chican@ studies 1800-1900
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WHAT WERE THE IMPORTANT EVENTS OF THE 1800’S? HOW HAVE THESE EVENTS IMPACTED US TODAY? WHAT DID THEY
CONTRIBUTE TO THE CREATION OF CHICANO@ STUDIES?
DR. IRIS D. RUIZ FALL , 2014
The Colonial EraThe Process of Decolonization
Continues……..
Flash forward……
1810 Spanish and Mexican War
The 1800’s brought the beginning of the independence movement from Spain.
1810: War of Race and Class: Racial tension existed between the Spanish, Criollos, Mestizos and the Indians.
Mestizos wanted more of an economic share of the power that was exclusive to the Criollos (Spanish person born in Mexico)
1821: Independence was achieved after many wars and changes in leadership. Guerilla warfare was a factor.
1820 Mexican Indepdendence
The 1820 War of Independence did not resolve racial and class inequality nor special privileges for the military.
Mexico was broke; Spanish money was gone.In independent Mexico, the new state turned into an
unstable sociological and political structure.The continued power-politics that kept the power in the
Catholic and Spanish influenced church.The church had completely devalued all indigenous
religious practices and had huge amounts of power at this time.
The influence of Spanish colonial rule and power led continuing racism toward the Indios.
Mexican State Formation
As Mexico had gained independence, it was still mired in chaotic power plays between the different classes.
They needed more stability as their populations were growing and were acclimating to the demands and perceived benefits of capitalism.
The best way to unite the people would be to encourage a national consciousness and make Mexico into a nation-state.
However the political structure never stayed consistent and was characterized by military dictatorships.
Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion
The 19th century and Manifest Destiny went hand-in-hand.U.S. believed that it was destined by God to expand their
religious and political beliefs all across the lands of North America.
The Angel of Progress was on their side. Their weaponry and military tactics were supreme and their thirst for gold and natural resources was insatiable.
Their eyes were set on Texas and when the Mexican Government was not in alignment with their personal desires, they decided to take over.
Lousiana purchase in 1803.Acquisition of Florida in 1818.
The Angel of Progress
The Angel of Progress is a
mythical, metaphysical
representation of colonial
beliefs and motives and U.S.
settlers of the 19th Century. The
Angel signifies something that
is positive, destined and
ordained by God. They believed
they were destined to spread
liberty, justice and the American
way” to all poor, unfortunate
souls they encounter on their
path.
US History Leading to Dispute with Mexico
13 colonies gained independence from England in 1783
1787 the U.S. constitution written.1803 purchase of Lousiana Territory1819 Florida was acquiredWhite North American people believed is what
their fate to settle all of these lands.They set their eyes on Mexico, because Mexico had
not yet settled the lands of Texas and California.Loss of Atzlan….
1829: Mexican Abolition of Slavery
Mexico abolished slavery before the U.S. (Acuña, 2014, pp. 44)When Mexico abolished slavery on Sept. 15, 1829, Europeans circumvented (side-stepped) the law by “freeing” their slaves and then signing them to a lifelong contract of indentured servitude.Anglo-European immigrants were not happy with having to follow Mexican laws that interfered with their capitalist desires.
The Loss of Atzlan
Mexico gained independence due to an unstable Spanish regime and growing unrest of the indigenous and Mestizo populations.
They implemented a democracy. All first presidents were military and gained control
through their control of army. National governments were extremely unstable.Went from president to president.In 22 years (1833-55) the government changed hands
36 times!All of this history in totalilty and happening
simultaneusly led to the loss of Atzlan.
Uprising in Texas
Because Texas was not a developed region because it was so far away from Mexico City where the government was centralized
Because there weren’t many Mexican settlers in Texas
Because the U.S. already had their eyes on Mexico and Texas
Because Mexico allowed English settlement in Texas
Loss of Texas
In 1826, U.S. President John Quincy Adams put pressure on Mexico to sell Texas for 1 million.
Mexican refused, so Adams began a campaign to force Mexico to sell Texas.
1830, Andrew Jackson attempted to buy Texas for 5 million.
Mexico halted European immigration.Houston said more profitable for the U.S. to
“Americanize” Texas.Texas was trading with other U.S. colonies.Mexico was losing its grasp on the land.
Loss of Aztlan or the Southwestern U.S. cont.
U.S. settlers thought of themselves as moral, intellectually and politically superior.
The centralized government in Mexico, started by Santa Anna, was also a force that the English did not agree with.
They were not fond of the Mexican centralized oligarchy government structure.
Stephen Austin declared war on Mexico on Sept 19, 1835.
The Battle of the Alamo/Battle of San Jacinto
These battles made the Mexican army weak and paved the way for a full-fledged Mexican-American war.
U.S. frontier up against the far Southwest.Set their eyes on the taking the who Southwestern territory.1836-1846: Texas was an independent republic.In December, 1845, Texas became a state.the republic claimed borders that included all of the present US
state of Texas as well as parts of present-day Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico based upon the Treaties of Velasco between the newly created Texas Republic and Mexico.
The eastern boundary with the United States was defined by the Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 but was up for dispute by Mexico.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Nonetheless, Mexico lost the war.The battle at Churubusco in 1847 brought
Europeans to the gates of Mexico City.On February 2, 1848, the Mexicans ratified the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, with Mexico accepting the Rio Grande as the Texas border and ceding almost half of its territory (which incorporated the present-day states of California, New Mexico, Nevada, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, Utah and even Oklahoma) to the United States in return for 15 million.
The Creation of a Mexican Underclass
The Lynchings and Reign of Terror
Dispossession
MARB
Civil Rights
Chicano Movement
Walkouts
Cultural Wars
Today
21st Century Chican@ Movement
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