chapter_001. cells& tissues

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Cellular BiologyChapter 1

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

Nucleus (single, circular chromosome) Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae

Eukaryotes Complex cellular organization Membrane-bound organelles Well-defined nucleus Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

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Cellular Functions Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Communication

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Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus DNA

DNA replication, repair, and transcription Histone proteins Cell division

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Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus

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Eukaryotic Cell Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic matrix Cytosol Function Cytoplasmic organelles

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Eukaryotic Cell Cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic Organelles Ribosomes

RNA protein Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum Site of protein synthesis Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Eukaryotic Organelles Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum

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Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi complex

Flattened, smooth membranes Secretory vesicles Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are

packaged in the Golgi complex Cisternae

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Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi complex

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Eukaryotic Organelles Golgi complex

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Eukaryotic Organelles Lysosomes

Originate from the Golgi Catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and

carbohydrates Role in autodigestion

Peroxisomes Contain oxidative enzymes Break substances down into harmless products

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Eukaryotic Organelles Mitochondria

Surrounded by a double lipid–bilayer membrane Participates in oxidative phosphorylation Increased inner membrane surface area provided

by cristae

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Eukaryotic Organelles Mitochondria

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Eukaryotic Organelles Vaults

Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, shaped like octagonal barrels

Cellular trucks

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Eukaryotic Organelles Cytoskeleton

“Bones and muscles” of the cell Maintains the cell’s shape and internal

organization Permits movement of substances within the cell

and movement of external projections Microtubules

Centrioles Microfilaments

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Eukaryotic Organelles Cytoskeleton

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Plasma Membrane Controls the composition of a space or

compartment they enclose Structure

Caveolae Lipids

Amphipathic lipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol Carbohydrates

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Plasma Membrane

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Plasma Membrane Proteins

Integral, peripheral, transmembrane Functions

Receptors Transport Enzymes Surface markers Adhesion molecules

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Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane protein functions

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Proteolytic Cascades Caspase-mediated apoptosis Blood coagulation cascade Matrix metalloproteinase cascade Complement cascade

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Membrane Fluidity

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Extracellular matrix

Production Fibroblasts

Collagen Elastin Fibronectin

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Extracellular matrix

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Cell junctions

Desmosomes Tight junctions Gap junctions

Gating

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions Junctional complex

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Cellular Communication Direct linkup Gap junctions Hormonal Neurohormonal Paracrine Autocrine Neurotransmitters

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Cellular Communication

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Signal Transduction Extracellular messengers

Convey instructions to the cell’s interior Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate

Channel regulation Second messengers

Two pathways Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Ca++

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Signal Transduction

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Cellular Metabolism Metabolism

Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions

Anabolism Energy using

Catabolism Energy releasing

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Adenosine Triphosphate Created from the chemical energy contained

within organic molecules Used in synthesis of organic molecules,

muscle contraction, and active transport

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Cellular Energy Digestion Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic

Citric acid cycle Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle

(TCA) Oxidative phosphorylation

Occurs in the mitochondria

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Cellular Energy

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Membrane Transport Gradient Passive transport

Diffusion Passive mediated transport Filtration Osmosis

Osmolarity vs. osmolality Tonicity

Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

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Membrane Transport

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Membrane Transport

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Membrane Transport Active transport

Active transport pumps Transport by vesicle formation

Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Potocytosis

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Active Transport

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Membrane Transport

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Electrical Impulses Resting membrane potential Action potential

Depolarization Threshold potential Repolarization Refractory period

Absolute and relative

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Propagation of an Action Potential

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The Cell Cycle Mitosis vs. cytokinesis Chromatin vs. chromosomes Interphase

G1 phase S phase G2 phase

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The Cell Cycle

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The Cell Cycle Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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Influences on the Cell Cycle Cellular division rates Growth factors

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Tissue Formation Founder cells Chemotaxis Contact guidance Cellular reproduction

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Tissue Formation

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Types of Tissue Epithelial tissue

Simple vs. stratified Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudostratified Structures

Cilia and microvilli

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Types of Tissue Connective tissue

Ground substance Fibers Loose and dense connective tissue Elastic and reticular connective Cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose

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Types of Tissue Muscle tissue

Smooth Striated (skeletal) Cardiac