condensate part 2 notes
Post on 18-Nov-2014
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Filming AminesFilming Amines
• High CO2 loading makes neutralizing amines costly
• Film barrier provides some protection against oxygen corrosion
• Filming Amines may protect against erosion
• Filming Amines may improve heat transfer
Why Use a Filming Amine?Why Use a Filming Amine?
• Hard to Feed
• Little Selection Available
• Possible Fouling
• Program must start slowly
• Not completely effective against oxygen
Why Not Use a Filming Amine?Why Not Use a Filming Amine?
Protective filming amine layer
Metallic wall
O2 CO2
CO2
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CONDENSATE
O2
O2
O2
O2CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
O2
Filming AminesFilming Amines
Primary Amines
RNH2
Secondary Amines
(R)2NH
Tertiary Amines
(R)3N
Different Filming MoleculesDifferent Filming Molecules
• May need to be diluted with Condensate
prior to feeding
• Must be Fed to Steam Header
• Must be Fed through Injection Nozzle
• Feed Pump Interlocked to Steam Flow Meter
Filming Amines Feeding Requirements
Filming Amines Feeding Requirements
Factors that Break Down Filming Amines
– Hard Water Contamination
– pH too low (< 6.5)
– pH too high (8.5)
– Organic Contamination
Filming Amines Fail When The Film Breaks Down
Filming Amines Fail When The Film Breaks Down
Advanced Condensate Treatment
“The World’s Most InnovativeCorrosion Inhibitor”
NALCO ACTNALCO ACT
• ACT is an Ondeo Nalco patented condensate treatment technology
• Its a blend of emulsifiers used in the Food Industry (contains no amines or other nitrogen- containing compounds)
• Provides a comparable barrier to the historically used amines; pH control range 5.5 to 7.5
• Much reduced fouling potential
• Fully approved by regulatory agencies
• Effective in inhibiting CO2 and O2 corrosion
ACT: Something New in Filming Agents
ACT: Something New in Filming Agents
• Steam Header Feed
• Stainless steel slotted retractable quill injector (P4634 and P4694)
• Quill orientation is important
• Fed neat or in dilution
• Should be fed continuous
• Max pressure 600 psig (41 bar)
• Max Temp 486oF (252oC)
ACT Feeding RequirementsACT Feeding Requirements
• Useful when CO2 loading prevents economic application of neutralizing amines
• Are effective in inhibiting oxygen corrosion
• Make the commitment to feed properly
• May have merit to prevent erosion in certain applications
• Poor reputation due to fouling potential
Summary of Condensate Filming Treatments
Summary of Condensate Filming Treatments
• Given the lack of effectiveness of other treatments on oxygen, the application of some feedwater oxygen scavenging technology in the condensate area is a good fit
• After taking all possible mechanical corrective measures, the application of a chemical treatment can be effective
Oxygen Scavenging - Metal Passivation in Condensate Treatment
Oxygen Scavenging - Metal Passivation in Condensate Treatment
• Hydrazine
• Carbohydrazide
• DEHA
• Hydroquinone
Molecules AvailableMolecules Available
• “Conditioning” of metal surface to prevent
corrosion, even if oxygen is present
• Conversion of ferric oxidation state to
reduced oxide form i.e. Fe3O4 (magnetite)
• Direct removal of oxygen
Operating Mechanism of Scavenger / Passivator
Operating Mechanism of Scavenger / Passivator
• After all steps taken to limit oxygen entry• Cost analysis between condensate dumping and
treatment application• Trial conducted on small part of system, monitoring
iron throw before and after treatment use• Can be beneficial when electromagnetic polishing is
in use
When a Scavenger/PassivatorShould be Applied
When a Scavenger/PassivatorShould be Applied
• Supplemental feed to steam system is usually required
• Condensate Systems are dymanic and may not operate at trial conditions
• Oxygen ingress may be sporadic
• Results may not meet expectation
Problems with PassivationProblems with Passivation
• Most applicable in batch processes, where known oxygen intrusion will occur
• Feed point selection is critical to get coverage/performance
• Good monitoring required to justify
• May avoid capital expense of supplemental condensate purification or excessive dumping
Summary of Scavenging / Passivation Treatment
Summary of Scavenging / Passivation Treatment
TYPE OF DEVICE OPERATING
MECHANISM
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
A) SODIUM-CYCLE
CONDENSATE
POLISHER
B) AMINE CYCLE
ION
EXCHANGE
ION
EXCHANGE
VERSATILE
PREVENT SODIUM
CONTAMINATION
ALTERS BOILER CHEMISTRY
COST
MIXED BED
CONDENSATE
POLISHER
ION
EXCHANGE
EXCELLENT
EFFLUENT
QUALITY
LIMITED TO 120oF (49oC)
CARTRIDGE
FILTRATION
FILTRATION INEXPENSIVE HIGH CHANGE-OUT RATE
WITH HIGH LOADING
PRECOAT
FILTRATION
FILTRATION COST-EFFECTIVE SUBJECT TO MECHANICAL
FAILURE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FILTRATION
FILTRATION EXCELLENT
EFFLUENT
QUALITY
COST, UNCERTAINTY OF
COPPER REMOVAL
Supplemental / Mechanical Condensate Purification
Supplemental / Mechanical Condensate Purification
• Hard to justify in normal operation, usually installed as part of an expansion or upgrade
• May require chemical treatment for optimum effectiveness
• May impact boiler water quality
• Many existing systems are poorly maintained, not that effective
Comments on Condensate Purification
Comments on Condensate Purification
Condensate Sampling and Monitoring
Condensate Sampling and Monitoring
• Critical equipment and/or largest steam users
• Composite streams prior to receivers or flash tanks
• Known problem areas
• Return condensate streams
Where Do You Sample?Where Do You Sample?
