chapter 9, part 1
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION
Frederic H
. Martini
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Chapter 9, part 1
Articulations
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each.
• Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
• Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton.
• List the types of synovial joint, and discuss the relationship of structure to function in each.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Learning Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of the vertebrae, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints.
• Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility.
• Describe the effects of aging on the joints.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SECTION 9-1 A Classification of Joints
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulations
• Where two bones interconnect
• Immovable joints
• Synarthroses, or bony
• Slightly moveable joints
• Amphiarthroses, or fibrous / cartilagenous
• Freely moveable joints
• Diarthroses, or synovial
Articulations
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Synarthroses (immovable joints)
• Four major types
• Suture = skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue
• Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments
• Synchondrosis = two bones bound by rigid cartilaginous bridge
• Syntosis = two bones completely fused
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
• Two major types
• Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament
• Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
• Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule
• Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage
• Bony surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
• Structures include
• Menisci
• Fat pads
• Accessory ligaments
• Bursae
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.1 The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Figure 9.1
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SECTION 9-2 Articular Form and Function
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• Dynamic motion
• Linear motion
• Angular motion
• Rotation
• Joints classified based on type of motion permitted
• Monaxial
• Biaxial
• Triaxial
Dynamic motion
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Figure 9.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion
Figure 9.2
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• Gliding motion
• Two surfaces slide past one another
• Angular motion
• Flexion, extension, hyperextension
• Abduction, adduction
• Circumduction
Types of movement
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.3 Angular Movements
Figure 9.3
Animation: Flexion, Extension, HyperextensionPLAY
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• Left or right
• Medial (internal) or lateral (external)
• Pronation or supination in the bones of the forearm only
Rotational movement
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4a,b
Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements
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Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements
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• Movements of the foot
• Inversion and eversion
• Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
• Movements of the thumb
• Opposition
Special movement
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• Protraction moves a structure anteriorly
• Retraction moves a structure posteriorly
• Elevation moves a structure superiorly
• Depression moves a structure inferiorly
• Lateral flexion bends the vertebrae to one side
Other movements
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 9.5 Special Movements
Figure 9.5
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• Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane
• Hinge joints are monaxial joints permitting angular motion in one plane
• Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit rotation
• Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints that pit one bone in an oval depression of another
• Saddle joints are biaxial joints with one concave and one convex bone face
• Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation and other movements
Structural classification of joints
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.6
Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.6
Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints
Animation: Joint MotionPLAY
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