chemistry – matter and change

Chemistry – Chemistry – Matter and ChangeMatter and Change

Chapter TWO

Objectives for Unit 2Objectives for Unit 2SPI 3221.1.2 – Interpret the periodic table to describe an

element’s atomic makeup.

SPI 3221.2.1 – Distinguish among elements and compounds.

SPI 3221.2.4 – Classify as physical or chemical change.

SPI 3221.2.5 – Compare and contrast heat/temperature changes in chemical/physical processes.

SPI 3221.2.6 – Investigate solids, liquids, and gasses in terms of energy and particle spacing.

More Objectives for More Objectives for Unit 2Unit 2You will also be able to…

- Define and describe “Chemistry” - List the different types of Chemistry - Describe how to separate a mixture - Describe the periodic table and

how it is arranged

ChemistryChemistry: the study of : the study of composition, structure, composition, structure,

and properties of matter* and properties of matter* and the changes it and the changes it

undergoes.undergoes.

*Matter: composed of mass and takes up space.*Matter: composed of mass and takes up space.

Branches of ChemistryBranches of Chemistry1.1. Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry – carbon-containing

compounds.2.2. Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry – no carbon3.3. Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry – properties and changes

of matter and their relation to energy.4.4. Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry – identification of

components and composition of materials.5.5. BiochemistryBiochemistry – substances and processes

occurring in living things.6.6. Theoretical ChemistryTheoretical Chemistry – use of math and

computers to understand chemical behavior and to design/predict the properties of NEW compounds.

Elements and Elements and CompoundsCompounds• All matter is composed of atomsatoms.

– Copper pipe is made of copper atoms.– Oxygen gas is made of oxygen atoms.

• Atoms of two or more elements bond together to make compoundscompounds.

– CO2 (___ carbon atom and ___ oxygen atoms)– H2O2 (___ hydrogen atoms & ___ oxygen atoms)

• An elementelement is a pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

– Carbon is an element made of only carbon atoms.

Physical PropertiesPhysical PropertiesA characteristic that can be observed or measured without

changing the identity of the substance. Examples: boiling and freezing points

Physical Change: does not involve a change in identity of the substance…cutting, melting, boiling, freezing, tearing.

Change of State: physical change from one state to another.• Solid Liquid (Melting) Liquid Solid

(Freezing)• Solid Gas (Subliming) Gas Solid (Deposition)• Liquid Gas (Evap./Boil) Gas Liquid

(Condensing)

SOLID - LIQUID - GAS - PLASMASOLID - LIQUID - GAS - PLASMA

STATES OF MATTER

• SOLID:– Definite Shape– Definite Volume– Particles move slowly

and are close together

Video: Potassium

• Examples– Sodium metal (Na)– Ice (H2O)– Gold at room temp. (Au)

STATES OF MATTER

• LIQUID:– No Definite Shape– Definite Volume– Particles move a little

faster than solids and more freely.

Video: Mercury• Examples

– Mercury (Hg)– Bromine (Br2)– Water (H2O)– Gold at high temp. (Au)

STATES OF MATTER

• GAS:– No Definite Shape– No Definite Volume– Particles move very quickly and

are far apart.

Video: Chlorine • Examples

– Neon (Ne)– Steam (H2O)– Chlorine gas (Cl2)

STATES OF MATTER

• PLASMA:– High Temperature– Atoms lose electrons

easily

Video: What is Plasma?• Examples

– Sun– Fluorescent Bulbs

STATES OF MATTER

Chemical Properties……relate how chemicals undergo change.

Chemical Change (reaction): when substances are converted into NEW substances.

Reactants REACT. Products are PRODUCED.

reactant + reactant product

carbon + oxygen carbon dioxideC + OC + O22 CO CO22

Alkali Metals in Water

Chemical Properties……relate how chemicals undergo change.

Chemical Change (reaction): when substances are converted into NEW substances.

Reactants REACT. Products are PRODUCED.

reactant + reactant product sodium + water sodium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Na + HNa + H22O O NaOH + H NaOH + H22

Chemical Properties……relate how chemicals undergo change.

Chemical Change (reaction): when substances are converted into NEW substances.

Reactants REACT. Products are PRODUCED.

reactant + reactant product Potassium + water potassium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

K + HK + H22O O KOH + H KOH + H22

Chemical Properties……relate how chemicals undergo change.

Chemical Change (reaction): when substances are converted into NEW substances.

Reactants REACT. Products are PRODUCED.

reactant + reactant product Rubidium + water rubidium hydroxide + hydrogen gas

Rb + HRb + H22O O RbOH + H RbOH + H22

Matter

Mixtures Pure Substances

Homogeneous(air, sugar in water)

Heterogeneous(wood, blood)

Elements(gold, oxygen)

Compounds(water, salt, sugar)

Classification ofClassification of

“Solutions”

Mixtures vs. Pure Substances

MIXTURESMIXTURES• Blend of two or more

types of matter (each retains its own identities and properties.)

• Salt-Water…is both salt and water. Tastes like salt and tastes like water.

• Mixture of metals: alloy-24 k. gold = only gold-18 k. gold = gold, silver,

copper

PURE SUBSTANCESPURE SUBSTANCES• Every sample has

exactly the same properties.

• Every sample has exactly the same composition.– Pure water is always

11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen.

Matter

Mixtures Pure Substances

Homogeneous(air, sugar in water)

Heterogeneous(wood, blood)

Elements(gold, oxygen)

Compounds(water, salt, sugar)

Classification ofClassification of

“Solutions”

Separation of MixturesDISTILLATION

1. Boil mixture.2. Liquid boils off, leaving

solid minerals behind.3. Collect the boiled vapor

in a condenser.4. Collected liquid is

pure(er).

Ex: Seawater or Moonshine

FILTRATION1. Pour mixture onto a

mesh, like filter paper. 2. Liquid passes through

paper.3. Solid is left on the

paper.

Ex: Charcoal water filters

INTRO to the Periodic Table

GROUPSGROUPS (or families) are VERTICLE

PERIODSPERIODS are HORIZONTAL.

Metals are Left. Nonmetals are RightMetals are Left. Nonmetals are Right

METALLOIDS are on METALLOIDS are on Zig-Zag Line.Zig-Zag Line.

Groups you should know…

• Alkali Metals• Alkaline Earth Metals• Transition Metals• Rare Earth Metals• Metalloids• Nonmetals• Inert “Nobel” Gases

Vocabulary Review• Chemistry• Atom• Compound• Element• Change of State• Physical Change• Mass, Matter• Chemical Change• Chemical Reaction• Mixture

– Homogeneous– Heterogeneous

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

• Plasma

• Reactant

• Product

• Pure Substance

• Group (Family) & Period

• Metal

• Nonmetal

• Metalloid

Important InformationImportant InformationTest on ___________!

- Chapter 2

- Scientific Method Review

- Lab Safety & Equipment

- Graphing Review

Bring:

Pencil & Calculator

Book (for after test)

Next Unit… Chapter 5

Measurements &

Calculations