chapter 6 - adverbs & prepositions
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Chapter 6
Adverbs and prepoitions
Faharol Razi Shaari
PPT Jitra
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Adverb
Adverbs are commonly known as modifying
words.
Adverbs are words that modify verbs,adjectives or other adverbs.
They also often tell when, where, why or
under what conditions something happens.
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Modifies a verb
She walked slowly along the path.( How did she walk? )
They danced gracefully at the concert(How did they dance?)
He writes neatly( How does he write?)
The students read loudly(How do the students read?)
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Modifies an adjective
The man built a very big mansion.( How big was the mansion)
adjective
Modifies the
adjective big
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Modifies another adverb
She drove down the lane.
She drove slowly down the lane.
She drove quite slowly down the lane.
adverb
Modifies slowly
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Formation of adverbs
A. Derivational adverbs
Most adverbs especially adverbs of manner and
some adverb of degree are formed from adjectivesby adding the suffixes y, - ly, - ily, and ally.
able ably bad badly
gentle gently wise wisely
terrible terribly certain - certainly
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. Cont.
Gay gaily
Busy busily
Crazy crazily
Basic basically
Historic historicallyAccident - accidentally
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Formation of adverbs
B. Simple adverbs
Many simple adverbs denote position and direction
like near, out, under, and down.
The police tried hard to catch the robber (adverb)
Painting is a hard job (adjective) modifies the noun job
She came home early yesterday (adverb)
I am going out for an early lunch today (adjective)
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Formation of adverbs
C. Compound adverbs
Compound adverbs are formed by combining two ormore elements into a single word
some + how = somehow
any + where = anywhere
some + where = somewhere
I have seen this somewhere
Somehow, he managed to finish his work
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Functions of adverbs
1. As adverbials
the function of adverbs as adverbials is to give usMORE
INFORMATION ON THE ACTION or the circumstances of the
action. It tells us how, where, or when an action happened.
My aunt is temporarily putting up with me. (adverb of duration)
Alice shrieked loudly when she sawMawi (adverb of manner)
John goes away on holiday twice a year (adverb of frequency)
She completely forgot about the meeting (adverb of degree)
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Functions of adverbs
2. As modifiers
the function of adverbs as modifiers is to ADD
INFORMATION TO ANOTHER WORD. Such adverbs are
usually adverb of degree
Nur Amalina scored exceptionally well in her SPM exam
(as modifiers of other adverbs)
Fear Factor is an extremely exciting game.
(as modifiers of adjectives)
The sun is right above our head.
(as modifiers of prepositional phrases)
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Functions of adverbs
Adverb of time
Adverb of duration
Adverb of frequency Adverb of place
Adverb of direction
Adverb of manner
Adverb of degree
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Adverb of time
Are used to specify the precise time or to provide
information about the time of an action in relation to
some other point in time, often now. Adverb of
time answer the question when
I hurt my ankle yesterday
We shall now start the meeting
I will receive the parcel from him tomorrow
She is currently working as a marketing manager
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Adverb of duration
Tell us how long something lasts or takes.
These adverbs answer the question how long
I have been trying to contact you since last night
Jane spent all afternoon baking cookies
The tan family has been controlling the share market
for more than two decades
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Adverbs of frequency
Are used to indicate how often we do things or how
many times something happens. Answers the
question how often
Always, nearly, usually, very often, often, sometimes,
occasionally, almost never, seldom, never.
The newspapers are delivered daily to my house
Sean seldom comes here because of his busy work schedule
Endangered animals like tigers are often danger of being
killed.
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Adverbs of place
Used to inform us an incident or event takes place.
Most common adverbs of place also function as
prepositions. Adverb of place answer the question
where or where to. E.g inside, outdoors, outside,anywhere, around, near, underneath, downstairs.
The famous chicken rice shop is there.
Tanissha buried her jewellery box outside.
I dropped my pen somewhere around here.
