colorado zld pilot an update
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Phil Brandhuber PhDHDR EngineeringKarla Kinser PE
MWH
Colorado ZLD Pilot An Update
Concentrate Disposal Options
Surface water body Municipal sewer Deep well injection Land application Evaporation pond Brine minimization/zero
liquid discharge
Project Update
Colorado Project- Demonstration of Membrane Zero Liquid
Discharge for Drinking Water Systems Pilot test brine minimization technologies at two
locations in Colorado Poster at this conference last year Today discuss technology assessment and
selection process.
What Minimization Technologies are Available?
Thermal Pressure Driven Electric Potential Alternative
Technology Claimed Overall Recovery
Comments
Brine Concentrator
90% to 95% • Mature technology• High capital and energy cost
Brine Crystallizer Up to 98% • Mature technology• High capital and energy cost
Spray Dryers None • Seasonal use• Low capital • Energy usage similar to brine concentrator
Thermal Technologies
Pressure Driven Technologies
Technology Claimed Overall Recovery
Comments
Dual RO with Intermediate Chemical Demineralization
90% - 98% • Combination of mature technologies.• Increased chemical dosage and sludge disposal required.
Dual RO with Pellet Softener (PS) or Fluidized Bed Crystallizer (FBC)
90% - 98% • Combination of mature technologies.• Increased chemical dosage and sludge disposal required.
Seeded Slurry Precipitation and Recycle (SPARRO)
90% - 95% • Proprietary technology.• Limited full-scale applications for municipal water treatment.
Technology Claimed Overall Recovery
Comments
High Efficiency RO (HERO)
95% - 99% • Proprietary technology.• High capital and O&M cost
High Efficiency Electro-Pressure Membrane (HEEPM)
95% - 99% • Proprietary technology.• No applications for municipal water treatment.
Advanced Reject Recovery of Water (ARROW)
Up to 95% • Proprietary technology.• No applications for municipal water treatment.
Optimized Pretreatment and Separation (OPUS)
90% - 98% • Proprietary technology.• High capital and O&M cost.
Pressure Driven Technologies
Pressure Driven Technologies
Technology Claimed Overall Recovery
Comments
Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process (VSEP)
Up to 90% • Proprietary technology.• Insufficient capacity for municipal water treatment.
Dist Tube (DT) Filtration
Up to 93% • Proprietary technology.• No applications for municipal water treatment.
Electric Potential Driven Technologies
Technology Claimed Overall Recovery
Comments
Electrodialysis (ED) and Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR)
Up to 95% • Effective for high silica content. • Limited effectiveness with high calcium sulfate saturation
Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)
Up to 98% • Effective for high silica content. • Effective for operation of water with high calcium sulfate saturation.
Advanced Technologies
Technology Claimed Overall Recovery
Comments
Forward Osmosis (FO) Up to 90% • Emerging technology.• High energy efficiency.
Membrane Distillation (MD)
Up to 90% • Emerging technology.• No applied pressure.
Dewvaporation Up to 80% • Emerging technology.• No applied pressure.
Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
Up to 97% • Emerging technology.• No applied pressure.
Technologies Selected for Detailed Evaluation
Membrane-based- Dual Reverse Osmosis with Intermediate Demineralization
Electric Potential-based- Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)
Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)Conc.Na2SO4,NaCl
+ -A A AC C
Na+
Cl-
SO42-
Ca2+
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
SO42-
Dilute Feed
Dilute NaCl
Conc.CaCl2,NaCl
Feed FeedNaClSupply
Dual RO with Intermediate Treatment
Brine Concentrator
Concentrate
Groundwater
Permeate
Primary RO
Secondary RO
50 mm Bag Filter
HoldTank
CartridgeFilter
Overflow
LPPump
HPPump
BoosterPump
Antiscalant
Intermediate Treatment
Chemicals Antiscalant
Sand Filter
Acid
Sludge
Evaporation Pond
Distillate
Implementation of EDM for Brine Minimization
FeedWater
Reject
Salt
RO
NaCl
Product Water
EDM
Pond, WAIV, or Thermal
NaOH
Recycled NaCl
Salt
Water Quality OverviewParameter Units Brighton
(raw)
Brighton (concentrate 80%
recovery)
La Junta (raw)
La Junta (concentrate 75%
recovery)Calcium (Ca++) mg/L 107 533 181 1065Magnesium (Mg++) mg/L 24 120 60 353Sodium (Na+) mg/L 121 605 103 606Potassium (K+) mg/L 4.3 21 5 29Iron (Fe+++) mg/L 0.05 0.25Total Manganese (Mn) mg/L 0.13 0.65 0.6Barium (Ba++) mg/L 0.06 0.3 0.05 0.29Strontium (Sr++) mg/L 1.2 6.0 7.6 45Aluminum (Al) mg/L 0.002 0.01Chloride (Cl-) mg/L 125 818 128 753Sulfate (SO4
--) mg/L 213 1065 546 3211Bicarbonate (HCO3
-) mg/L 179 (alkalinity) 895 218 1288Nitrate (NO3
-) mg/L as N 4.5 22.4 2.3 13.5Fluoride (F-) mg/L 1 4.9 3.5 11Silica (SiO2) mg/L SiO2 19 96.25 7.5 44Phosphate (PO4
---) mg/L PO4 0.27 1.33TDS mg/L 634 4260 1258 7419pH units 7.02 7.71 7.6 8.4Conductivity (μS/cm) 1218 6382 11414Temperature (F) 62 59
Modeling Results - RO Based Train
Parameter
Degrees of Saturation in Concentrate as %
Brighton (Concentrate treated
at 53% recovery)
La Junta (Concentrate treated
at 39% recovery)
No Inhibitor MSI310 No
Inhibitor MDC151
CaSO4 133.6 53.5 343.4 98.1
BaSO4 6362.1 97.9 7572.2 72.1
SrSO4 71.3 2.4 646.8 18.5
CaF2 5248.7 0.4 19570.6 1.5
SiO2 163.3 85.3 42.5 42.5
CaPO4 172.6 172.6
CaCO3 94.4 91.0
No Intermediate Treatment
Parameter
Degrees of Saturation in Concentrate as %
Brighton (Concentrate treated
at 81% recovery)
La Junta (Concentrate treated
at 67% recovery)
No Inhibitor MSI310
No Inhibito
rMDC151
CaSO4 148.0 42.3 349.7 99.9
BaSO4 7783.5 74.1 6705.8 63.9
SrSO4 211.0 6.0 1353.4 38.7
CaF2 19045.6 1.5 44549.2 3.4
SiO2 96.1 96.1 50.4 50.4
CaPO4 189.1 101.8
CaCO3 82.3 98.0
With Intermediate Treatment
Summary of Detailed Evaluation
Brine Treatment Process
Brighton La Junta
Brine Treatment Recovery
Overall Recovery
Brine Treatment Recovery
Overall Recovery
RO 53% || 81% 91% || 96% 39% || 67% 85% || 92%
EDM 95% || N/A 99% || N/A 95% || N/A 99% || N/A
• Key: Without Intermediate Treatment || With Intermediate Treatment• Current overall recovery without brine treatment: Brighton 80%, La Junta 75%
Recommendations for Brine Minimization Technologies
Technology Recommendation
Dual Reverse Osmosis Model performance for Brighton and La Junta;
Electrodialysis Metathesis (EDM)
Project team supervised pilot test at Brighton and La Junta.
The Ideal ZLD Solution…
Badwater Salt FlatsDeath Valley, CA
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