2 days @ 68°F

Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour Fumigation with VapormateTM

Sunkist Test

Conc. EF (%)

Untreated Control

Vapormate

1 13.7%

n = 145

100%

n = 417

TA % Residues (ppb) Soluble Solids %

0

2

10

12

14Control Initial Vapormate Initial Control 3 weeks at 41ºF Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºFControl 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºF

bc cabc a ab a

ab ab abb

aa

b b

ab b

a a

Sunkist Test

Peel Damage Incidence (%)

Peel Damage Severity (1-6)

Mold Incidence (%)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Control Initial Vapormate Initial Control 3 weeks at 41ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºFControl 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF+ 2d at 68ºF

a

a

a

aa

a

a aa aa a

aa

a

* * *

* ND

Sunkist Test

1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage

Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage

Villa Park – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F

Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage

San Antonio – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F

Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage

Golden Valley – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F

Mandarin Lab Test Methodsto Determine Fruit Tolerance

• 1 hour fumigation with 1.5% Vapormate at 50°F

• 8 replications of control and 16 replications for Vapormate trt.

• 3 weeks shelf life at 68°F with weekly visual evaluation

W. Murcott Mandarin Tolerance to Vapormate (1.5%)

Year 3• Commercial trials

– Treat fruit in packed boxes with static fumigation in marine container

– Confirm bean thrips mortality with large number of insects

– Confirm fruit tolerance with many grower sources

• Develop mortality curves for adult bean thrips

• Prepare report for APHIS

Vapormate Delivery System

Potential for Vapormate• Needs to be registered in U.S.

or

• Needs to be approved for bean thrips control in Australia and New Zealand– Already registered there– Develop efficacy data for review– True of other alternative fumigants as well.

• GRAS compound

• Effective against Light Brown Apple Moth

EF concentration (%)

Instar 0.75% 1.5% 3.0%

First 99.8 100 100

Second 98.8 100 100

Third 99.9 100 100

Mature third 99.5 100 100

Mortality of the California Red Scale (Aonidiella aurantii) 3 weeks after a

3-hour Fumigation with Ethyl Formate

Y. Aharoni, Y. Nitzan, and A. Copel. (1987) Tropical Science (27) 155-157.

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