circulatory system notes part ii. heart structure of other organisms single circulation heart is...

Circulatory System NotesPart II

Heart structure of other organisms• Single circulation

• Heart is 2-chambered

• Blood pressure is low after blood passes through gill capillaries

• Swimming helps propel blood to systemic capillaries and back to the heart

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Heart structure of other organisms• Double circulation

• Heart is 3-chambered

• Gas exchange occurs at the lungs and skin

• Blood from two atria mix into a single ventricle, a ridge diverts the oxygen-poor from the oxygen rich blood

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Heart structure of other organisms• Double circulation

• Heart is 3-chambered

• Ventricle is partially divided, less mixing of the blood occurs

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Heart structure of other organisms• Double circulation

• Heart is 4-chambered

• Helps support high metabolic rates of birds and mammals; pumps enough fuel and oxygen to body tissues

• Left ventricle has thicker walls than right ventricle

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Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure: the force that blood exerts against the walls of your blood vessels

• Measured in the arteries of the arm at the same height of the heart.

• 120 / 70 healthy young adult blood pressure• numerator = systolic pressure• donominator = diastolic pressure

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Blood Pressure

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S648xZDK7b0

Cardiac Cycle• Systole:– “Lub”– Contraction phase– Atriums contract to completely fill

the ventricles– Then, ventricles contract to pump

blood into the arteries– Tricuspid and Mitral valve are closed– Pulmonary and Aortic valves are

open

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Cardiac Cycle• Diastole: – “Dub”– Relaxed phase– Blood flows into all 4

chambers – Tricuspid and Mitral valves

are open– Pulmonary and Aortic valves

are closed

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Pump it up!

• Average amount of blood pumped out of heart per beat (cardiac cycle) = 70mL

• Average number of heart beats (cardiac cycles) per minute = 72

How much blood does the heart pump per minute?

• 70mL x 72 heart beats = 5040 mL/min (5L/min)• A drop of blood can travel through the entire

systemic circuit in one minute!

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SA NodeEach heart muscle contracts and relaxes to an intrinsic

rhythm…how?

• SA Node: (sinoatrial node) is a group of cells that set the rate at which all the cardiac muscle cells contract, it is your pacemaker. Found in the upper wall of the right atrium. Generates electrical impulses similar to a nerve cell.

• These electrical impulses in the heart generate electrical changes in the skin, which can be detected and recorded by an electrocardiogram (EKG).

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Artificial Pacemakers

• Artificial Pacemaker: a device that emits electrical signals to trigger normal heart beats

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Heart Attack • ½ the deaths in the US are caused by cardiovascular disease• 1/3rd of heart attack victims die immediately

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Description Warning Signs (Symptoms) Treatments or Preventions

-When one or more coronary arteries become blocked, heart muscles die

-SA Node unable to maintain a normal rhythm

-Chest discomfort

-Discomfort in other parts of the body (arms, neck, jaw, stomach)

-Shortness of breath

- Cold sweat

-Electrical shocks from an external defibrillator (AED)

- Aspirin

-Exercise and healthy diet

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qje-XlNowIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7wmPWTnDbE

Stroke#15#15

Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

- Death of brain tissue due to lack of O2

- Blockage of arteries in the head

- Face Drooping

- Arm Weakness

- Speech Difficulty

- Time to call 9-1-1

- Blood thinning medications

- Rehabilitation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCNTMIcOMpE&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Deep Vein Thrombosis#15#15

•Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

•A blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body

•Most occur in the lower leg or thigh

•A loose clot can travel to the lung’s arteries and block flow (pulmonary embolism)

•Swelling of the leg

•Pain or tenderness in the leg when standing or walking

•Anticoagulants

•Vena Cava Filter

•Compression Stockings

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dvt/

Myocarditis#15#15

Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

•Inflammation of the heart muscle caused by a viral or bacterial infection

•Stabbing chest pain

•Shortness of breath during exercise

•Small amounts of urine

•Antibiotics

•Diuretics (promotes production of urine)

•Calcium channel blockers (increases supply of blood and O2 to the heart)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11FqAJ-_gIs

Murmur#15#15

Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

•Most murmurs are harmless.

•A heart murmur is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat.

•Leaky valves

•A bluish color on the skin, especially on the fingertips and lips

•Enlarged neck veins

•Excessive sweating with minimal or no exertion

•Sometimes the symptoms go away by themselves

•Lifestyle changes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvtBpnV_lOE

Aneryusm#15#15

Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

• Balloon-like bulge in an artery

• Can rupture (burst) and cause internal bleeding fatal

• Damage and weakening of the artery’s walls

• Build up of plaque

• Avoid smoking

• Surgical removal

• Insertion of a stent

Reynaud’s Disease#15#15

•Description •Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

•Treatments or Preventions

•Difficultly of carrying blood to extended parts of the body (hands and feet)

•Brief episodes of vasospasm, which is a narrowing of the blood vessels.

•Cold temperatures or stress can trigger “attacks”

•Skin may turn white and then blue for a short time

•As blood flow returns, the affected areas may turn red and throb, tingle, burn, or feel numb

•Protection from cold temperatures

•Learn ways to handle stress

Hypertension#15#15

Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

•High blood pressure

•“Silent Killer”

•Blood Pressure above: 120/80

•No other symptoms are usually seen the beginning years of the condition

•Eat less than teaspoon of salt a day (1,500mg)

•Weight loss•Exercise•Healthy diet•Avoid stress

http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/ss/slideshow-hypertension-overview

Polycythemia Vera#15#15

Description Signs of Disease (Symptoms)

Treatments or Preventions

•body makes too many red blood cells

•Thickens blood making it difficult for oxygen-rich blood to flow to parts of the body

• Feelings of pressure or fullness on the left side of the abdomen due to an enlarged spleen

•Heavy bleeding from small cuts

•A pint of blood is removed once a week until RBC count is normal.

Warafin

• Anticoagulant – prevents clotting of the blood

• Higher risk of bleeding because of the thinner blood

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Aspirin• Taking an aspirin as soon as

symptoms start greatly improves the chance of survival.

• Aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug.

• Aspirin “thins” the blood and helps prevent blood clots from forming.

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Angioplasty• A procedure to open narrow/blocked coronary arteries.

• A deflated balloon catheter inserted into a coronary artery.

• The balloon is inflated, compressing the plaque against the artery wall.

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Stents• A small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries.• Helps support the inner wall of the artery

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Bypass Surgery• A healthy blood vessel taken from the leg, arm, chest or abdomen and

connects it to the other arteries in the heart.• Blood is bypassed around the diseased or blocked area

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Heart Transplant• A heart transplant replaces the patient's heart with a donor heart.

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