china from struggle to stregnth. critical historical junctures one of oldest continuous...
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CHINACHINA
From STRUGGLE to STREGNTH
From STRUGGLE to STREGNTH
Critical Historical Junctures
Critical Historical Junctures
• One of oldest continuous civilizations• Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from
the outside world• Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60)• ‘Treaty Ports’ & Extraterritoriality• Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination
• One of oldest continuous civilizations• Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from
the outside world• Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60)• ‘Treaty Ports’ & Extraterritoriality• Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination
Opium War
China under Foreign
Domination
China under Foreign
Domination• French political cartoon,
1890s. • Pie represents "Chine"
(French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan.
• A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless.
• French political cartoon, 1890s.
• Pie represents "Chine" (French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan.
• A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless.
Sun Yat-Sen“Father of Modern
China”
Sun Yat-Sen“Father of Modern
China”
• Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence
• Many seek political & economic modernization
• Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic
• 1920’s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers)
• Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protégé Chiang Kai-shek
• Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence
• Many seek political & economic modernization
• Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic
• 1920’s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers)
• Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protégé Chiang Kai-shek
Fall of Qing Dynasty
Beginning of Modern China
Fall of Qing Dynasty
Beginning of Modern China
Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong
Civil War: 1946-1949
Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong
Civil War: 1946-1949• KMT-Nationalist
Party Military campaign to
unite the ChineseDefeats warlords,
unites most of S. & central China
Sets sights on CCP
• KMT-Nationalist Party Military campaign to
unite the ChineseDefeats warlords,
unites most of S. & central China
Sets sights on CCP
CCP-Chinese Communist PartyBacked by SovietsFrustrated w/
China’s vulnerabilityFavored a violent
peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution
Leads to LONG MARCH
CCP-Chinese Communist PartyBacked by SovietsFrustrated w/
China’s vulnerabilityFavored a violent
peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution
Leads to LONG MARCH
Mao’s Long MarchMao’s Long March
• Massive military retreat from the KMT• Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to
recuperate & rebuild army • Mao’s leadership during the March gained him
support & respect of party & peasants
• Massive military retreat from the KMT• Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to
recuperate & rebuild army • Mao’s leadership during the March gained him
support & respect of party & peasants
“The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes,
while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue,
obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200
million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.”
Mao Zedong 1935
“The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes,
while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue,
obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200
million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.”
Mao Zedong 1935
“War of Liberation”“War of Liberation”
China under Mao Zedong
1949 - 1976
China under Mao Zedong
1949 - 1976
Mao’s AgendaMao’s Agenda
• A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”• imperialism• feudalism• bureaucrat-capitalism
• A “United Front” of …• workers• peasants
• A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”• imperialism• feudalism• bureaucrat-capitalism
• A “United Front” of …• workers• peasants
People’s Republic of China
People’s Republic of China
• 10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing• Chairman: Mao Zedong• 5-Star Red Flag
• Chiang’s “Republic of China” government retreated to Taiwan
• Villified along w/ US & Japan
• 10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing• Chairman: Mao Zedong• 5-Star Red Flag
• Chiang’s “Republic of China” government retreated to Taiwan
• Villified along w/ US & Japan
Mao’s First Political Campaigns
Mao’s First Political Campaigns
• Land reform & suppression of counter-revolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds
• Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry
• B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #’s are as high as 2-5 mil
• Up to 1.5 mil sent to “reformed through labor” camps
• Land reform & suppression of counter-revolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds
• Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry
• B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #’s are as high as 2-5 mil
• Up to 1.5 mil sent to “reformed through labor” camps
Economic Reconstruction First 5 Year Plan (1953-58)
Economic Reconstruction First 5 Year Plan (1953-58)
• Soviet Union model and assistance• land reform (eliminate landlord class)• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)• Zhou Enlai
• Premier• Foreign Minister
• Soviet Union model and assistance• land reform (eliminate landlord class)• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)• Zhou Enlai
• Premier• Foreign Minister
Mao & Stalin
Mao & Stalin on postage stamp
Great Leap ForwardSecond 5 Year Plan (1958-60)Great Leap Forward
Second 5 Year Plan (1958-60)
• Abandon Soviet model of econ. development
• Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership
• mass mobilization• people’s communes
• Abandon Soviet model of econ. development
• Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership
• mass mobilization• people’s communes
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
• Unrealistic output targets• industry• agricultural and human disaster• Largest famine in human history
• Unrealistic output targets• industry• agricultural and human disaster• Largest famine in human history
Official stat = 20 m died.
