combined 01 clinical training--terminology
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TerminologyTerminology
Clinical Training Team
Human Anatomy—Definition
“The study of the human body,
Its organs and structures, & the
Spatial relationships between them.”
Precise Terminology
• Allows identification of anatomical sites and pathology in relation to anatomical structures.
• Improves Communication between medical professionals and other health care professionals.
• Improves communication between medical sales representatives and health care professionals.
Correct Anatomical Position
Body erect standing Eyes open and level Head in mid-position Upper extremities at the sides Palms facing forward Feet parallel
Heels close together
Anatomical Terminology
• Anterior (ventral) - Toward the front, in front of – The breastbone is anterior to the spine
• Posterior (dorsal) - Toward the back, behind – The heart is posterior to the breastbone
• Superior (cranial/cephalad) - Above or up – The head is superior to the abdomen
• Inferior (caudal) - Below or down– The navel is inferior to the chin
Anatomical Terminology
• Medial - Towards the midline of the body– The heart is medial to the arm
• Lateral - Away from the midline– The arms are lateral to the chest
• Proximal - Closer to the origin or point of attachment – The elbow is proximal to the wrist
• Distal - Away from the origin or point of attachment– The knee is distal to the thigh
Anatomical Terminology
• External (superficial) - Toward or on the surface – The skin is external to the skeletal muscles
• Internal ( deep) - Away from the body surface– The lungs are internal to the skin
• Supine - Lying stomach up– Place the patient in the supine position
• Prone - Lying face down– Place the patient in the prone position
Correct Anatomical Positioning
• RIGHT OR LEFT? – CORRECT, NOT RIGHT!
Mass. surgeon operated on wrong
side of patient
2008 The Associated Press
Abdominal Quadrants
• The abdomen is divided into four quadrants.
Divide words into parts:
1.Roots: – All words have a foundation, called a root.
2.Prefixes:– A prefix is a word part that precedes a word, or some
form of a word, to influence its meaning.
3.Suffixes:– The ending that follows a word root is called a suffix.
The Language of Medicine
Word Analysis
GASTRITIS
GASTR / ITIS
ROOT SUFFIX
Stomach Inflammation
GASTRITIS is an inflammation of the stomach.
GASTROENTEROLOGY
GASTR / O / ENTER / O / LOGY
ROOT ROOT SUFFIX STOMACH INTESTINES STUDY OF
GASTROENTEROLOGY –Is the study of the stomach and intestines.
Word Analysis
Four General Rules—
1.Read the meaning of the word from the suffix first, prefix second, and root last.
2.Combine root words from proximal to distal.
3.Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
4.Keep the combining vowel between two roots.
Word Analysis
Common Prefixes
• Extra - Outside, beyond Intra - Inside, within
Inter - Between, in between
• Supra - Above, superior Sub - Below
Infra - Below, inferior
Pre - Before, anterior Retro - Behind, posterior
Ante - Before (in time) Post - After (in time)
• Hyper - Above, more than normal
Hypo - Below, less than normal
• Anti - Away from Para - Beside, near
Per - Through Peri - Around
• Endo - Within, inner Ecto - Outside, outer
• Pseudo - False Dys - Abnormal
• Uni - One Bi - Two
Tri - Three Quad - Four
Hemi - Half
Common Roots – GI (Combining Forms)
• Oro - Mouth
• Pharyngo - Pharynx
• Esophago - Esophagus
• Gastro - Stomach
• Pyloro - Pylorus, outlet of stomach
• Entero -Small intestine
• Duodeno - Duodenum
• Jejuno -Jejunum
• Ileo - Ileum
• Ceco - Cecum
• Colo - Colon
• Sigmoido - Sigmoid colon
• Procto -Rectum
• Ano - Anus
Common Roots (Combining Forms)
• Thoraco - Chest
• Laparo - Abdomen
• Hepato - Liver
• Spleno, Lieno - Spleen
• Nephro, Reno - Kidney
• Dermo - Skin
• Myo, musculo - Muscle
• Osteo - Bone
• Lumbo - Lumbar Sacro - Sacrum
• Ilio - Ilium (bone) Ischio - Ischium
• Angio - Vessel
• Arterio - Artery
• Phlebo, Veno - Vein
• Cysto, Vesico - Sac, bladder
Common Suffixes
• Ectomy - removal, excision
• Tomy - cutting into
• Stomy - creating an opening between two structures
• Lysis - breaking down, reduction
• Pexy - fixation, tacking
• Rrhaphy - surgical repair
• Rrhea - flow, discharge
• Plasty - repair, surgical formation of
• Scopy - to view
• Logy - to study
• Itis - inflammation
• Sis - state of, abnormal condition
• Oma - tumor
Surgical Abbreviations – Terms
Mesentery - intestinal fatty attachment containing vessels, nerves
Meso - mesentery covered by double layer of peritoneum
Lap - laparotomy (root) or laparoscopic (prefix)
Expl Lap exploratory laparotomy
Lap Appy - laparoscopic appendectomy
Lap Colect - laparoscopic colectomy
Lap Chole - laparoscopic cholecystectomy
AR - anterior resection (usually above 10-12 cm)
LAR - low anterior resection (usually below 10-12 cm)
TME - total mesorectal excision
TEM - transanal endoscopic microdissection
HARTMAN - sigmoid resection with sigmoidostomy & rectal pouch
ADJUVANT - additional treatment given following surgery
NEOADJUVANT - treatment given before surgery
Let’s Exercise—
• How do we say:– Taking out part of the colon?
– Colectomy– Inflammation of the liver?
– Hepatitis– Viewing the stomach?
– Gastroscopy– Surgical repair of the small intestine?
– Enterorrhaphy– Creating an opening between the ileum and the rectum?
– Ileoproctostomy
Basic Surgical Concepts
• Surgery is concerned with operative or manual procedures
Medical/Surgical Terminology
• Diagnosis • Differential Diagnosis• Symptom • Sign • Syndrome • Diagnostic Procedure • Exploratory Laparotomy • Biopsy
– incisional biopsy– excisional biopsy
• Prognosis
Division of Perioperative Periods
• Preoperative Period
• Intraoperative Period
• Postoperative Period – immediate postoperative– late postoperative
Operative Treatment
• Diagnostic vs. Curative vs. Palliative
• Emergency vs. Elective
Evaluation of a Surgical Procedure
• Morbidity
• Mortality
• Recurrence
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ColonRingTM
Detachable Anvil Head Assembly
Piercing Trocar
Operating Knob
ColonRing™ Housing
Cutting Trigger
Cutting Handle
Colon RingTM
Applier
Locking Spring
Purse String Notch
Grasping Notch
Plastic Anvil Ring
Anvil Shaft
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