cold war develops… aim: to understand how usa used

ColdWardevelops… Aim: TounderstandhowUSAusedfinancialaidtofightCommunisminpost-warEurope(MarshallPlan)

Imagineyouwerereadingthisatthebreakfasttable,haveaconversationwithyourneighbour,whatmighthavebeensaid?Howdoesthisheadlinemakeyoufeel?Whatisittryingtosay?

BeforeWW2 AfterWW2Isolationism:

USpolicybeforeWW2wasIsolationism,basicallystayingoutofothercountriesaffairs,especiallyEurope’sasitis“so

faraway”anyway!

Containment:

USpolicyafterWW2wasContainment(limitingthe

spreadofsomething),basicallystoppingthespreadof

Communismoutsideasmallnumberofcountries

Keyterms:

WhatwastheimpactoftheTrumanDoctrine?

Kennan’s’LongTelegram’confirmedTruman’sworstfears

Stalinintended tospreadCommunismacrossEurope

Truman’smilitaryadvisorstoldTrumantheSovietsweren'tstrongenoughtofighttheUSA.Trumansaidtheydidn'tneedtofighttoincreasetheirterritoriesandpower.

WhatwouldyoudoifyouwereTrumanatthisstage?

Whatcanyouseehere,andwhymightthishelpStalinout?

PostwardamageinEurope

• ManyEuropeancountrieswereinruins• Homes,factories,infrastructure(roads,railways)• Povertyincreaseswithangeranddesperation

Communismisactuallyquiteattractiverightnow,thewealthof

therichwillberedistributed(shared)tohelpusall,notjustthe

fewatthetop!

IseewhatStalinisofferingus!

So,yousee,Stalindoesn'tneedtogotowar,hehasaperfectscenario,the

peoplearealreadydiscontented,hejustneedstoslightlyinfluencethemand

theyfalltotheevilRed!

Whenyouputitlikethat!

So,whatcanwedoaboutthisthen?

WhatisTruman’sproblem?

Thebottomlineis,warisnotanoption,sotheSovietsandCommunismMUSTbe

contained(Containment)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xyoviiavusk

TrumanDoctrine12March1947

TrumanhopedthewealthiercountriesofEuropecouldinfluenceandsupportpostwarEuropeandshowtheCapitalismwasgoodandmakeCommunismseemlessattractive,butBritainandFrancewerenearlybankrupt

Chainofevents:

RevolutionsinGreeceandTurkey,supportedbyCommunists

BritainannounceditcouldnolongersupporttheGreeksagainstCommunistguerrillas12March1947

TrumandecidedenoughwasenoughanditwastimetheUSAtookaction

Hint:RememberthenarrativeQ,whatconnectivescouldyouusehere?

TrumanDoctrine12March1947

Therearetwowaysoflifewhicheverynationmustchoose.Thefirst

wayoffersMAJORITYruleandfreedomfrompoliticaloppression.

ThesecondisforthewilloftheMINORITYtobeforceduponit’s

majority– Communism!

It’ssimple,itschoosingGoodorEvil.TheevilofCommunismshouldnotbeallowedtogrow,weare

preparedtosendtroopsandaidtosupportthosefightingtoresistit!

SummariseintoyourownwordswhatTrumanissayinghere.

TrumanDoctrine12March1947

Thesecondwayoflifereliesuponterrorandoppression,acontrolledpressandradio;fixedelections,and

thesuppressionofpersonalfreedoms.

Ibelievethatourhelpshouldbeprimarilythrougheconomicandfinancialaidwhichisessentialtoeconomicstabilityandorderly

politicalprocesses.

ItisourDUTYtointerferehere.

Whatelseishesaying?

WhatisheaskingCongresstoallow?

TrumanDoctrine12March1947

TrumanannouncedhewouldsendaneconomicaidpackagetoGreece&Turkey.TheUSAwouldprovideAmericancivilianandmilitarypersonneltotheregionandgive$400millioninaid

WhydoyouthinkUSAcanaffordthis?

ARussiancartoonaboutAmericaninvolvementinGreece.

Whatisthissourcesmessage?

This‘Americanduty’isjustasmokescreenforaplanofexpansion...Theytrytotake

controlofGreecebyshoutingabout‘totalitarianism’.

MarshallPlanJune1947

FightingCommunismwith

financialaid

MarshallPlan June1947InJune1947,theAmericangeneralGeorgeMarshallwenttoEurope.Hesaid every countryinEuropewassopoorthatitwasindangerofturningCommunist!Europewas‘abreedinggroundofhate’.MarshallsaidthatAmericashouldgive$17billionofaidtogetEurope’seconomygoingandstopCommunism.

MarshallsaidthatitwasuptothecountriesofEuropetodecidewhattheyneeded.InJuly1947,ledbyBritainandFrance,thecountriesofwesternEuropemetinParis,andaskedforsubstantialeconomicaid.

Ourpolicyisdirectednotagainstanycountryordoctrinebutagainsthunger,poverty,desperationandchaos.Itspurposeshouldbetherevivalofaworkingeconomyintheworldsoastopermittheemergence

ofpoliticalandsocialconditionsinwhichfreeinstitutionscanexist.

HowmightthisspeechhavebeenacceptedbyWesternEuropeandStalin?

Stickyoursourceinandannotateit

WhatisthemessageofthisUSsource?