Other sources put the # b/w
20-72 mil.
Growing Division (1962-1965)
Growing Division (1962-1965)
• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies
• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies
Deng
Cultural Revolution 1966-76
Cultural Revolution 1966-76
Liu & Deng’s prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • commitment to revolution &“class
struggle”• power struggle to succeed Mao
Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds ---
Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.
Liu & Deng’s prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • commitment to revolution &“class
struggle”• power struggle to succeed Mao
Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds ---
Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.
The Little Red BookThe Little Red Book
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)
• Purge of party cadres• Liu and Deng
• Purge of intellectuals
• Purge of party cadres• Liu and Deng
• Purge of intellectuals
Red GuardsRed Guards• Traveled throughout China, going to schools,
universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao.
• Attacked the “The Four Olds”• Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders,
& some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution.
• Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders“
• Ransacked museums • Destroyed old books and works of art throughout
China. • Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage
sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.
•
• Traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao.
• Attacked the “The Four Olds”• Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders,
& some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution.
• Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders“
• Ransacked museums • Destroyed old books and works of art throughout
China. • Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage
sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.
•
Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)• Mao’s assumed successor• 1971 - Lin allegedly tried
but failed• to assassinate Mao• to flee to Soviet Union
• Eroded the credibility of• the entire leadership• the Cultural Revolution
• Mao’s assumed successor• 1971 - Lin allegedly tried
but failed• to assassinate Mao• to flee to Soviet Union
• Eroded the credibility of• the entire leadership• the Cultural Revolution
Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
Power struggle between• the radical “Gang of Four”,
led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s estranged wife): continue mass mobilization
• Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model
• Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology
Power struggle between• the radical “Gang of Four”,
led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s estranged wife): continue mass mobilization
• Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model
• Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology
1972 – 1976
Mao Died in 1976Mao Died in 1976
• Turning point in China’s postwar era
• “Gang of Four” were arrested• Ends Cultural Revolution
• Turning point in China’s postwar era
• “Gang of Four” were arrested• Ends Cultural Revolution
Mao’s legaciesMao’s legacies
Rise of Deng XiaopingRise of Deng Xiaoping
• Goal = help China achieve wealth & power
• Four modernizations:• Modernize agriculture• Expand industry• Develop science & technology• Upgrade defense
• Goal = help China achieve wealth & power
• Four modernizations:• Modernize agriculture• Expand industry• Develop science & technology• Upgrade defense
Deng, Time’s Man of the Year, 1978
Tianenmen Square Protests 1989
Tianenmen Square Protests 1989
• Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough
• Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP
• Wanted a voice for democratic reform
• Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread
• Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough
• Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP
• Wanted a voice for democratic reform
• Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread
"The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts &
erected during the protest.
Go Home!Go Home!• June 1989, govt. order
students to return home• Students refuse• Army opens fire on
crowd(~150,000)• Several thousand killed
or wounded• Govt. arrested, tortured,
and even executed leaders of this democracy movement
• June 1989, govt. order students to return home
• Students refuse• Army opens fire on
crowd(~150,000)• Several thousand killed
or wounded• Govt. arrested, tortured,
and even executed leaders of this democracy movement
Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.
Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.
The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on June 5, 1989, depicts an unknown man who stopped the
advancing tanks, and later supplied food and drinks to the tank soldier.
The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on June 5, 1989, depicts an unknown man who stopped the
advancing tanks, and later supplied food and drinks to the tank soldier.
Legacy….Legacy….
Deng’s Economic Reforms
Deng’s Economic Reforms
“Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice.”
Economic growth under Deng = significant
“Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice.”
Economic growth under Deng = significant
Leads to….Leads to….
• Large, low paid workforce• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)• Introduction of Free markets• Spectacular growth & rising
standard of living• Consumerism
• Large, low paid workforce• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)• Introduction of Free markets• Spectacular growth & rising
standard of living• Consumerism
New ChinaNew China
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