chemical reactions & mole concept 10th std chemistry

Chemical Reactions &

Mole Conceptbabuappat@gmail.com

• babuappat@gmail.com

In Chemistry the mole is a

fundamental unit in the “SystèmeInternational

d'Unités”, the SI system, and it is used to measure

the amount of substance.

This quantity is sometimes referred to as the chemical amount. In Latin

mole means a "massive heap" of material. It is convenient to think

of a chemical mole as such.

Visualizing a mole as a pile of particles, however,

is just one way to understand this concept. A sample of a substance

A sample of a substance has a mass, volume (generally

used with gases), and number of particles that is

proportional to the chemical amount (measured in moles)

of the sample.

Measuring one of these quantities allows the calculation of the

others and this is frequently done in

stoichiometry

The mole is to the amount of substance (or chemical amount) as

the gram is to mass. Like other units of the SI system, prefixes can

be used with the mole, so it is permissible to refer to 0.001 mol as

1 mmol just as 0.001 g is equivalent to 1 mg

Formal Definition

According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST), the Fourteenth ConférenceGénérale des Poids et Mesures

established the definition of the mole in 1971

The mole is the amount of a substance of a system which contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12; its symbol is "mol." When the mole is

used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms,

molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such

particles

Elementary Entities

In particle physics, an elementary particle or

fundamental particle is a particle not known to have

substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller

particles

If an elementary particle truly has no substructure, then it is one of the basic

building blocks of the universe from which all

other particles are made

• babuappat@gmail.com

In the Standard Model, the elementary particles consist of

the fundamental fermions (including quarks, leptons, and

their antiparticles), and the fundamental bosons (including

gauge bosons and the Higgs boson).

• babuappat@gmail.com

Historically, the hadrons (mesons and baryons

such as the proton and neutron) and even whole

atoms were once regarded as elementary

particles• babuappat@gmail.com

(Indeed, the word "atom" means "indivisible".) A central feature in elementary particle theory is the

early 20th century idea of "quanta", which revolutionized the understanding of electromagnetic

radiation and brought about quantum mechanics

• babuappat@gmail.com

For mathematical purposes, elementary particles are normally treated as point particles, although some particle theories such as

string theory posit a physical dimension

• babuappat@gmail.com

According to the Standard Model, all

elementary particles are either bosons or fermions (depending on their spin)

• babuappat@gmail.com

The spin-statistics theorem identifies the

resulting quantum statistics that

differentiates fermions from bosons

• babuappat@gmail.com

According to this methodology: Particles normally associated

with matter are fermions. They have half-integer spin and are divided into twelve flavours.

Particles associated with fundamental forces are bosons

and they have integer spin• babuappat@gmail.com

Elementary fermions (matter particles):

Quarks: up, down, charm, strange,

top, bottom

• babuappat@gmail.com

Leptons:

electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon

neutrino, tau, tau neutrino

Elementary bosons (force-carrying particles):

Gauge bosons: gluon, W and Z bosons,

photon

Other bosons Higgs bosonOf these, only the Higgs boson

remains undiscovered, but efforts are being taken at the

Large Hadron Collider to determine whether it exists or

not

Additional elementary particles may exist, such as the graviton, which would mediate gravitation. Such particles lie beyond the

Standard Model

Common elementary particlesSeveral estimates imply that practically

all the matter, when measured by mass, in the visible universe (not

including dark matter) is in the protons of hydrogen atoms, and that roughly

1080 protons exist in the visible universe (Eddington number), and

roughly 1080 atoms exist in the visible universe.

Each proton is, in turn, composed of 3

elementary particles: two up quarks and one down

quark

Neutrons and other particles heavier than protons, as well as

helium and other atoms with more than one proton, are so

rare that their total mass in the visible universe is much less

than the total mass of protons in hydrogen atoms

Lighter particles of matter, although equal (electrons) or

vastly more (neutrinos) numerous than protons, are so much lighter than protons, that

their total mass in the visible universe is again much less than the total mass of all

protons.• babuappat@gmail.com

Some estimates imply that practically all the matter, when

measured by numbers of particles, in the visible universe (not

including dark matter) is in the form of neutrinos, and that roughly 1086 elementary particles of matter exist in the visible universe, mostly

neutrinos• babuappat@gmail.com

Some estimates imply that roughly 1097 elementary

particles exist in the visible universe (not including dark

matter), mostly photons, gravitons, and other

massless force carriers• babuappat@gmail.com

Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics contains 12 flavours of

elementary fermions, plus their corresponding antiparticles, as well as elementary bosons that mediate the forces and the still

undiscovered Higgs boson

• babuappat@gmail.com

However, the Standard Model is widely considered to be a provisional theory

rather than a truly fundamental one, since it is not known if it is compatible

with Einstein's general relativity

• babuappat@gmail.com

There are likely to be hypothetical elementary

particles not described by the Standard Model, such as the

graviton, the particle that would carry the gravitational force or the sparticles, supersymmetric

partners of the ordinary particles

Fundamental fermions

• babuappat@gmail.com

The 12 fundamental fermionic flavours are

divided into three generations of four

particles each

• babuappat@gmail.com

Six of the particles are quarks.

• babuappat@gmail.com

The remaining six are leptons, three of which are

neutrinos, and the remaining three of which have an

electric charge of −1: the electron and its two cousins,

the muon and the tau• babuappat@gmail.com

Hope you have got a basic idea about matter,

particles and its fundamental constitution

now

• babuappat@gmail.com

THANK YOUBabu Appat

• babuappat@gmail.com