TrumanDoctrineEffective?• CongressdidnotwanttopasstheMarshallPlan.

• InFeb1948theCommuniststookoverCzechoslovakia– Congresswasscared andvotedforthePlaninMarch1948.

• MarshallaidwasopentoallEuropeancountries,includingtheSoviet‘satellite’states.16nationsaskedforhelpincludingUKandGermany.

• By1950,industrialproductioninW.Europehadincreasedby25%.

• IndustrialunrestinFranceandItalyendedandcommunistinterestdecreased.

• Between1948and1952,$12.7Billionhadbeenprovidedaddedto$13Billionbeforetheplanevenstarted!

TrumanDoctrineEffective?Impactwasenormousalthoughittookuntilthe1950sforthefulleffectstobeseen.Britishforeignsecretary(ErnestBevin)calledit“alifelinetosinkingmen,givinghopewheretherewasnone”.

Othertypesofaid,notjustmoney

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v3SqCxcSug

SovietResponse:

GMMalenkov,aSovietpolitician,speakingin1947abouttheMarshallPlan.“TherulinggangofAmericanimperialistshastakenthepathofopenexpansion,of

enslavingweakenedcapitalistcountries.IthashatchednewwarplansagainsttheSovietUnion.ImitatingHitler,thenew

aggressorsareusingblackmail.”

SovietResponse:

LikeI’vesaidallalong,thisTrumanDoctrineandMarshallAidisprooftheyaretryingtoinfluenceanddominatetheworld.

SurelythisisunderminingtheUnitedNationsthatweagreedonatTehran,it’smeantobetheUN,allofusworkingtogether,notthedutyoftheUSAtoprotecttheworld.

TheyaresimplyusingeconomicpowertodivideEuropeintwowithanAmericanEmpiretothewest!Dollarimperialismthisis!Itisadisgrace!

SovietResponse:

• StalinforcedhissovietsatellitestowithdrawapplicationforMarshallPlanfundingthereforestoppingUSAinfluencingEasternEurope.

• SetupCOMINFORM in1947andCOMECON in1949tocountertheMarshallPlanforhissatellitestatesandCommunistsupportingcountries.

COMINFORM1947CommunistInformationBureau

• PoliticalorganisationsetupbyStalin22ndSeptember1947

• 9Members(SovietUnion,CommunistpartiesofBulgaria,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Poland,Romania,Yugoslavia,FranceandItaly.

• YugoslavCommunistsledbyTitowasstrongestsupport.

• MemberswereencouragedtotradewithotherCominform membersandcontactwithnon-communistswasdiscouraged.

• FirstmeetingsawPropagandabeingspreadcomparingUSAtoNaziGermany

• TensionssoongrewbetweenYugoslaviaandSovietUnionandTitowasexpelledfromCominform.

StalincoulddirectandcontrolthegovernmentsofthesatellitestateswithCominform.Theywouldnotonlyfollow

communismbuttakeordersfromMoscow.

COMECON1949CouncilforMutualEconomicAssistance

• Setup25January1949,2yearsaftertheMarshallPlanasannounced.

• Memberswere:SovietUnion,Bulgaria,Czecholsovakia,Hungary,Poland,RomaniaandEastGermany.Albaniajoinedin1950.

• Supportedeconomicdevelopmentsinitsmemberstates,initiallyarrangingtradeandcreditagreements.

• 1953sawComecon beingusedtoorganiseindustrialplanningacrossallsatellitestates- NationalisedindustryandCollectivisedagriculture.

• TradewithUSA&WesternEuropewasdiscouraged.

AlternativetoMarshallAidforCommunistcountries,soStalincouldthencontroland

influencetheEast.

Impactoninternationalrelations:• Anylingeringbelieftherewasstillthe‘GrandAlliance’

wasgoneasUSAhadsetitselfupdirectlyagainstStalinandinvitedothernationstojointhemagainstCommunism.

• Stalin’ssuspicionswerereinforced,hewasnowsuretheUSAweretryingtocrushtheSovietUnion.

• MarshallPlansuccessfullytiedWesternEuropetoUSA,Comecon tiedEasternEuropetoSovietUnion;therewasnowtwoeconomicandpoliticalcamps.

• Stalin’ssettingupofComecon andCominform ledtothecreationofNATO…

• …WhichinturnledtothecreationoftheSovietequivalent,theWarsawPact.

• EuropewasnowanintenseEastVs.Westrivalrybetweencountriestryingtowindiplomaticandpoliticalvictoriesovertheiropponents.

TheRussiannewspaperIzvestia,March1947.

This‘Americanduty’isjustasmokescreenforaplanofexpansion...TheytrytotakecontrolofGreecebyshoutingabout‘totalitarianism’.GMMalenkov,aSovietpolitician,speaking

in1947abouttheMarshallPlan.“TherulinggangofAmericanimperialistshastakenthepathofopenexpansion,ofenslavingweakenedcapitalistcountries.IthashatchednewwarplansagainsttheSovietUnion.ImitatingHitler,thenew

aggressorsareusingblackmail.”

Describetheeventsof1947-49asthoughyouwereacommunist.

PresidentTruman,speakinginMarch1947.

Everynationmustchoosebetweendifferentwaysoflife...Wemusthelpfreepeoplestoworkouttheirowndestinyintheirownway.

Describetheeventsof1947-49asthoughyouwereAmerican

HomeworkUsingyournotesandwww.stchistory.com