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Adverbs of direction
Used to indicate destinations. They often go with
movement verbs like go. Adverbs of direction
answer the question in what direction or where
to or where from
The couple just laughed and drove ahead.
The owner does not want anyone trampling around.
They left the base camp and climbed higher.
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Adverb of manner
Gives more information about the way in which anevent or action takes place or to describe the way inwhich something is done. These adverbs answer the
question how or in what manner? E.g. fast, badly, easily, quietly, warmly, politely, carefully, finely,
Stella stroked her cat gently
Aaron neatly stacked the books up. Her mannerisms are distinctly different from her twin
sisters
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Adverbs of degree
Make the meaning of a verb, adverb or adjective
stronger or weaker by placing qualities or ideas on a
scale. These adverbs answer the questions to what
extent or how much
Taylor practically won all the races.
Nisha is really good at her work
The contract workers cleaned the area thoroughly.
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Order of adverbs
Subject and verb
Manner
Place
Frequency
time
Tanissha exercises
Earnestly
Here
Every morning
Before breakfast
Tanissha exercises earnestly here every morning
before breakfast.
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Interrogative adverbs
How ? In what way ?
Why ? For what reason?
When ? At what time?
Where ? In what place ?
How high are the PetronasTwin Tower ?
Why were they angry ?
When do you need to paythe bill?
Where is KLPAC situated ?
Interrogative adverbs are questioning words such as
where, when, why, and how. They are not
only used to introduce questions but also to introduce
various types of clauses.
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Linking adverbs
Are used to link ideas or clauses. Also calledconjunctive adverbs
He broke his arm; therefore, he will not be coming to worktomorrow.
Malek did not attend the revision classes. Consequently, hewas reprimanded by his teacher.
These herbal supplements are very effective. Besides, theyare not very expensive.
Two of the workers were retrenched, and, as a result,everyone went on strike.
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Common linking words
Linking adverbs Functions
Too, also, besides, furthermore, as
well, moreover, at the same time
To introduce a related point or to add
an extra place of information
Again, likewise, equally, similarly, in the
same way
To add a new fact that illustrates the
same point as the one you have just
made
Yet, instead, however, alternatively, on
the contrary, nevertheless
To add a sentence that contrasts with
the previous one or to give a different
point of view
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Sentence adverbs
Are used to convey the speakers belief on the
content of what he is saying or to show the speakers
attitude or viewpoint towards certain events.
Hes surprisingly only 16 years old
I will inform you, perhaps, by 7 oclock.
Fortunately, the event went on smoothly.
Apparently, they have been trying to use the online banking
system for weeks.
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Common sentence adverbs
Really, surely, luckily, actually, perhaps,
certainly, surprisingly, blindly, clearly,
apparently, naturally, admittedly, naturally,
hopefully, fortunately, supposedly.
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Focussing adverbs
Are used when we want to indicate or focus on the mainquality of something or on the most relevant thing involved inwhat we are saying. For example when we want to indicatethe main reason for something, we use focussing adverbs like
especially, particularly or exclusively. Focussing adverbs arealso used to express some kind of restriction (e.g.just, only,merely) and to refer back to something (too, also, either)
Even Ram heard about the incident.
Only Sherry has the key to the guest room.
Ramli Ibrahim is specifically interested in Indian classicaldance.
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Prepositions
Many of the most common words in English
are prepositions.
Prepositions also have special functions aspart of a verb or adverb.
Some words can function both as prepositions
and as adverbs or even conjunctions
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Forms of preposition
PrepositionsPrepositions
Simple prepositionSimple preposition
Monosyllabic
( in, on )
Monosyllabic
( in, on )
Polysyllabic
(inside,without)
Polysyllabic
(inside,without)
Derived from
participles
(barring, concerning)
Derived from
participles
(barring, concerning)
omplex preposition
omplex preposition
As for, apart from, on
top of, because of,along with, instead of,
except for, etc.
As for, apart from, on
top of, because of,along with, instead of,
except for, etc.
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