chapter 7 © 2004 pearson education, inc. sociological theories i social structure © 2004 pearson...
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Chapter 7
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sociological Theories I
Social Structure© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sociological Theories
Crime is a result of an individual’s location within the structure of society© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crime is the end product of various social processes, especially inappropriate socialization and social learning
Sociological Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Explain crime by reference to the institutional structure of society
Social Structure Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Social disorganization theory
• Strain theory
• Culture conflict perspectives (sometimes called cultural deviance theory)
Social Structure Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Social Disorganization Theories
Crime rate increases among immigrants in the early 1900s reflected the social disorganization immigrants felt due to…
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Social Disorganization Theories
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
…immigrants’ inability to successfully
transplant guiding norms and values from their home culture into
the new one
Social Disorganization Theories
The Chicago SchoolThe Chicago School
Theory of Social Ecology
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The Chicago School• Criminal activity is associated
with urban transition zones…© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
…which, because of the social turmoil or social disorganization that characterized them,…
The Chicago School
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
…were typified by
• lower property values
• impoverished lifestyles, and
• a general lack of privacy
The Chicago School
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Social Disorganization Theories
Strain theoryStrain theory
Delinquency is a form of adaptive, problem-solving behavior…
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Social Disorganization Theories
Strain theoryStrain theory…usually
committed in response to problems involving frustrating and undesirable social conditions© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Strain TheoryAnomieAnomie
Term used by Durkheim to explain how a breakdown of predictable social conditions can lead to feelings of personal loss and dissolution
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Strain TheoryAnomieAnomie
Merton differed somewhat by using the term to mean a disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Strain Theory• Conformity
• Innovation
• Ritualism
• Retreatism
• Rebellion
Goals and
Means Disjuncture
Goals and
Means Disjuncture
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Strain Theory
Refers to the economic and social gap between the rich and poor who live in close proximity
Relative DeprivationRelative Deprivation
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Strain TheoryRelative DeprivationRelative Deprivation
Inconsistencies in the American Dream cause most crime
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Culture Conflict Theory
The root cause of crime is a clash of values between different social groups…
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Culture Conflict Theory
…over what is acceptable or proper behavior© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture Conflict Theory
Sub-cultural TheorySub-cultural Theory
Emphasizes the contribution by variously socialized cultural groups to crime
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Culture Conflict Theory
Focal ConcernsFocal Concerns
• Trouble• Toughness• Smartness
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Culture Conflict Theory
• Excitement
• Fate
• Autonomy
Focal ConcernsFocal Concerns
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Culture Conflict Theory
Delinquency and DriftDelinquency and Drift
Delinquents drift between criminal and conventional action, and choose what is most expedient at the time
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Culture Conflict Theory
Delinquents justify deviance by• Denying responsibility• Denying injury• Denying the victim• Condemning the condemners• Appealing to higher loyalties
Techniques of NeutralizationTechniques of Neutralization
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Culture Conflict Theory
Violent SubculturesViolent Subcultures
Violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances
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Culture Conflict Theory
Differential OpportunityDifferential Opportunity
• Legitimate opportunities for success
• Illegitimate opportunities for success
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Culture Conflict Theory
Reaction FormationReaction Formation
The process in which a person openly rejects that which he wants or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve
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Culture Conflict Theory
Delinquent subcultures (gangs) are the collective solution to the problem of status
Reaction FormationReaction Formation
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Culture Conflict Theory
GangsGangs
Today’s gangs are different from gangs of the early 20th century
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Culture Conflict Theory
Members are involved in a variety
of serious and violent crimes
GangsGangs
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture Conflict Theory
Many gang members were delinquent before they became associated with gangs
GangsGangs
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture Conflict Theory
Concerns with gang suppression should not supplant efforts to…
GangsGangs
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture Conflict Theory
…implement effective delinquency intervention and prevention strategies
GangsGangs
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
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