• Cooled to less than 90oF (32oC)
• Sample flow throttled at outlet only
• Stainless steel sample lines
• Continuous flow
• Adequate velocity
• Throttle valve installed outlet side of cooler
Sampling RequirementsSampling Requirements
Sample line
Sample tap
Sample tap
1/2 in. dam. SS gate valve
1/4 in SS sample line
Gate valve
Sample cooler
45oF
Top
Throttle valve
Sampling Horizontal LinesSampling Horizontal Lines
Monitoring Techniques Include:• pH• Iron Measurement• Filtration Testing• Conductivity• Turbidity• Corrosion Coupons• Electrochemical Corrosion Monitoring
Condensate monitoring is very demanding
Condensate monitoring is very demanding
• Sample temperature is critical
• Should use dedicated pH meter and electrode
• Sample collection isn’t as difficult as might be thought
• Meter calibration is required
Measuring Condensate pHCorrectly Provides Powerful Data
Measuring Condensate pHCorrectly Provides Powerful Data
• Many analytical methods available
– AA
– ICP
– Photometric Wet Chemistry
• Must employ a digestion step
• Sample collection is complex, since we are dealing with particles
Iron AnalysisIron Analysis
• Standard technique is to use:
– 1 liter condensate sample
– 0.45 micron filter pore size
• Comparison charts available to quantify results
• Best when fixed atop system schematic to locate system problems
Filtration Testing of CondensateFiltration Testing of Condensate
• Depends on process– Paper mills have highly ionic process fluids– Oil/petrochemicals may not be seen
• Realize impact of treatment• Some systems use cation column to magnify presence of
ionic materials• In critical system, install automatic dump based on
conductivity meter
Conductivity as a Condensate Monitoring Tool
Conductivity as a Condensate Monitoring Tool
Automatic ConductivityMonitoring System
Automatic ConductivityMonitoring System
• Turbidity can be Correlated to Metals Concentration
• Locate close to Equipment being Monitored to cut Sample Lag Time
• Can be Incorporated with Diversion Valve
• Choose a meter that Scans the Surface of a sample
Turbidity is a Technique to Monitor Particulate Iron On-Line
Turbidity is a Technique to Monitor Particulate Iron On-Line
Example of Turbidity Diversion System
Example of Turbidity Diversion System
• Match Monitoring Technique to type of program in use
• Look for consistency - high turbidity should correlate with a highly colored Millipore
• Sampling protocol is more important for some techniques that others
• Be Creative! - Find something unique about your system
Summary of Condensate Monitoring
Summary of Condensate Monitoring
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
• Condensate Treatment Technology is the Implementation of an Integrated Chemical, Mechanical and Monitoring Program to Derive Significant Operating Cost Savings in Plant Operation. Recycling or returning as much steam condensate back as part of the boiler feedwater makes good business sense. It’s already been paid for, generally the quality is high purity, and it contains valuable heat content.
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
• Condensate corrosion is caused by the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide, oxygen and/or ammonia. The three types of condensate treatment chemistries used to inhibit these corrosive species are, neutralizing amines, filming agents and passivating oxygen scavengers.
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
• Neutralizing amine product selection requires that you know the plant’s regulatory limitations with respect to amine usage, and how complex the steam condensate system is that you are trying to treat. Select amine products based on their V/L ratio characteristics, basicity and where the condensate is returned from. Complex steam condensate systems may require satellite feed of amines to control pH in more remote areas.
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
• Filming amines and Ondeo Nalco’s non-amine ACT chemistry lay down a protective barrier to keep the corrosive species away from the metal surface. Filming agents are typically used when high CO2 loading makes neutralizing amines too costly, or when the system is experiencing dissolved oxygen problems.
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
• Certain passivating oxygen scavengers help reduce the amount of iron returned in the condensate. They condition the metal surface to slow down and inhibit oxygen attack. Secondly they can react with oxygen directly.
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
• The goal of installing sample points and monitoring a condensate system is to be able to determine how well it is being protected. They should enable you to identify where problem areas are located in the system and provide you with an effective way to rapidly trouble shoot the system when new problems arise. Things that need to be monitored include pH, iron, conductivity and dissolved oxygen.
Key TakeawaysKey Takeaways
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