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Chapter  4:  Demand  &  Supply    An  Equilibrium  Analysis  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   1  

Demand  and  Supply  Aggrega:on  Sum  the  Supply  curves  HORIZONTALLY!  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   2  

Demand  and  Supply  Aggrega:on  Sum  the  Demand  curves  HORIZONTALLY!  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   3  

Demand  and  Supply  Aggrega:on  

DefiniGons:    The  Aggregate  Demand  (or  Supply)  represents  the  horizontal  sum  of  the  individual  Demand  (or  Supply)  curves.      

©  Playconomics,  LHS   4  

Market  Equilibrium  

How  much  gets  traded  in  the  market  &  at  what  price?  

1.  In  one  graph,  plot  both    Aggregate  Demand  &  Aggregate  Supply  

2.  Find  the  point  (Q*,  P*)  where    Quan:ty  Demand  =  Quan:ty  Supplied  

 

©  Playconomics,  LHS   5  

Market  Equilibrium  

DefiniGons:    Excess  Supply  depicts  a  situa:on  where  the  quan/ty  supplied  is  larger  than  the  quan/ty  demanded.  Excess  Demand  depicts  a  situa:on  where  the  quan/ty  demanded  is  larger  than  the  quan/ty  supplied.    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   6  

Market  Equilibrium  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   7  

Market  Equilibrium  

DefiniGon:    The  Equilibrium  Price  (QuanGty)  represents  the  price  (quan:ty)  such  that  the  quanGty  supplied  equals  the  quanGty  demanded.           ©  Playconomics,  LHS   8  

Market  Equilibrium  

Perfectly  compeGGve  market  à  Buyers  &  Sellers  are  Price  Accepters  (Takers)  

Seller  1      Buyer  1  Seller  2      Buyer  2  Seller  3      Buyer  3  Seller  4      Buyer  4  Seller  5      Buyer  5  Seller  6      Buyer  6  

#  ReservaGon  Price    

#  ReservaGon  Price    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   9  

Market  Equilibrium  

DefiniGons:    The  ReservaGon  Price  of  a  Buyer  is  the  highest  price  a  buyer  is  willing  to  pay  for  a  given  good.  The  ReservaGon  Price  of  a  Seller  is  the  lowest  price  a  seller  is  willing  to  accept  for  a  given  good.  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   10  

Market  Equilibrium  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   11  

Market  Equilibrium  

RaGoning  Rule:    The  RaGoning  Rule  states  that  buyers  who  value  the  good  more  will  be  the  first  to  buy  it.          

©  Playconomics,  LHS   12  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   13  

Market  Equilibrium  

Market  Equilibrium  DefiniGons:    The  Consumer  Surplus  represents  the  difference  between  what  a  consumer  pays  for  a  good  or  service  and  what  she  is  willing  to  pay  for  that  good  or  service  (her  reserva:on  price).  The  Producer  Surplus  represents  the  difference  between  the  price  a  seller  receives  for  a  good  or  service  and  what  he  is  willing  to  receive  for  that  good  or  service  (her  reserva:on  price).  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   14  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   15  

Market  Equilibrium  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   16  

-­‐$2  

Market  Equilibrium  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   17  

Market  Equilibrium    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   18  

 NOPE!!  Perfectly  compeGGve  market:  If  agents  try  to  change  price  away  

from  P*,  they  wouldn’t  be  able  to  buy  (sell)  anything    

à  (equilibrium)  price-­‐takers!  

Market  Equilibrium  

Market  Equilibrium  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   19  

Consumer  and  Producer  Surplus  

DefiniGons:    The  Total  Consumer  Surplus  represents  the  sum  of  the  economic  surplus  of  all  consumers.  The  Total  Producer  Surplus  represents  the  sum  of  the  economic  surplus  of  all  producers.  The  Total  Surplus  is  the  sum  of  the  total  consumer  surplus  and  total  producer  surplus.    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   20  

Consumer  and  Producer  Surplus  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   21  

In  a  perfectly  compeGGve  market,    Total  Surplus  is  maximized  exactly  at  the  

equilibrium  price  P*!!  

Consumer  and  Producer  Surplus  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   22  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   23  

Consumer  and  Producer  Surplus  

A  (Clever)  Toy  Model    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   24  

A  (Clever)  Toy  Model    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   25  

A  (Clever)  Toy  Model    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   26  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    Pareto  Efficiency  (Short  Run)  

Pareto  Efficiency:    Pareto  Efficiency  is  a  situa:on  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  make  any  individual  be^er  off  without  making  at  least  one  other  individual  worse  off.  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   27  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    Pareto  Efficiency  (Short  Run)  

A  perfectly  compeGGve  market’s  Equilibrium  is  Pareto  Efficient!  

 

à    à  There  is   =  no  possible  transac:on  that  would  make  someone  be^er  off    harming  someone  else.  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   28  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    Pareto  Efficiency  (Short  Run)  

DefiniGon:    A  Pareto  Improving  TransacGon  is  a  transac:on  where  all  par:es  involved  are  be^er  off.    

©  Playconomics,  LHS   29  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    Pareto  Efficiency  (Short  Run)  

How  about  Equity  &  Society  Wellbeing?    

EfficiencyEquality  of  Resources  &  OpportuniGes  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   30  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    The  Invisible  Hand  (Long  Run)  

The  Invisible  Hand  Principle:    The  Invisible  Hand  Principle  states  that  individuals’  independent  efforts  to  maximize  their  gains  (profits  for  sellers;  u:lity  for  buyers)  will  generally  be  beneficial  for  society  and  result  in  the  socially  op:mal  alloca:on  of  resources.  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   31  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    The  Invisible  Hand  (Long  Run)  

In  the  long  run,   !    

•  exis:ng  firms  can  adjust  all  their  factors  of  produc:on  (and  perhaps  exit)  à  it’s  the  long  run!    

•  new  firms  can  enter  the  market  (as  long  as  Πproduc:on>0)      à  S  curve  shihs  to  right    à  P*  ê      à  Πproduc:on  ê  Πproduc:on  =  0        à  firms  produce  Q*  such  that  ATC  is  minimized  

P*LR  =  min(ATC)  !!!    à  what  if  ini:ally    Πproduc:on    <  0  ?  

  ©  Playconomics,  LHS   32  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    The  Invisible  Hand  (Long  Run)  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   33  

Entry  à   ê  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    The  Invisible  Hand  (Long  Run)  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   34  

C  Compe::ve  Markets:    The  Invisible  Hand  (Long  Run)  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   35  

The  Long  Run  Supply  Curve  

All  firms    -­‐  produce  with  the  same  technology  (à  same  cost  curves)  -­‐  sell  at  P*  =  min(ATC)     ©  Playconomics,  LHS   36  

The  Long  Run  Supply  Curve  P*  doesn’t  change  !!  But  Q*  does  !!  

In  the  LR,  Supply  is  more  elas/c!  

©  Playconomics,  LHS   37  

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